psych_239_20150123003517 (2/2) Flashcards
What is binging in bulimia?
Cramming thousands of calories, normally followed by purging.
When do sufferers of bulimia stop binging?
If they vomit or run out of food.
What is purging?
When bulimics force themselves to throw up.
Which type of society are eating disorders most common in?
Western societies.
What is the systems perspective of eating disorder causes?
The family unit and how it contributes to the development of eating disorders.
What does purging represent?
An upheaval of negative feelings.
Which neurotransmitter have eating disorders been linked to?
Serotonin.
Is there any genetic link for eating disorders?
Yes, evidenced in twin studies.
What does hospitalization entail for sufferers of eating disorders?
IVs, monitored caloric intake, and general monitoring.
What is the most common approach to treating eating disorders?
Cognitive behavioural therapy.
What are 5 other eating disorders that develop in infancy and early childhood?
Pica, rumination disorder, feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood, Prader-Willi syndrome, and cyclic-vomiting disorder.
What is pica?
Eating weird things that don’t have nutritional value.
What is rumination disorder?
Chewing something, spitting it out, and then eating it again.
What is feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood?
Not consuming enough food for adequate growth, a rather generic disorder.
What is Prader-Willi syndrome?
A chromosome 15 disorder that leads to an insatiable appetite later in life.
What are 6 other eating disorders that can develop in adolescents and adults?
Anorexia athletica, muscle dysmorphia (bigorexia), orthexia nervosa, night-eating syndrome, nocturnal sleep-related eating disorder, and gourmand syndrome.
What is anorexia athletica?
Exercising too much.
What is muscle dysmorphia?
A preoccupation with muscle mass gain, accompanied by a feeling of never having enough muscle mass.
What is orthexia nervosa?
Having an unhealthy obsession with eating healthy foods.
What is night-eating syndrome?
An eating disorder, characterized by a delayed circadian pattern of food intake.
What is nocturnal sleep-related eating disorder?
A disorders characterized by abnormal eating patterns during the night. Can occur during sleepwalking. People with this disorder eat while they are asleep.
What is gourmand syndrome?
A rare, benign condition where people develop a new, post-injury passion for gourmet food.
In the video on eating disorder that we watched in class, what was the average length of recovery?
7 years.
Are dissociative disorders diagnosed promptly during treatment?
No.
When do people most often begin to dissociate?
After experiencing a traumatic event.
What is dissociative identity disorder?
A disorder in which a person has two or more distinct or alternate personalities.
How aware are the alternate personalities of each other and the host?
The host is not often aware of the alters, but the alters are always aware of the host and each other.
What is the range for number of personalities?
It can range from 2 - 100.
What are some characteristics that can differ between personalities in dissociative identity disorder?
Voice patterns, accents, ages, morals, allergies, gender identities, etc.
What is the prevalence rate for dissociative identity disorder?
Extremely rare. 0.5 - 1% of the population have it.
What stage of life is DID thought to start?
Childhood.
Who most often reports dissociative identity disorder?
A relatively small number of investigators and clinicians who strongly believe in the existence of the disorder.
What does Spanos’ research suggest about dissociative identity disorder?
That DID is not a distinct disorder, but a form of role playing where individuals come to construe themselves as having multiple selves, and then begin to act in ways consistent with the disorder.
What is the controversy around Kenneth Bianchi?
A police psychiatrist may have suggested that he could role-play a person with multiple personalities.
What is dissociative amnesia?
In which a person experiences memory losses in the absence of any identifiable organic cause.
What is local amnesia?
Forgetting specific times.
What is specific amnesia?
Forgetting specific events.
What is usually retained during dissociative amnesia?
General knowledge and skills.
What is malingering?
Faking illness so as to obtain benefits.
What is dissociative amnesia with fugue?
In which one suddenly flees from one’s life situation, travels to a new location, assumes a new identity, and has amnesia for past personal material.
How do sufferers of fugue states generally get their memories coming back to them?
Suddenly and all at once.
After what age do fugue and amnesia become especially rare?
After age 50.
What is depersonalization disorder?
A disorder characterized by persistent or recurrent episodes of depersonalization.
What is meant by depersonalization?
Disconnecting from yourself, detaching from one’s self or body.
What is derealization?
Episodes characterized by the sense that one’s surroundings have become strange or unreal, time may seem to be oddly slowed down or sped up.
What percentage of people experience some form of derealization?
80 - 90%.
What does the psychodynamic perspective suggest is the cause for dissociative disorders?
