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Behavioural Sciences > Psychmentor notes > Flashcards

Psychmentor notes Flashcards

1
Q

Antipsychiatry

A

Robert Spitzer - one of the most influential psychiatrists that has contributed to the development of the DSM.

Antipsychiatry

movement began 1960’s
mental illnesses reflect deviation from social norms.

Famous figures associated with the movement include:-

Thomas Szasz
R.D.Laing
Michel Foucault
Franco Basaglia

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2
Q

ATTITUDE SCALES

A
  1. Thurstone scale
    then participants agree/disagree
    interval measurement scale.
  2. Likert
  3. Semantic Differential Scale (Osgood)
    7 point scale with bipolar labels
  4. Guttman scale
    number of items- agree or not agree. typically ‘Yes/No’ dichotomous format
  5. Q sort technique- sorting items in terms of favourableness
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3
Q

BANDURA

reciprocal determinism

Talcott Parsons —>

A

people’s behaviour is influenced by their environment but also that their behaviour influences their environment.

SICK ROLE

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4
Q

BEHAVIOURAL ACTIVATION (martell 2001)

A

formal therapy for depression
activity scheduling to encourage pts to approach activities they are AVOIDING
or analysing the function of cognitive processes e.g. rumination, fusion, self attack

more simple than CBT
12 and 24 sessions

belief: Depression occurs when a person develops a narrow repertoire of passive behaviour and efficiently avoids aversive stimuli–>less positive reinforcement

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5
Q

Bion’s group dynamics

A

BELIEVED IN collective unconscious - to protect from pain of reality

  1. working group - working well and getting the job done
  2. basic assumption group - acting out primitive fantasies:

-Dependancy
turns towards a leader to protect them from anxiety

  • Fight/flight
    acts as if there is an enemy who must be attacked or avoided
    can be internal or external to group
    e.g. doctors in different groups
  • Pairing
    acts as if the answer lies in the pairing of two of the members
    friendly/hostile pairing
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6
Q

WHAT DID GEM ANSCOMBE COIN

A

Consequentialism (outcome focus)

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7
Q

DECLERATIONS

GENEVA

HELINSKI

TOKOYO

MALTA

LISBON

OTTOWA

A

Declaration of Geneva.
Following the crimes committed in Nazi Germany. intended as a revision of the Hippocratic Oath.

Declaration of Helsinki.
statement of ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects

Declaration of Tokyo.
doctors should refuse to participate in, condone, or give permission for TORTURE, degradation, or cruel treatment of prisoners or detainees.

Declaration of Malta.
guideline to doctors treating people who are on hunger strike.

Declaration of Lisbon. T
international statement of the rights of patients.

Declaration of Ottawa.
principles necessary for optimal child health.

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8
Q

According to W. D. Ross

Several prima facie duties

A

FOR what we ought to do.
ARE OBLIGATORY unless overridden or trumped by another duty or duties.

inlcude:

Fidelity (faithfullness)
Self-Improvement

Non-injury
Harm-Prevention
Reparation (duty to make up harm done to others)

Gratitude
Beneficence
Justice

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9
Q

NAMES IN GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY

ILLUSION E.G.S:

MOON
MULLER LYER
PONZO
HERING

A

GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler.

**Pragnanz - ‘every stimulus pattern is seen in way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible’.

MOON- appears larger near horizon
MULLER LYER - arrow mid point marked near tail end
PONZO- train track. 2 lines seem to be different sizes when placed over parallel converging lines
HERING - two lines appeared bowed when over radial (spokes of bike BG)

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10
Q

Gillick competency/Fraser GUIDELINES

A

the young person will understand the professional’s advice
the young person cannot be persuaded to inform their parents
the young person is likely to begin/continue having sex
unless receives contraceptive treatment, physical/ mental health/ likely to suffer
best interests require them to receive contraceptive advice or treatment with or without parental consent

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11
Q

GRIEF

BOWLBY

KUBLER ROSS

A

BOWLBY:
shock/protest –> preoccupation –> disorganisation –> resolution
days weeks months 1-2y

Kubler-Ross in 1969:
1. denial–> 2. anger –> 3. bargaining –> 4. depression –> 5. acceptance

delayed- avoidance >2wks
chronic- 6 months after

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12
Q

IRVING JANIS COINED…

French and Raven (1959) WHICH THEORY?

Tversky and Kahneman

A

Groupthink (Irving Janis 1972)

POWER THEORY

ARGUED COGNITIVE HEURISTICS

Representativeness
making an uncertainty judgment on the basis of ‘the degree to which it is
(i) similar in properties to its parent population and
(ii) reflects the features of the process by which it is generated.

For example if you were told that Steve is a very shy and withdrawn but helpful man with little interest in people you may assume he is a librarian rather than say for instance a doctor. This may be true most of the time.

Availability
used to estimate ‘frequency/probability by the ease with which instances/ associations come to mind.E.G. media about violent crime

Anchoring-and-adjustment
‘starting from an initial value that is adjusted to yield the final answer.
E.G. mock jury was told to contemplate the harshest verdict first. final verdict was found to be relatively harsh.

Framing
influences how we make descision, how information is presented

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13
Q

Hayling and Brixton tests

A

Sentence Completion Test = 2 x 15 sentences with last word missing
- complete sentence normal and with nonsense word.
measures basic task initiation speed + response suppression

The Brixton Test = rule detection following task.- dysexecutive problems.

