Psychiatry Flashcards
<p>What is dementia?</p>
<p>Dementia is a syndrome characterised by an appreciable deterioration in cognition resulting in behavioural problems and impairment in the activities of daily living. Decline in cognition is extensive, often affecting multiple domains of intellectual functioning.</p>
<p>What is the prevalence of dementia?</p>
<p>The prevalence of dementia is approximately 1% at the age of 60 years, and doubles every 5 years, to reach 30% to 50% by the age of 85 years.</p>
<p>What is the aetiology of dementia?</p>
<p>The majority of cases of dementia have degenerative and vascular causes. Other causes include infections, inflammatory diseases, neoplasm, toxic insults, metabolic disorders, and trauma.</p>
<p>What are the signs and symptoms of dementia?</p>
<p>The most commonly affected areas include memory, visual-spatial, language, attention and problem solving. Most types of dementia are slow and progressive.E.g.AgitationDepressionAnxietyAbnormal motor behaviorElated moodIrritabilityApathyDisinhibition and impulsivityDelusions (often believing people are stealing from them) or hallucinationsChanges in sleep or appetite.</p>
<p>What investigations would you do for dementia?</p>
<p>> Cognitive testing> Brain MRI or CT- shows degeneration> Bloods- to rule out other causes</p>
What is depression?
Depressive disorders are typically characterised by persistent low mood, loss of interest and enjoyment, neurovegetative disturbance, and reduced energy, causing varying levels of social and occupational dysfunction.
What are the signs and symptoms of depression?
Depressive symptoms include depressed mood, anhedonia, weight changes, libido changes, sleep disturbance, psychomotor problems, low energy, excessive guilt, poor concentration, and suicidal ideation. In some cases the mood is not sad, but anxious or irritable or flat.
What is the epidemiology of depression?
Affects 5% to 10% of patients in the primary care setting.
What are the risk factors of depression?
age >65 yearspostnatal statuspersonal or family history of depressive disorder or suicidecorticosteroidsinterferonpropranololoral contraceptivesco-existing medical conditions
What investigations would you do for depression?
> Clinical diagnosis» PHQ-2, PHQ-9, Geriatric depression scale, edinburgh postnatal depression scale, cornell scale for depression in dementia> FBC, metabolic panel, TFTs (normal- screens for other causes)
What is cigarette use?
Cigarette smoking is the most common cause of preventable death and disease.
What are the risk factors of cigarette smoking?
smokersmokeless tobacco user
What may predispose to smoking?
history of depressionhistory of schizophreniaFamily/ peers smoke
What investigations/ examination would you do?
> No/ amount of cigarettes> Time to first cigarette> Polysubstance use> Smokeless tobacco user> Investigations for related complications
What are the complications of smoking?
coronary heart disease.heart attack.stroke.peripheral vascular disease (damaged blood vessels)cerebrovascular disease (damaged arteries that supply blood to your brain)
What is the management of smoking?
> Cessation> Counselling> Nicotine replacement therapy> Bupropion or varenicline
How does smoking affect your life length?
Cigarette smoking causes premature death: Life expectancy for smokers is at least 10 years shorter than for nonsmokers. Quitting smoking before the age of 40 reduces the risk of dying from smoking-related disease by about 90%.
What is the epidemiology of smoking?
The prevalence of cigarette smoking in 2015 was 16.7% among adult males and 13.6% among adult females