Repression; our ego becomes overwhelmed as we try to repress our memories.
Why do psychodynamic theorists believe that DID sufferers develop other personalities?
In order to systematically forget specific memories.
What did Porter et al. discover in their study on false memories?
26% of participants created false memories based on stories fabricated by the researchers.
What is the psychoanalytic treatment approach for dissociative disorders?
To uncover early childhood traumas and bring together all the alternate personalities into one.
What are somatoform disorders?
Disorders in which people com[lain of physical (somatic) problems although no physical abnormality can be found.
What is factitious disorder?
Making up a disorder and then giving yourself symptoms so that you would be recognized as being ill.
What was factitious disorder previously known as?
Münchausen Syndrome.
What is Münchausen by proxy?
A disorder where you give someone in your care a disease so that you can care for them. Most often mothers making their children sick.
What is conversion disorder?
Type of somatoform disorder characterized by loss or impairment of physical function in the absence of any organic causes that might account for the changes.
What is La Belle Indifference?
A term describing the lack of concern over one’s symptoms. Displayed sometimes by people with conversion disorder but also people with real physical disorders.
What is somatic symptom disorder?
A type of somatoform disorder involving recurrent multiple complaints that cannot be explained by any clear physical causes.
What was somatic symptom disorder previously called?
Briquet’s disorder.
What is the main difference between conversion disorder and somatic symptom disorder?
Conversion disorder involves serious impairments, somatic symptom disorder involves minor complaints.
What is illness anxiety disorder?
Fear of any symptoms and what they might represent.
What was illness anxiety disorder previously called?
Hypochondriasis.
Do sufferers of illness anxiety disorder fake their symptoms?
No, but they fear that symptoms are due to a real illness.
What are primary gains for somatic symptoms and related disorders?
The relief from anxiety obtained through the development of a neurotic symptom. Makes you less anxious about a internal conflicts.
What are secondary gains for somatic symptoms and related disorders?
Any side benefits associated with neuroses or other disorders, such as sympathy and increased attention.
What does psychoanalysis treatment for somatoform and related disorders involve?
Talk therapy; all about uncovering unconscious conflicts that originated in childhood.
What is the behavioural approach to treating somatoform and related disorders?
Removing any reinforcement of symptoms by sympathy or attention (secondary gains). It also focuses on the healthy aspects and ignores the symptoms.
What does the cognitive-behavioural approach to treatment for somatoform and related disorders entail?
Looking at evidence and working through what could be wrong.
Where is Koro syndrome prevalent and what is it?
Prevalent in China and East Asia; it is the fear that their genitals are shrinking or retracting into their body and believe that this will result in death.
Where is Dhat syndrome prevalent and what is it?
Prevalent in young men in India; it is the excessive fears over loss of seminal fluid during nocturnal emission.
What is amok? Where is it prevalent?
A trancelike state in which a person suddenly becomes highly excited and violently attacks other people or destroys objects. Prevalent in Southeast Asia and Pacific cultures.
What is zar? Where is it prevalent?
Describes a spirit possessing people who experience dissociative states during which they engage in unusual behaviour ranging from shouting to banging heads against a wall. Prevalent in North African and Middle Eastern cultures.
Attitudes towards sexual activity are incredibly diverse, and what is ‘normal’ is clearly influenced by ___ factors.
Sociocultural.
What are some reasons that sexual behaviour may be labeled as abnormal?
-It deviates from the norms of one’s society. -It is self-defeating. -Harms others. -Causes personal distress. -Interferes with one’s ability to function.
What is gender identity?
One’s psychological sense of being female or male.
What is gender identity disorder?
A disorder in which the individual believes that her or his anatomic gender is inconsistent with his or her psychological sense of being male or female.
What is gender reassignment?
The process of transition through medical intervention.
Gender reassignment is more common in ___.
Men.
What is the end result of gender reassignment as far as sexual relations go?
The person can have sex and experience orgasm, but are sterile (cannot reproduce).
What is the psychodynamic perspective on gender identity disorder?
Extremely close mother son relationships and fathers who were absent or detached could cause the child to overidentify with their mother and enmesh, and make them want to be more like them.
What is the learning theory on gender identity disorders?
The child does not have a strong male role model available to them.
Paraphilias are more common in ___.
Men.
What is exhibitionism?
Involves recurrent powerful urges to expose one;s genitals to an unsuspecting stranger in order to surprise, shock, or sexually arouse the victim.
What is fetishism?
A person uses an inanimate object or a body part as a focus of sexual interest and as a source of arousal.
