Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BRS > Psychiatry > Flashcards

Psychiatry Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by delusion?

A

Fixed false belief not shared by others in the person’s culture and that are firmly held even when there is evidence to the contrary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is anhedonia?

A

Lack of ability to enjoy things or laugh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some of the symptoms of depression?

A

Core features- pervasive low mood, anergia, and anhedonia

Physical symptoms- loss of appetite, weight loss, diurnal variation if mood, loss of libido, constipation, psychomotor slowing or agitation

Psychological symptoms- poor concentration, feelings of guilt, feelings of hopelessness, low self-esteem, indecisiveness, suicidal ideation, and delusions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some of the treatments for depression?

A

Antidepressants- response after 2-3 weeks, sometimes longer
Psychological therapies- 12 session CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy)
Social prescribing- exercise, company

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is meant by hallucination?

A

Hearing, seeing, or feeling things that aren’t there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some of the symptoms of mania?

A

Elated mood, irritability, over-energized, grandiose, little need for sleep, poor concentration, poor judgement, over-spending, and rapid speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Hallucinations, delusions, abnormal behavior, disorganized speech, disturbances of emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some of the treatments for schizophrenia?

A

Antipsychotic medications- risperidone, olanzapine, flupenthixol depot
Psychological treatments
Family therapy
Arts therapies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is meant by a trans-diagnostic phenomenon?

A

When different mental illnesses are present in a patient at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can anxiety disorder be conceptualized as?

A

Self-perpetuating network of positive feedback loops, arising from normally adaptive responses that causes higher than normal state anxiety and trait anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is state anxiety?

A

The feeling of anxiety at a specific instant (automatic and justified)

Transitory emotional state consisting of feelings of apprehension, nervousness, and physiological sequelas such as increased Hr or respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a major reason for anxiety existing?

A

To increase motivation to avoid harm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is trait anxiety?

A

An individual’s tendency to experience anxiety under a certain set of stressors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Is it state anxiety or trait anxiety which in low levels is associated with higher mortality rates before the age of 25?

A

Trait anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Is trait anxiety a result of genetic factors or environmental factors?

A

Both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is meant by rumination?

A

Automatic and constant negative thoughts about possible threats, bad things happening, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What can rumination commonly lead to?

A

Lack of sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which type of anxiety are avoidance, cognitive bias, rumination, and lack of sleep all causative factors and consequences of?

A

State anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Does trait anxiety contribute to state anxiety?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the core symptoms of depression?

A

Low mood
Low energy
Anhedonia (inability to feel joy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Give some examples of depressogenic stressors

A

Abuse
Loss
Bullying
Chronic illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is depression a recuperative response from?

A

Prolonged stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is low self-worth directly a cause of and what can it lead to?

A

Depressogenic stressors

Low mood → depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What can depression be conceptualized as?

