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HD 2 > Psyche > Flashcards

Psyche Flashcards

0
Q

delusions

A

fixed, false beliefs that are completely unshakeable.

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1
Q

Psychosis

A

illogical, disorganized/nonsensical speech or writing;

often includes hallucinations (of any modality), and delusions.

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2
Q

Psychotic disorders

A
  • schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder
  • delusional disorder
  • depression, mania, delirium
  • dementia
  • anorexia nervosa (? - debated)
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3
Q

organic mental illness

A

problems in behavior related to damaged brain structure (traumatic injury, cancer, other organ problems); Dx w/ MRI.
*usually impair cognitive operations

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4
Q

Examples of organic mental disorders

A
  • delirium
  • dementia
  • amnesic disorders
  • mental retardation, learning disorders
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5
Q

functional mental disorders

A

disorders of responding to lessons learned, but coding is correct (no structural problems);

    • psychosocial Tx most helpful to reverse.
      ie: phobias
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6
Q

Adjustment disorder

A

shift in mood (w/ anxiety or depression) that is temporary (less than 6 weeks), related to increased stress.

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7
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A
  • will likely change to “Chronic Emotional Dysregulation” in time;
    Sx: rapid mood changes and slow to return to baseline, esp. w/ interpersonal relationships; + frequent anxiety and panic attacks.
    Cause: overactive amygdala & under-active frontal lobe.
    Tx: psychotherapy to teach how to conceptualize interactions
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8
Q

Bipolar type I disorder

A

Full mania lasting at least 1 week, usually alternating with periods of depression (not always)
Tx: anticonvulsants, antidepressants may provoke mania

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9
Q

Bipolar type II disorder

A

aka: hypomania;
disorder of alternating mood changes, with depression and manic episodes less than full mania (less out of control, no psychosis or delusions); with at least 1 episode of major depression.

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10
Q

cyclothymia

A

disorder w/ ONLY periods of hypomanias and dysthymias (= minor reduced mood but not full depressions), more cyclic pattern.

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11
Q

Mixed state dysthymia

A

Hyperactive state with simultaneous depression/emotional pain.
** VERY high risk for suicide**
(subtype/form of manifestation of bipolar disorder)

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12
Q

symptoms of (full) mania

A

Mood & thoughts: euphoric, flight of thoughts, grandiosity, paranoia
Bx: decreased sleep need/unconcerned insomnia, pressured speech, hyperactivity, poor judgement, decreased inhibition/impulsive, inappropriate behavior (sexual or other)

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13
Q

conditions that may mimic mania

A

Drugs: amphetamines, cocaine, alcohol, corticosteroids
Metabolic: Cushing’s disease, hypERthyroidism
Neuro: stroke, brain trauma, neoplasms, epilepsy, neurodegen.
Infection: influenza, encephalitis, neurosyphilis, AIDS

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14
Q

Characteristics of panic attacks

A
  1. false positive rxn (abnormal rxn to normal stimulus)
  2. sudden onset, aversive
  3. lasts 10-15 minutes
  4. degrades performance, trigger avoidance strategies
  5. 4+ physical symptoms
    => circular nature (attack–> fear & hyper-vigilant –> more attacks)
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15
Q

obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (5)

A
  1. Obsessive-Compulsive disorder
  2. Body Dysmorphic disorder - ie: anorexia nervosa
  3. Hoarding disorder - excessive attachment of emotional value to objects
  4. Trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder)
  5. Excoriation (skin picking) disorder
16
Q

Trauma & stress-related disorders (3)

A
  1. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
    (Hx of traumatic experience, heightened arousal & re-experience trauma memories, > 6 weeks)
  2. Acute Stress Disorder (like PTSD, but < 6 weeks)
  3. Adjustment Disorder (less severe, not from TRAUMATIC event, but some stressful event)
17
Q

Common comorbidities w/ anxiety disorders

A

1. Depression

Also: Substance abuse, Borderline personality disorder, fibromyalgia or asthma, chronic pain, etc.
* if resistant to Tx, may be caused by Pheochromocytoma!*

18
Q

structures of the Limbic System

A
  1. Amygdala (central structure for anxiety!),
  2. Thalamus, 3. hypothalamus
  3. hippocampus, 5. olfactory bulb
    * * counteracted/controlled by frontal lobe **
19
Q

Neurotransmitters involved in Anxiety (3)

A

NE (norepinephrine), 5-HT (serotonin), GABA

20
Q

Anxiety disorders (5)

A
  1. “GAD” (Generalized Anxiety Disorder) - multiple focuses of worry
  2. Panic Disorder - panic attacks characterized w/ extreme avoidance Bxs.
  3. Agoraphobia - fear of open spaces/where vulnerable.
  4. Social Phobia
  5. Specific phobia(s)
21
Q

best treatment for Anxiety disorders

A

1: Cognitive Behavioral Tx (“CBT”)

  1. Dialectical Behavior Therapy
  2. Pharmacological treatment:
    • SSRI +/- mirtazapine or buspirone
    • NOT anti-psychotics, nor benzodiazepines for long-term Tx*
22
Q

prodrome of schizophrenia

A

= the phase preceding clinical schizophrenia, w/ changes predictive of schizophrenia;
Sx: withdrawal from relationships, drop in school performance, odd beliefs (w/ normal insight)

23
Q

Epidemiology of Schizophrenia

A
  1. Age: onset usually 19-24
  2. Gender: M>F, but new cases after age 45 = female (estrogen may be psychoprotective)
  3. Heterogenous etiology
    - significant genetic component (ie: monozygotic twins -> 50%), but no specific loci.
    - environment/upbringing = weak factor, except for certain cases
    (maternal complications/infection, early age pot abuse)
24
Q

gross pathological changes in brains of schizophrenic patients

A
  1. thinner cortex (esp. frontal lobe)

2. white matter abnormalities (poor communication w/ frontal lobe)

25
Q

Neurotransmitter changes in schizophrenia

A
  1. Dopamine: hyperactive
  2. Serotonin: increased
  3. Glutamate: decreased, may cause negative Sxs
26
Q

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

Perception: hallucinations
Thinking: disrupted –> delusions, paranoia
Affect/Mood: blunted
* w/ treatment, SE: severely blunted affect, decreased motivation, dyskinesias, etc.

27
Q

4 domains of cognition that may be affected by dementia

A
  1. Language - poor understanding & word-finding (circumlocution)
  2. Memory - forgetful, losing things
  3. Visuospatial - poor recognition of ppl, places (get lost easily)
  4. Executive function - impulsivity, poor judgement
28
Q

Vascular Dementia

A

onset w/in 3 months of stroke, see multiple/bilateral stroke damage on imaging.

29
Q

Dementia from infection

A

(rare!)

  • neurosyphilis
  • AIDS
  • Whipple disease
  • Prion disease
30
Q

Potential causes of organic, trauma/toxic dementia

A
  • head trauma –> traumatic brain injury or subdural hematoma
  • Toxins: alcohol, medications (esp. anticonvulsants), heavy metal exposures
31
Q

metabolic causes of dementia

A
  • hypothyroidism
  • hyperparathyroidism
  • multiple episodes of hypoglycemia
  • liver/kidney disease
  • vitamin deficiencies (Vit B1 or B12)
32
Q

Neurogenerative causes of dementia

A
  • Alzheimer’s Disease (affects 50% of ppl 85+, slow & progressive)
  • Frontotemporal (onset ~60s, esp. common w/ Down’s syndrome)
  • Parkinson’s disease
  • dementia w/ Lewy Bodies
33
Q

Normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

can be a cause of dementia,
Signs: “3 Ws”
- Wet, Wild, Wobbly

HD 2 (14 decks)

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