___ can play a role in fetishism developing.
Imprinting.
What is transvestic fetishism?
The chief feature is recurrent, powerful urges and related fantasies involving cross dressing for the purpose of sexual arousal.
What is voyeurism?
It is either acting on or being strongly distressed by recurrent powerful sexual urges and related fantasies involving watching unsuspecting people, generally strangers who are undressed, disrobing,or engaging in sexual activity.
Frotteurism is also known as ___.
Mashing,
What is frotteurism?
The French word frottage refers to the artistic technique of making a drawing by rubbing against a raised object.
What is pedophilia?
The chief feature is recurrent, powerful sexual urges and related fantasies involving sexual activity with prepubescent children (typically 13 and younger).
What is a comment that is made about pedophilia?
It should be considered a sexual orientation.
What are the 2 pathways to the development of persistent sexual offending agaisnt children?
- Antisociality. 2. Sexual attraction to prepubescent children (pedophilia).
Concerning pedophilia, men are often more ___, while women are ___.
Externalizing, internalizing.
What is sexual masochism?
Involves strong recurrent urges and fantasies relating to sexual acts that involve being humiliated, bound, flogged, or made to suffer in other ways.
What is hypoxyphilia a form of?
Sexual masochism.
What is hypoxyphila?
Cutting off air flow via choking.
What is sexual sadism?
Involves recurrent powerful urges and related fantasies of engaging in acts in which the person is sexually aroused by inflicting physical suffering or humiliation on another person.
What is sadomasochism?
When the acts are mutual.
What is telephone scatologia?
Making obscene phone calls.
What is necrophilia?
Sexual urges or fantasies involving sexual contact with corpses.
What is partialism?
Sole focus on a part of the body.
What is zoophilia?
Sexual urges or fantasies incolcing sexual contact with animals. Beastiality.
What is coprophilia?
Sexual arousal associated with feces.
What is klismaphilia?
Sexual arousal associated with enemas.
What is urophilia?
Sexual arousal associated with urine.
The psychodynamic theory maintains that paraphilias are a result of…
A defence against leftover castration anxiety.
The learning theory maintains that paraphilias are a result of…
Conditioning (pairing) and observational learning.
What strategy does the Correctional Service Canada’s National Moderate Intensity Sex Offender Program use?
CBT.
The CBT maintains that paraphilias are a result of…
Guided learning, motivations, group processes, over-learning, and skill development.
How do psychoanalysts treat paraphilias?
Bring childhood sexual conflicts into awareness so that they can be resolved in the light of the individual’s adult personality.
How do behaviourists treat paraphilias?
Use aversive conditioning techniques to induce a negative emotional reaction to paraphilic stimuli or fantasies.
How does CBT propose that we treat paraphilias?
Building social skills, and the development of stress management skills.
How do SSRI’s treat paraphilias?
Treat the paraphilias as a factor of anxiety and depression.
What are the 3 types of sexual dysfunction according to the DSM V?
- Sexual interest/desire disorder. 2. Orgasm disorder. 3. Genito pelvic pain/penetration disorder.
The first 3 categories correspond to the first three phases of…
The sexual response cycle.
What are the 3 types of sexual arousal disorders?
- Female sexual interest/desire disorder. 2. Male erectile disorder. 3. Orgasm disorder.
What is female sexual interest/desire disorder?
Difficulty becoming sexually aroused.
What is male erectile disorder?
Difficulty in achieving or maintatining erection during sexual activity.
What are orgasm disorders? Give an example of an orgasm disorder.
The inability to reach climax. Includes premature ejaculation.
With sexual arousal disorders, there is no ___ reason behind the disorders.
Physical.
What are the components of genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder?
-Intense fear/anxiety in anticipation of, during, or as a result of vaginal intercourse (psychological). -Actual pain experiencced in pelvis or vulvogenital area during attempted or as a result of vaginal penetration (physical). -Marked tensing or tightening of the lower pelvic inner-abdominal muscles during attempted vaginal penetration.
How is genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder commonly treated?
Inserting cylinders, or relaxation training.
What does the biological perspective say about sexual dysfunctions?
Deficient testorone production and thyroid over-activity or under-activity are among the many biological conditions that can lead to impaired sexual desire.
What does the psychodynamic perspective say about sexual dysfunctions?
Conflicts of the phallic stage.
What does the learning perspective say about sexual dysfunctions?
Cognitive perspectives.
Problems in relationships can lead to sexual dysfunction. True or false?
True.
What are sociocultural factors that can lead to sexual dysfunction?
Performance anxiety and sexual performance being attached to masculinity.
What are some biological treatments of male sexual dysfunction?
Viagra, Cialis, Levitra, or SSRI’s.
Sensate-focus techniques are used for sexual interest/desire techniques. What are they?
Often used in couples therapy, forbids couples from touching each other. Paradoxical, as patients succeed either way.
What are personality disorders?
When particular styles of behaviour become so rigid or maladaptive that they become self-defeating and cause significant personal distress or impair functioning.
What is Ego Syntonic behaviour?
Behaviour or feelings that are perceived as natural or compatible parts of the self.
What is Ego Dystonic behaviour?
Behaviour or feelings that are perceived to be foreign or alien to one’s self-identity.
Ego ____ is characteristic of personality disorders. Ego ___ is characteristic of mood disorders.
Syntonic, dystonic.
What are the three general categories of personality disorders?
- Odd or eccentric behaviour. 2. Dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviour. 3. Anxious or fearful behaviour.
What are the three types of personality disorders characterized by odd or eccentric behaviour?
- Paranoid personality disorder. 2. Schizoid personality disorder. 3. Schizotypal personality disorder.
What is Paranoid Personality Disorder?
Type of personality disorder characterized by persistent suspiciousness of the motives of others, but not to the point of holding clear-cut delusions.
What is the prevalence of Paranoid Personality Disorder, and is it more common in men or women?
0.5-2%, more common in men.
What is Schizoid Personality Disorder?
Type of personality disorder characterized by persistent lack of interest in social relationships, flattened affect, and social withdrawal.
What is a key feature in Schizoid Personality Disorder?
Social isolation.
In Schizoid Personality Disorder, how do men and women react differently?
Men rarely date or marry, women are more likely to accept romantic advances passively and marry, but seldom initiate relationships or develop strong attachments to their partners.
How do people with schizoid personality disorder differ from normal people when it comes to displaying one’s feelings? Especially among strangers?
Schizoids rarely express emotions and are distant and aloof.
How do people with schizoid PD and schizophrenia differ?
The emotions of people with schizoid personality disorder are not as shallow or blunted as they are in people with schizophrenia.
What is Schizotypal Personality Disorder?
Personality disorder characterized by eccentricities or oddities of thought and behaviour but without clearly psychotic features.
Do people with Schizotypal Personality Disorder want relationships?
Yes, but the relationships they want are odd.
How does Schizotypal Personality Disorder differ from schizophrenia?
Schizotypal Personality Disorder applies to people who have difficulties forming close relationships and whose behaviour, mannerisms, and thought patterns are peculiar or odd but not disturbed enough to merit a diagnosis of schizophrenia.
Which personality disorder has the closest link to schizophrenia?
Schizotypal Personality Disorder.
What are the four types of personality characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviour?
- Antisocial personality disorder (psychopathy/sociopathy). 2. Borderline personality disorder. 3. Histrionic personality disorder. 4. Narcissistic personality disorder.
What is Antisocial Personality Disorder?
Type of personality disorder characterized by a chronic pattern of antisocial and irresponsible behaviour and lack of remorse.
What is the difference between psychopaths and sociopaths?
Psychopaths are born that way, while sociopaths are a result of their environment. Nature vs. nurture.
What behaviour characterizes antisocial behaviour?
Expressing no empathy, difficulty connecting and identifying with others, violating the rights of others, and breaking the law.
What is the prevalence rate for Antisocial Personality Disorder in Canada?
1.7-3.7%.
What types of traits are Antisocial Personality Disorder characterized by?
Affective and interpersonal traits.
What are some characteristics of people with Antisocial Personality Disorder?
Shallow emotions, selfishness, arrogance, superficial charm, deceitfulness, manipulativeness, irresponsibility, sensation-seeking, and a lack of empathy, anxiety, and remorse, persistent violations of social norms, a socially deviant and nomadic lifestyle, and impulsiveness.
What is Factor 1 for Antisocial Personality Disorder?
Remains stable across your lifetime.
What is Factor 2 for Antisocial Personality Disorder?
They mature out of it around the age 40.
You must be over the age of __ in Canada to be diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder.
18
People between the ages of 8-18 are diagnosed with what disorder instead of Antisocial Personality Disorder?
Conduct Disorder.
Does being diagnosed with Conduct Disorder mean that you will automatically be diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder?
No.
People under 8 years of age are diagnosed with what disorder instead of Antisocial Personality Disorder?
Oppositional Defiance Disorder.
What is Oppositional Defiance Disorder?
A diagnosis for children under the age of 8, who often display the key feature of harming animals and who also tend to be bedwetters.
Not all criminals show signs of psychopathy, and only a minority of people with psychopathic personalities become ___.
Criminals.
What is an occupation that many psychopaths do?
CEO’s of major companies.
Incarcerated psychopaths are more/less likely to reoffend in a violent or extreme way after they are released.
More.
Is there a racial or ethnic link to psychopathy?
No.
What are the four psychophysiological and biological factors that are related to Antisocial Personality Disorder?
- Lack of emotional responsiveness. 2. The craving-for-stimulation model. 3. Lack of restraint or impulsivity. 4. Limbic abnormalities.
How does lack of emotional responsiveness relate to Antisocial Personality Disorder?
Psychopaths are not as reactive to forms of punishment (shock tests).
How does the craving-for-stimulation model relate to Antisocial Personality Disorder?
Can manifest in extreme risk-taking behaviour, maybe in part to compensate for missing emotions.
How does the lack of restraint or impulsivity relate to Antisocial Personality Disorder?
Believed to be because of a defect in the prefrontal cortex.
How do limbic abnormalities relate to Antisocial Personality Disorder?
There are observed differences in the amygdala and emotions processing centres.
What is Borderline Personality Disorder?
Primarily characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in relationships, self-image, and mood and a lack of control over impulses.
People with Borderline Personality Disorder tend to be uncertain about their…
Values, goals, loyalties, careers, choices of friends, and perhaps even sexual orientations.
The fear of ___ is a key feature in Borderline Personality Disorder.
Abandonment.
People with Borderline Personality Disorder cannot tolerate being ___, and will make desperate efforts to avoid feelings of abandonment.
Alone.
1/10 sufferers of Borderline Personality Disorder will…
Kill themselves.
Borderline Personality Disorder got its name from the fact that people that are diagnosed with it are on the border between being ___ and ___.
Neurotic, psychotic.
What is the main treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder?
DBT (Dialectic Behaviour Therapy).
What is Dialectic Behaviour Therapy used to treat?
Borderline Personality Disorder.
What does Dialectic Behaviour Therapy include?
Mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotional tolerance, and acceptance based work.
What is the prevalence rate for Borderline Personality Disorder?
2%.
Is Borderline Personality Disorder more common in women or men?
More common in women (about 75%).
World War II dictator Adolf Hitler lived and died by the Nazi principle of “death before dishonour,” which is arguably a form of the ___ ___ ___ thinking characteristic of Borderline Personality Disorder.
All-or-nothing.
What is Histrionic Personality Disorder?
Type of personality disorder characterized by excessive need to be the centre of attention and to receive reassurance, praise, and approval from others.
People with Histrionic Personality Disorder often appear overly ___ and ___ in their behaviour.
Dramatic, emotional.
What are some characteristics of people with Histrionic Personality Disorder?
Flirtatious, seductive, manipulative, lack self esteem and are trying to compensate, overreact, like to be novel (no routine), have difficulty in relationships, they desire change, may want to be models or actresses, strong sense of entitlement.
Histrionic Personality Disorder is more commonly diagnosed in ___.
Women.
What is Narcissistic Personality Disorder?
A type of personality disorder characterized by the adoptions of an inflated self-image and demands for constant attention and admiration, among other features.
People with Narcissistic Personality Disorder brag about their accomplishments and expect others to…
Shower them with praise even if their accomplishments are ordinary.
People with Narcissistic Personality Disorder tend to be ___.
Workaholics.
Less than _% of the population is diagnosed with Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
1
What are some characteristics of people with Narcissistic Personality Disorder?
Lack of empathy for others, one-sided relationships,fantasies about success and power.
What are the three personality disorders characterized by anxious or fearful behaviour?
- Avoidant personality disorder. 2. Dependent personality disorder. 3. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.
What is Avoidant Personality Disorder?
A type of personality disorder characterized by avoidance of social relationships due to fears of rejection.
People with Avoidant Personality Disorder are unwilling to enter relationships without…
Ardent reassurance or acceptance.
As a result of their needing ardent reassurance or acceptance from their relationships, people with Avoidant Personality Disorder often…
Do not have close relationships with people outside of their family.
People with Avoidant Personality Disorder tend to avoid…
Group occupational or recreational activities.
What is the prevalence rate of Avoidant Personality Disorder?
0.5-1%.
In Avoidant Personality Disorder, there is a fear of ___ embarrassment, and it is also tied to ___ anxiety.
Public, social.
