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Drugs > Psychedelics > Flashcards

Psychedelics Flashcards

1
Q

Cannabis - Neurochemistry

A
  • psychoactive component of the plant are buds (weed) and resin (hash)
  • Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) acts on specific cannabis receptors of the naturally occuring endocannabinoid system
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2
Q

What is special about Cannabis?

A

It has it’s own neurotransmitter system know as the endocannabinoid system

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3
Q

Endocannabinoid System

A

regulates appetite, pain sensation, mood and memory via endocannabinoids

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4
Q

Cannabis - Effects

A
  • makes user feel relaxed, more sociable & talkative
  • may distort time & space
  • sometimes causes paranoia
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5
Q

Cannabis - Benefits

A
  • useful against MS, spasms, pain, tremor, glaucoma, anorexia (or cancer patients)
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6
Q

Cannabis - Harms

A
  • mostly associated with smoking which always causes harm
  • 10% of users dependent
  • Withdrawal: mood changes, decreased appetite, insomnia, loss of motivation and lack of enjoyment
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7
Q

Cannabis - Routes of use

A
  1. Spraying - medical use, least harmful
  2. Eating - slow onset (up to 4hrs) thus easy to OD
  3. Inhaling - healthier than smoking, allows deeper breaths which leads to more intoxication
  4. Smoking - most harmful, same risk as tobacco
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8
Q

Cannabis - Skunk

A
  • increased THC levels, less cannabidiol (CBD)
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9
Q

Cannabis - Legalize it or nah?

A

Pro: less harmful than alcohol, anxiolytic, useful medication
Con: addiction, withdrawal, existing correlation between regular use and memory impairment

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10
Q

Article - Pharmacology of Cannabis - Kinetics (Smoking)

A

THC rapidly absorbed, enters bloodstream & reaches brain within minutes

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11
Q

Article - Pharmacology of Cannabis - Kinetics (Oral)

A
  • has to pass metabolism in liver first (only 25-30% effectiveness of same dose smoked)
  • onset delayed, longer duration due to continued absorption from the gut
  • once absorbed rapidly distributed to other tissues
  • very lipid -> accumulates in fatty tissues -> peak concentration reached in 4-5 days, full elimination up to 30 days
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12
Q

Article - Pharmacology of Cannabis - Metabolism

A
  • metabolized in liver (11-hydroxy-THC)

- partly excreted in urine, mainly reabsorbed in gut room

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13
Q

Article - Pharmacology of Cannabis - Dynamics/Neurochemistry

A
  • interacts with endogenous cannabinoid receptors CB1 (neuronal) and CB2 (spleen, immune cells)
  • CB1: distributed across cerebral cortex, limbic areas, basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus, brainstem
  • THC releases dopamine from nucleus accumbens & prefrontal cortex
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14
Q

What is psilocybin?

A
  • main psychoactive component in shrooms, part of tryptamine/indolamine hallucinogens, structurally related to serotonin
  • 45 times less potent than LSD
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15
Q

Psilocybin - Dynamics/Neurochemistry

A
  • psilocybin & psilocin work as agonists on 5-HT (especially 5-HT2A -> responsible for hallucinogenic effects) receptors
  • Psilocin: primarily on 5-HT2A where it mimics effect of serotonin
  • Psilocin: indirectly increases dopamine in the basal ganglia
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16
Q

Psilocybin - Kinetics

A
  • dephosphorylated to Psilocin in intestinal mucosa, max. plasma levels achieved after 85-105 minutes
  • Psilocin distributed to all tissues, excreted within 6hrs
  • highest levels of psilocin detected in neocortex, hippocampus, and extrapyramidal motor system and reticular formation
17
Q

Psilocybin - Effects

A

In animals:
- high doses led to atypical behavior (backward walking)
In humans:
- psychedelic effects occur at 15mg+
Doses:
1. drowsiness, emphasize preexisting mood
2. altered state of consciousness
3. change in perception (body image, time, visuals), impaired attention, anxiety or ecstatic (varies greatly)

18
Q

Psilocybin - Risks

A
  • very low toxicity
  • high risk if no experience
  • set & setting important
  • prolonged psychosis (48hrs) but rare, associated with personality predisposition
19
Q

What are psychedelics?

A
  • “mind manifesting”
  • LSD, khat, ibogaine, ayahuasca, Psilocybin
  • drugs with hallucinogenic, perception-altering effects
20
Q

How do Psychedelics work? (Neurochemistry)

A
  • primarily target/stimulate a subtype of the 5-HT (serotonin) receptor
21
Q

empathogenic

A

produces sensations of care, love, and empathy

22
Q

“Default mode”

A
  • moderates “housekeeping” functions = memory, self-reflective thought, sense of self
  • Psilocybin disrupts this mode thus disrupting sense of self
23
Q

Set

A

What you bring to it, state of mind, previous experience, expectations

24
Q

Setting

A

Environment where drug is consumed, familiar or novel, friends or strangers, indoors or outdoors

25
Q

Legality

A

LSD Class A despite it being impossible to die from an OD

26
Q

Risks

A

unpredictable, set & setting matter a lot

27
Q

Other Uses (Mental health and medical use)

A
  • psilocybin used to better understand mental illnesses (i.e. schizophrenia) because it creates similar effects/”symptoms”
  • treat cluster headache, depression
  • microdosing for ADHD
28
Q

Understand Schizophrenia

A
  • induces hyperdopaminergic state in striatum and positive psychotic symptoms (alterations in perception, thinking and emotion)
  • schizos have increased 5-HT2A receptors, antagonists are important to treat negative effects

Drugs (4 decks)

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