A

A self-perpetuating network of positive feedback loops arising from normally adaptive responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What might be some of the reasons for non-suicidal self-injury?
In control of punishment - feel safe (temporary relief from anxiety) Injury response - temporary release of opioids and cephalins
26
What does self-harm typically occur in the context of?
Low self-worth | Persistent distress
27
What are self-harm, substance use, disordered eating, and compulsive rituals all an example of?
Distress-reducing behavior
28
Explain the negative reinforcement pattern with distress-reducing behavior
This behavior leads to **temporary relief** | This gives the **urge** to repeat the process to lead to more distress-reducing behavior
29
How can this negative reinforcement lead to compulsion?
The repetition of this distress-reducing behavior leads to **habit-formation** This leads to compulsion as the activity begins to become a sub-conscious activity
30
What drives addiction further to the point where it can become out of control?
Persistent state of distress
31
What becomes central to the development of addictions that get out of control?
Social context If someone is isolated they are far more likely to succumb to an addiction rather than if they had a social support network
32
Give a brief description of addiction
A complex mechanism involving repeated negative reinforcement, persistent states of stress, social context, and direct action on neural circuits
33
What is meant by obsession in psychiatry?
Ego-dystonic thoughts, repetitive, circular ruminations, may be bizarre and sound delusional. Insight is maintained (being aware that the thoughts are ridiculous), unbidden, and resisted. Resistance leads to anxiety.
34
What is OCD characterized by?
Intrusive thoughts/images and compulsive behaviors
35
What is the reason for these compulsive behaviors?
Serve to relieve the state of anxiety/tension
36
What are some of the symptoms of eating disorders?
Increasing restriction of diet Purging Episodes of laxative abuse Excessive exercise
37
When it comes to eating disorders, what might be a source of someone's low self-worth?
Their body
38
How could diet restriction lead to bulimia nervosa?
When someone does not stick to their diet restriction, they **eat** In the context of low self-worth and anxiety, this eating leads to **feelings of failure** The feelings of failure give them intense distress which drives them into state of **purge** This provides **temporary relief** as they feel as though they are in control for them which leads them to eat again This **negative reinforcement** cycle continues
39
How could diet restriction lead to anorexia nervosa and how can this become compulsive?
Diet restriction gives them a sense of **control, safety & achievement** Their **weight loss** may add to these feelings They then begin to associate eating with **failure, unsafety & loss of control** Their weight loss also leads to **brain starvation** if excessive which in turn leads to **cognitive inflexibility** This is a cause of **compulsion**
40
How can eating disorders be conceptualized as?
Means of reducing intense distress, particularly that associated with feeling everything is out of control
41
What is meant by madness?
People who hear voices/diagnosed behavior/thought disorder considered differently to other mental illnesses, and are seen as less relatable and put into a separate box. Includes psychosis, delirium (acute brain failure clouding of consciousness, attention deficit), encephalopathy, acquired brain injury, stroke, etc., dementia, and personality disorder (parapsychotic phenomena -> hear voices and/or hallucinations).
42
What is meant by psychosis?
Hallucinations + Delusions | Symptoms from a group of pathologies that disrupt the process of perceiving and interpreting reality
43
What is meant by a hallucination?
Hearing, seeing, smelling, or feeling things that aren’t there; can be in the second or third person
44
What can delusions be defined as?
Fixed, false, unshakeable belief, out of context with cultural background
45
Give examples of some of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
``` Hallucination Delusions (persecutory/grandiose) Delusional perception Delusions of control Thought delusions or interference ```
46
Give examples of some of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Anhedonia Apathy Social withdrawal Blunted mood
47
Give examples of the disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia
Thought disorder Disorganized speech/behavior Inappropriate affect
48
In PET scans of someone with schizophrenia, what is there an excess of?
Striatal dopamine
49
What are some of the causes of psychosis?
Genetics - Genes predisposing to SCZ must also confer a significant advantage Developmental adversity/abuse - Biased cognitive schemas, sensitized striatal dopaminergic system, high expressed emotion - "double-blind" family dynamic Neurodevelopmental - Prematurity, hypoxia, infection, winter/spring births Life stressors - Stress-vulnerability model Relationship with recreational drugs - Around 25% of psychosis
50
What are some of the possible treatment options for psychosis?
Antipsychotics - Antidopaminergic, typical or atypical Psychological therapies - CBT for Psychosis, AVATAR therapy, Sense of agency over voices Social Support - Supportive environments, structures, and routines
51
Give the 3 dopamine pathways in neuroanatomy
Cerebrum - Cortical and limbic Striatum Pituitary
52
What is one of the main issues with antidopaminergic drugs?
Many side effects
53
Why might someone with psychosis become violent?
They feel threatened
54
What are the treatments for anxiety?
Talking therapy CBT (individual or social, 1h per 16 or more weeks) Clomipramine (anti-depressant to treat OCD)
55
What is CBT?
Cognitive behavioral therapy - individual or social, 1h per 16 or more weeks, includes a trained professional, helps patients understand different explanations and alternative responses to their symptoms, CBT can include desensitization therapy, where the patient sets the goal, and its effects are long-lasting.
56
What is CBT?
Cognitive behavioral therapy - individual or social, 1h per 16 or more weeks, includes a trained professional, helps patients understand different explanations and alternative responses to their symptoms. CBT can include desensitization therapy, where the patient sets the goal, and its effects are long-lasting.
57
What are compulsions?
A motor response to obsessional thoughts. They are often ritualistic, stereotyped, and precise. If these are interrupted or there is doubt that they have all been done (at any point), they have to restart from the beginning.
58
What are the symptoms of anxiety?
Palpitations, sweating, dry mouth, splanchnic vasoconstriction (butterflies), tremor, paraesthesia (pins & needles), depersonalization, and syncope (faint).
59
What are the different classifications of anxiety
``` Generalized anxiety disorder (quite constant) Panic disorder (crescendo and decrescendo of very disabling anxiety; can coexist with generalized anxiety disorder) Agoraphobia (fear of the marketplace, don’t want to leave the house) Simple phobia Social phobia (when talking to a large group of people). ```
60
What is psychic anxiety?
A feeling of fear or dread

BRS (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions