Psychiatry-Psychology Flashcards
Define: Classical Conditioning
Learning in which a natural response (salivation) is elicited by a conditioned, or learned, stimulus (bell) that previously was presented in conjunction with an unconditioned stimulus (food).
What is classical conditioning usually associated with, involuntary or voluntary responses?
Involuntary. Example is Pavlov’s dogs
Define: Operant Conditioning
Learning in which a particular action is elicited because it produces a punishment or reward.
What is operant conditioning usually associated with, involuntary or voluntary responses?
Voluntary.
Define: Positive Reinforcement
Desired reward produces action (mouse presses button to get food)
Define: Negative Reinforcement
Target behavior (response) is followed by removal of aversive stimulus (mouse presses button to turn off continuous loud noise).
Define: Punishment
Repeated application of aversive stimulus extinguishes unwanted behavior
Define: Extinction
Discontinuation of reinforcement (positive or negative) eventually eliminates behavior. Can occur in operant or conditioning
Define: Transference
Patient projects feelings about formative or other important persons onto physician
Give an example of transference
Psychiatrist is seen as parent
Define: Countertransference
Doctor projects feelings about formative or other important persons onto patient
Give an example of countertransference
Patient reminds physician of younger sibling
Define: Ego defenses
Unconscious mental processes used to resolve conflict and prevent undesirable feelings e.g., patient anxiety or depression
Is acting out an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.
Immature.
Expressing unacceptable feelings and thoughts through actions.
Tantrums
Is dissociation an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.
Immature.
Temporary,drastic change in personality, memory, consciousness, or motor behavior to avoid emotional stress.
Extreme forms can result in dissociative identity disorder (dissociative identity disorder)
Is denial an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.
Immature.
Avoiding the awareness of some painful reality
A common reaction in newly diagnosed AIDS and cancer patients
Is displacement an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.
Immature.
Transferring avoided ideas and feeling to some neutral person or object (projection)
Mother yells at her child, because her husband yelled at her
Is fixation an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.
Immature.
Partially remaining at a more childish level of development (vs. regression)
Men fixating on sports games
Is identification an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.
Immature.
Modeling behavior after another person who is more powerful (though not necessarily admired)
Abused child identifies with an abuser
Is isolation (of affect) an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.
Immature.
Separating feelings from ideas and events.
Describing murder in graphic detail with no emotional response
Is projection an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.
Immature.
Attributing an unacceptable internal impulse to an external source (vs. displacement)
A man who wants another woman thinks his wife is cheating on him
Is rationalization an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.
Immature.
Proclaiming logical reasons for actions actually performed for other reasons, usually to avoid self-blame.
After getting fired, claiming that the job was not important anyways
Is reaction formation an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.
Immature.
Replacing a warded-off idea or feeling by an (unconsciously derived) emphasis on its opposite (vs. sublimation).
A patient with libidinous thoughts enters a monastery
Is regression an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.
Immature.
Turning back the maturational clock and going back to earlier modes of dealing with the world (vs. fixation)
Seen in children under stress such as illness, punishment
Is repression an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.
Immature.
Involuntary withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs. suppression)
Not remembering, a conflictual or traumatic experience; pressing bad thoughts into the unconscious
Is splitting an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.
Immature.
Believing that people are either all good or all bad at different times due to intolerance of ambiguity. Commonly seen in borderline personality disorder.
A patient says that all the nurses are cold and insensitive but that the doctors are warm and friendly
Is altruism an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.
Mature.
Alleviating guilty feelings by unsolicited generosity towards others.
Mafia boss makes large donation to charity.
Is humor an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.
Mature.
Appreciating the amusing nature of an anxiety-provoking or adverse situation
Nervous medical student jokes about the boards
Is sublimation an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.
Mature.
Replacing an unacceptable wish with a course of action that is similar to the wish but does not conflict with one’s value system (vs. reaction formation)
Teenager’s aggression toward his father is redirected to perform well in sports
Is suppression an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.
Mature.
Intentional withholding of an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs. repression)
Choosing to not worry about the big game until it is time to play
