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BRS > Psychiatry > Flashcards

Psychiatry Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by delusion?

A

Fixed false belief not shared by others in the person’s culture and that are firmly held even when there is evidence to the contrary

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2
Q

What is anhedonia?

A

Lack of ability to enjoy things or laugh

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3
Q

What are some of the symptoms of depression?

A

Core features- pervasive low mood, anergia, and anhedonia

Physical symptoms- loss of appetite, weight loss, diurnal variation if mood, loss of libido, constipation, psychomotor slowing or agitation

Psychological symptoms- poor concentration, feelings of guilt, feelings of hopelessness, low self-esteem, indecisiveness, suicidal ideation, and delusions.

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4
Q

What are some of the treatments for depression?

A

Antidepressants- response after 2-3 weeks, sometimes longer
Psychological therapies- 12 session CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy)
Social prescribing- exercise, company

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5
Q

What is meant by hallucination?

A

Hearing, seeing, or feeling things that aren’t there

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6
Q

What are some of the symptoms of mania?

A

Elated mood, irritability, over-energized, grandiose, little need for sleep, poor concentration, poor judgement, over-spending, and rapid speech

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Hallucinations, delusions, abnormal behavior, disorganized speech, disturbances of emotions

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8
Q

What are some of the treatments for schizophrenia?

A

Antipsychotic medications- risperidone, olanzapine, flupenthixol depot
Psychological treatments
Family therapy
Arts therapies

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9
Q

What is meant by a trans-diagnostic phenomenon?

A

When different mental illnesses are present in a patient at the same time

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10
Q

What can anxiety disorder be conceptualized as?

A

Self-perpetuating network of positive feedback loops, arising from normally adaptive responses that causes higher than normal state anxiety and trait anxiety

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11
Q

What is state anxiety?

A

The feeling of anxiety at a specific instant (automatic and justified)

Transitory emotional state consisting of feelings of apprehension, nervousness, and physiological sequelas such as increased Hr or respiration

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12
Q

What is a major reason for anxiety existing?

A

To increase motivation to avoid harm

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13
Q

What is trait anxiety?

A

An individual’s tendency to experience anxiety under a certain set of stressors.

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14
Q

Is it state anxiety or trait anxiety which in low levels is associated with higher mortality rates before the age of 25?

A

Trait anxiety

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15
Q

Is trait anxiety a result of genetic factors or environmental factors?

A

Both

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16
Q

What is meant by rumination?

A

Automatic and constant negative thoughts about possible threats, bad things happening, etc.

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17
Q

What can rumination commonly lead to?

A

Lack of sleep

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18
Q

Which type of anxiety are avoidance, cognitive bias, rumination, and lack of sleep all causative factors and consequences of?

A

State anxiety

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19
Q

Does trait anxiety contribute to state anxiety?

A

Yes

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20
Q

What are the core symptoms of depression?

A

Low mood
Low energy
Anhedonia (inability to feel joy)

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21
Q

Give some examples of depressogenic stressors

A

Abuse
Loss
Bullying
Chronic illness

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22
Q

What is depression a recuperative response from?

A

Prolonged stress

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23
Q

What is low self-worth directly a cause of and what can it lead to?

A

Depressogenic stressors

Low mood → depression

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24
Q

What can depression be conceptualized as?

A

A self-perpetuating network of positive feedback loops arising from normally adaptive responses

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25
Q

What might be some of the reasons for non-suicidal self-injury?

A

In control of punishment - feel safe (temporary relief from anxiety)
Injury response - temporary release of opioids and cephalins

26
Q

What does self-harm typically occur in the context of?

A

Low self-worth

Persistent distress

27
Q

What are self-harm, substance use, disordered eating, and compulsive rituals all an example of?

A

Distress-reducing behavior

28
Q

Explain the negative reinforcement pattern with distress-reducing behavior

A

This behavior leads to temporary relief

This gives the urge to repeat the process to lead to more distress-reducing behavior

29
Q

How can this negative reinforcement lead to compulsion?

A

The repetition of this distress-reducing behavior leads to habit-formation
This leads to compulsion as the activity begins to become a sub-conscious activity

30
Q

What drives addiction further to the point where it can become out of control?

A

Persistent state of distress

31
Q

What becomes central to the development of addictions that get out of control?

A

Social context
If someone is isolated they are far more likely to succumb to an addiction rather than if they had a social support network

32
Q

Give a brief description of addiction

A

A complex mechanism involving repeated negative reinforcement, persistent states of stress, social context, and direct action on neural circuits

33
Q

What is meant by obsession in psychiatry?

A

Ego-dystonic thoughts, repetitive, circular ruminations, may be bizarre and sound delusional. Insight is maintained (being aware that the thoughts are ridiculous), unbidden, and resisted. Resistance leads to anxiety.

34
Q

What is OCD characterized by?

A

Intrusive thoughts/images and compulsive behaviors

35
Q

What is the reason for these compulsive behaviors?

