Psychedelics

Question 1

Derivatives of phenethylamines

Answer 1

Classical-5-HT2A agonists

MDMA, MDA, Mescaline

Phenethylamine (Empathogens, Entactogens)

amphetamine like

increase release of 5-HT>DA>NE

Lowest potency

Long lasting

Cross tolerance to LSD

Question 2

Derivatives of tyramine

Answer 2

Classical-5-HT2A agonists

DMT, LSD, Ibogaine, DiPT

DMT: ayahuasca vine

5-MeODMT: Colorado river toad
5-6x more potent than DMT

Psilocybin is a prodrug converted to psilocin

Question 3

Phencyclidine (PCP)

Answer 3

Dissociative

NMDA Antagonist + D2 agonist

More potent than ketamine

Patients are often unaware of cannabis laced with PCP

Severe dissociation and analgesia

Self-mutilation without recognition (dissociation)

Question 4

Ketamine

Answer 4

S-isomer is more active

Fast and short acting

Used in opioid tolerant patients for chronic pain

Question 5

Dextromethorphan

Answer 5

SERT inhibitor

abused by 4% of high schoolers

doses of 100-600 mg

Question 6

Muscimol

Answer 6

Amanita muscaria fungi

GABAa agonist at the orthosteric site

Question 7

NMDA RECEPTORS ARE PRIMARILY POSTSYNAPTIC AND CAN BIND GLYCINE

Answer 7

NMDA RECEPTORS ARE PRIMARILY POST SYNAPTIC AND CAN BIND GLYCINE

Question 8

PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS PRODUCE LARGE AMOUNTS OF INTERCOMMUNITY COMMUNICATION IN THE BRAIN

Answer 8

PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS PRODUCE LARGE AMOUNTS OF INTERCOMMUNITY COMMUNICATION IN THE BRAIN

Question 9

Visual restructuralization

Answer 9

sensory illusions

Audio-visual sensory

Imagery

Changed meaning of perceptions

Question 10

Ocean boundlessness

Answer 10

high pleasurable state

spiritual experience

blissful state

insightfulness

Question 11

Anxious Ego-dissolution

Answer 11

bad trip

anxiety

impaired control and cognition

disemodiment

Question 12

Adverse effects of psychedelics

Answer 12

Short-term physiologic: tachycardia, HTN, tremors, dry-mouth, hyperthermia

Acute dysphoric reaction: terrifying thought, fear of losing control, insanity, death

Psychotic reaction: flashbacks and hallucinations, changes in personality, exacerbate or instigate psychotic disorders

LSD: 1-5% rate of psychosis

Question 13

TOLERANCE IS MOST COMMON AFTER 3 CONSECUTIVE DAYS

Answer 13

TOLERANCE IS MOST COMMON AFTER 3 CONSECUTIVE DAYS

Question 14

Potential therapeutic used

Answer 14

cancer-related physiological stress

PTSD

Depression

SUD (Alcohol)

Question 15

Psychoactive inhalants

Answer 15

often 1st substance of misuse in children

sniffing
huffing
bagging
dusting

Question 16

Alkyl nitrates

Answer 16

poppers

marketed as cleaning supplies and room deodorizers

relaxes anal sphincter, enhanced erection, euphoria

highest abuse in gay mex (25x)

Risk: methemoglobinemia

Question 17

Volatile solvents

Answer 17

liquid at room temperature and evaporate when exposed to air

Question 18

Toluene

Answer 18

model glues, correction fluids, lacquer, thinner, plastic cements, spray paints

GABAa receptor agonists

Question 19

Acetone

Answer 19

nail polish remover,model glue, rubber cements

Question 20

Benzene

Answer 20

cleaning fluids, rubber cements, tire tube repair kits

Question 21

Butane

Answer 21

cigarette lighters, hair spray, spray paint

Question 22

Effects of volatile solvents

Answer 22

acture: motor stimulation, euphoria

high doses: CNS depression, slurred speech, disorientation

Question 23

Risks of volatile solvents

Answer 23

Asphyxiation: displaced oxygen in the lungs
Suffocating
Choking
Seizures
Nephrotoxicity
Sudden Sniffing death syndrome: fatal arrhythmias
Fatal injury
coma

100-200 fatalities in the US per year