Psychiatry-Psychology

Question 1

Define: Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

Learning in which a natural response (salivation) is elicited by a conditioned, or learned, stimulus (bell) that previously was presented in conjunction with an unconditioned stimulus (food).

Question 2

What is classical conditioning usually associated with, involuntary or voluntary responses?

Answer 2

Involuntary. Example is Pavlov’s dogs

Question 3

Define: Operant Conditioning

Answer 3

Learning in which a particular action is elicited because it produces a punishment or reward.

Question 4

What is operant conditioning usually associated with, involuntary or voluntary responses?

Answer 4

Voluntary.

Question 5

Define: Positive Reinforcement

Answer 5

Desired reward produces action (mouse presses button to get food)

Question 6

Define: Negative Reinforcement

Answer 6

Target behavior (response) is followed by removal of aversive stimulus (mouse presses button to turn off continuous loud noise).

Question 7

Define: Punishment

Answer 7

Repeated application of aversive stimulus extinguishes unwanted behavior

Question 8

Define: Extinction

Answer 8

Discontinuation of reinforcement (positive or negative) eventually eliminates behavior. Can occur in operant or conditioning

Question 9

Define: Transference

Answer 9

Patient projects feelings about formative or other important persons onto physician

Question 10

Give an example of transference

Answer 10

Psychiatrist is seen as parent

Question 11

Define: Countertransference

Answer 11

Doctor projects feelings about formative or other important persons onto patient

Question 12

Give an example of countertransference

Answer 12

Patient reminds physician of younger sibling

Question 13

Define: Ego defenses

Answer 13

Unconscious mental processes used to resolve conflict and prevent undesirable feelings e.g., patient anxiety or depression

Question 14

Is acting out an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.

Answer 14

Immature.

Expressing unacceptable feelings and thoughts through actions.

Tantrums

Question 15

Is dissociation an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.

Answer 15

Immature.

Temporary,drastic change in personality, memory, consciousness, or motor behavior to avoid emotional stress.

Extreme forms can result in dissociative identity disorder (dissociative identity disorder)

Question 16

Is denial an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.

Answer 16

Immature.

Avoiding the awareness of some painful reality

A common reaction in newly diagnosed AIDS and cancer patients

Question 17

Is displacement an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.

Answer 17

Immature.

Transferring avoided ideas and feeling to some neutral person or object (projection)

Mother yells at her child, because her husband yelled at her

Question 18

Is fixation an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.

Answer 18

Immature.

Partially remaining at a more childish level of development (vs. regression)

Men fixating on sports games

Question 19

Is identification an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.

Answer 19

Immature.

Modeling behavior after another person who is more powerful (though not necessarily admired)

Abused child identifies with an abuser

Question 20

Is isolation (of affect) an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.

Answer 20

Immature.

Separating feelings from ideas and events.

Describing murder in graphic detail with no emotional response

Question 21

Is projection an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.

Answer 21

Immature.

Attributing an unacceptable internal impulse to an external source (vs. displacement)

A man who wants another woman thinks his wife is cheating on him

Question 22

Is rationalization an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.

Answer 22

Immature.

Proclaiming logical reasons for actions actually performed for other reasons, usually to avoid self-blame.

After getting fired, claiming that the job was not important anyways

Question 23

Is reaction formation an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.

Answer 23

Immature.

Replacing a warded-off idea or feeling by an (unconsciously derived) emphasis on its opposite (vs. sublimation).

A patient with libidinous thoughts enters a monastery

Question 24

Is regression an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.

Answer 24

Immature.

Turning back the maturational clock and going back to earlier modes of dealing with the world (vs. fixation)

Seen in children under stress such as illness, punishment

Question 25

Is repression an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.

Answer 25

Immature.

Involuntary withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs. suppression)

Not remembering, a conflictual or traumatic experience; pressing bad thoughts into the unconscious

Question 26

Is splitting an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.

Answer 26

Immature.

Believing that people are either all good or all bad at different times due to intolerance of ambiguity. Commonly seen in borderline personality disorder.

A patient says that all the nurses are cold and insensitive but that the doctors are warm and friendly

Question 27

Is altruism an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.

Answer 27

Mature.

Alleviating guilty feelings by unsolicited generosity towards others.

Mafia boss makes large donation to charity.

Question 28

Is humor an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.

Answer 28

Mature.

Appreciating the amusing nature of an anxiety-provoking or adverse situation

Nervous medical student jokes about the boards

Question 29

Is sublimation an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.

Answer 29

Mature.

Replacing an unacceptable wish with a course of action that is similar to the wish but does not conflict with one’s value system (vs. reaction formation)

Teenager’s aggression toward his father is redirected to perform well in sports

Question 30

Is suppression an immature or mature defense? Explain and give an example.

Answer 30

Mature.

Intentional withholding of an idea or feeling from conscious awareness (vs. repression)

Choosing to not worry about the big game until it is time to play