A

Serve to relieve the state of anxiety/tension

36
Q

What are some of the symptoms of eating disorders?

A

Increasing restriction of diet
Purging
Episodes of laxative abuse
Excessive exercise

37
Q

When it comes to eating disorders, what might be a source of someone’s low self-worth?

A

Their body

38
Q

How could diet restriction lead to bulimia nervosa?

A

When someone does not stick to their diet restriction, they eat
In the context of low self-worth and anxiety, this eating leads to feelings of failure
The feelings of failure give them intense distress which drives them into state of purge
This provides temporary relief as they feel as though they are in control for them which leads them to eat again
This negative reinforcement cycle continues

39
Q

How could diet restriction lead to anorexia nervosa and how can this become compulsive?

A

Diet restriction gives them a sense of control, safety & achievement
Their weight loss may add to these feelings
They then begin to associate eating with failure, unsafety & loss of control
Their weight loss also leads to brain starvation if excessive which in turn leads to cognitive inflexibility
This is a cause of compulsion

40
Q

How can eating disorders be conceptualized as?

A

Means of reducing intense distress, particularly that associated with feeling everything is out of control

41
Q

What is meant by madness?

A

People who hear voices/diagnosed behavior/thought disorder considered differently to other mental illnesses, and are seen as less relatable and put into a separate box.
Includes psychosis, delirium (acute brain failure clouding of consciousness, attention deficit), encephalopathy, acquired brain injury, stroke, etc., dementia, and personality disorder (parapsychotic phenomena -> hear voices and/or hallucinations).

42
Q

What is meant by psychosis?

A

Hallucinations + Delusions

Symptoms from a group of pathologies that disrupt the process of perceiving and interpreting reality

43
Q

What is meant by a hallucination?

A

Hearing, seeing, smelling, or feeling things that aren’t there; can be in the second or third person

44
Q

What can delusions be defined as?

A

Fixed, false, unshakeable belief, out of context with cultural background

45
Q

Give examples of some of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A 
Hallucination
Delusions (persecutory/grandiose)
    Delusional perception
    Delusions of control
    Thought delusions or interference
46
Q

Give examples of some of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Anhedonia
Apathy
Social withdrawal
Blunted mood

47
Q

Give examples of the disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Thought disorder
Disorganized speech/behavior
Inappropriate affect

48
Q

In PET scans of someone with schizophrenia, what is there an excess of?

A

Striatal dopamine

49
Q

What are some of the causes of psychosis?

A

Genetics - Genes predisposing to SCZ must also confer a significant advantage
Developmental adversity/abuse - Biased cognitive schemas, sensitized striatal dopaminergic system, high expressed emotion - “double-blind” family dynamic
Neurodevelopmental - Prematurity, hypoxia, infection, winter/spring births
Life stressors - Stress-vulnerability model
Relationship with recreational drugs - Around 25% of psychosis

50
Q

What are some of the possible treatment options for psychosis?

A

Antipsychotics - Antidopaminergic, typical or atypical
Psychological therapies - CBT for Psychosis, AVATAR therapy, Sense of agency over voices
Social Support - Supportive environments, structures, and routines

51
Q

Give the 3 dopamine pathways in neuroanatomy

A

Cerebrum - Cortical and limbic
Striatum
Pituitary

52
Q

What is one of the main issues with antidopaminergic drugs?

A

Many side effects

53
Q

Why might someone with psychosis become violent?

A

They feel threatened

54
Q

What are the treatments for anxiety?

A

Talking therapy
CBT (individual or social, 1h per 16 or more weeks)
Clomipramine (anti-depressant to treat OCD)

55
Q

What is CBT?

A

Cognitive behavioral therapy - individual or social, 1h per 16 or more weeks, includes a trained professional, helps patients understand different explanations and alternative responses to their symptoms, CBT can include desensitization therapy, where the patient sets the goal, and its effects are long-lasting.

56
Q

What is CBT?

A

Cognitive behavioral therapy - individual or social, 1h per 16 or more weeks, includes a trained professional, helps patients understand different explanations and alternative responses to their symptoms. CBT can include desensitization therapy, where the patient sets the goal, and its effects are long-lasting.

57
Q

What are compulsions?

A

A motor response to obsessional thoughts. They are often ritualistic, stereotyped, and precise.
If these are interrupted or there is doubt that they have all been done (at any point), they have to restart from the beginning.

58
Q

What are the symptoms of anxiety?

A

Palpitations, sweating, dry mouth, splanchnic vasoconstriction (butterflies), tremor, paraesthesia (pins & needles), depersonalization, and syncope (faint).

59
Q

What are the different classifications of anxiety

A 
Generalized anxiety disorder (quite constant)
Panic disorder (crescendo and decrescendo of very disabling anxiety; can coexist with generalized anxiety disorder)
Agoraphobia (fear of the marketplace, don’t want to leave the house)
Simple phobia
Social phobia (when talking to a large group of people).
60
Q

What is psychic anxiety?

A

A feeling of fear or dread

BRS (9 decks)

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