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14
Q

PSYCHIATRY TEXTS:

George Brown and Tirril Harris

Jerome frank

tom main

Emile Durkheim

Ronald Laing

goffman

freud

thomas szasz

micheal foucalt

moniz

A

Moniz - frontal leucotomy

TEXTS
Michel Foucault -Madness and civilization

Sigmund Freud-
The interpretation of dreams
Beyond the Pleasure Principle
The Psychopathology of everyday life

Thomas Szasz- The myth of mental illness, ANTIPSYCH

Erving Goffman -
Asylums
The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life
Stigma

Ronald Laing - The divided self

Emile Durkheim -Le suicide

Tom Main -The Ailment

Jerome Frank -Persuasion and Healing

George Brown and Tirril Harris -Social origins of depression

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15
Q

psychological terms

BARTON 1960-
Erving Goffman -
Siegfried Foulkes -

A

‘institutional neurosis’

Total institution/asylums

Foundation matrix, founder of ‘group analysis’

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16
Q

what is Intervention-causation fallacy:

A

erroneous assumption that a cure proves a cause

17
Q

In the 9th century Ishaq bin Ali Rahawi

which book?

A

Adab al-Tabib (Conduct of a Physician).

medical ethics book

18
Q

NIGHT TERROR (pavor nocturnus)

A

aged 3-12 often 3-4
episode lasts between 1 to 15 minutes and begins 1 to 3 hours after sleep
in the transition from stage 3 to stage 4 sleep
children have no memory of the night terror the next morning.
**intense crying and distress during sleep which occurs approx 90 mins in

unresponsive to external stimuli when experiencing a night terror
Associated autonomic arousal= Significant (unlike nightmares)

Rechtschaffen and Kales sleep classification model developed in 1968 STAGE 4

2004 the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) reclassified NREM (none-REM) sleep into three (rather than four) stages, Last of which is also called delta sleep /SWS

19
Q

Nuremberg Code

A

resulted from the trial of the German physicians accused of participating in war crimes and crimes against humanity (1946).

First international document which advocated voluntary participation and informed consent in medical experimentation.

20
Q

The Forer effect

interloper effect

A

= attempts to explain practices such as astrology
people will give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of personality that are in fact vague and general

= tendency to value third party consultation as objective

21
Q

Premack’s principle

A

preferred behaviors/high probability ones can be used to reinforce unpreferred behaviors (low probability)

For example, telling a child that if they want pudding they must finish all their main.

22
Q

Sally-Anne TEST

A

Sally-Anne test, an experiment performed by Simon Baron-Cohen.

marble in basket and removed. AUTISTIC CHILDREN

TOM

23
Q

Somnambulism

cataplexy - TREATMENT

Periodic limb movement disorder

Rhythmic movement disorder

Sleep starts

Restless legs syndrome

A

=SLEEP WALKING

TCAS- Protriptyline or imipramine
Narcolepsy begins in the second decade, with a peak incidence around 14y

Periodic limb movement disorder
repetitive and highly stereotyped limb movements in sleepassociated with a partial arousal or awakening but pts not always aware

Rhythmic movement disorder
stereotyped, repetitive movements involving large muscles- usually of the head and neck. E.G. HEAD BANGING immediately PRIOR to sleep onset and are sustained into light sleep. may be associated with mental retardation, autism, or other if persists beyond childhood

SLEEP STARTS sudden, brief single symmetrical contractions of the LEGS, sometimes arms and head AT SLEEP ONSET,
spont/stimulus induced sometimes associated with the subjective impression of falling/hallucinations

Restless legs syndrome 
prior to and interefere with sleep onset, relief on moving legs
RFS: 
Older age, Female sex
Pregnancy, Iron deficiency and anemia
Renal failure, Hypothyroidism
Diabetes, B12 deficiency
24
Q

sleepwalking-

sleep terrors-

Sleep bruxism

A

sleepwalking- AROUSAL DISORDER
during SWS
peak prev between 4-8, Li can exacerbate

sleep terrors- AROUSAL DISORDER
sudden arousal from SWS accop by autonomic and scream/cry
diaphoresis, mydriasis, decreased skin resistance, and increased muscle tone

Sleep bruxism
teeth grinding

25
Q

Shift work sleep disorder AFFECTS:

Non 24 hour sleep wake syndrome

A

Shift work sleep disorder
(mainly affecting REM and stage 2 sleep).

Non 24 hour sleep wake syndrome
chronic steady pattern comprising one to two hour daily delays in sleep onset and wake times

26
Q

SOCIAL CAPITAL ‘glue of society’

A

features of social life - networks, norms, and trust - that enable participants to act together more effectively to pursue shared objectives’ (Putnam, 1996).

Structural components: roles, rules, precedents, behaviors, networks institutions.

Cognitive social capital: values, attitudes and beliefs –> cooperative behavior

27
Q

Link and Phelan MODEL OF STIGMA 4 ASPECTS

A
  1. LABELLING
  2. STEREOTYPING
  3. SEPERATING
  4. STATUS LOSS AND DISCRIMNATION
28
Q

Louis Leon Thurstone SEVEN INDEPENDENT INTELLIGENCE FACTORS

A

Louis Leon Thurstone argued that intelligence could not be measured by a single factor. He further agued that intelligence arises from seven independent factors he called the primary abilities:-

Word fluency
Verbal comprehension

Spatial visualization

Number facility
Perceptual speed

Associative memory
Reasoning

Behavioural Sciences (2 decks)

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