psych_105_20140916033229 (2/3) Flashcards
1
Q
Personality represented in language suggests ___ potential traits.
A
18000
2
Q
In personality represented in language, ___ and ___ are at higher levels, making up the core of the personality, while ___ and ___ are at lower levels, making up the rest of personality.
A
General and abstract, specific and concrete.
3
Q
Cattell came up with the ___ ___ theory of personality
A
16-factor.
4
Q
Eysenck came up with the ___ ___ theory of personality.
A
Two-factor.
5
Q
What are the two dimensions of personality in the Two-factor theory of personality?
A
Extrovert/introvert and emotionally stable/unstable.
6
Q
The Five-Factor Model of Personality is accepted as it accounts for ___ in personality without overlapping traits.
A
Variation.
7
Q
The Five-Factor Model of Personality is accepted as there have been a large number of ___ conducted on it using different kinds of data.
A
Studies.
8
Q
The Five-Factor Model of Personality is accepted as it holds across ___ ___. This suggests ___.
A
Different participants. Universality.
9
Q
The Five-Factor Model of Personality is accepted as it can be associated with predictable patterns of ___ and ___ outcomes.
A
Behaviours, social.
10
Q
The Five-Factor Model of Personality is accepted as it remains ___ with age.
A
Stable.
11
Q
Evidence that traits are biological:
A
Brain damage or changes in brain chemistry can trigger personality changes.
12
Q
Using heritability coefficients, the average genetic components of personality range from ___ to ___.
A
0.40-0.60.
13
Q
Growing up in the same environment does/doesn’t appear to make people more similar.
A
Doesn’t.
14
Q
Who made humans observe hyenas and use personality scales to rate them?
A
Gosling.
15
Q
What was significant about Gosling’s findings?
A
He found five dimensions that resembled the Big Five traits.
16
Q
Eysenck speculated that extroversion and introversion arrises from differences in ___.
A
Alertness.
17
Q
Extroverts seek ___ ___, and their reticular formation which controls arousal and alertness is/isn’t easily stimulated.
A
Social interaction, isn’t.
18
Q
Introverts seek to avoid ___ ___, and their reticular formation which controls arousal and alertness is/isn’t easily stimulated.
A
Social interaction, is.
19
Q
Extroverts perform tasks well in…
A
Noisy and loud environments.
20
Q
Introverts perform tasks well in…
A
Tranquil environments.
21
Q
What did Gray propose?
A
The dimensions of extroversion and introversion, as well as neuroticism reflect two basic brain waves.
22
Q
What are the two basic brain waves proposed by Gray?
A
Behavioural Activation System (BAS) and Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS).
23
Q
What did Freud do?
A
Approached the study of personality by examining the meanings and insights revealed by careful analysis of the blemishes in person’s thought and behaviour (example Freudian slips).
24
Q
According to Freud, personality is understood as a ___ to the person who owns it because we cannot know our deepest ___.
A
Mystery, motives.
25
Psychodynamic Approach
An approach that regards personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside of awareness- motives that can also produce emotional disorders.
26
Dynamic Unconscious
An active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person's deepest instincts and desires, and the person's inner struggle to control these factors.
27
Experiences shape the ___ before we can even put thoughts and feelings into words.
Mind.
28
Id
The part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; it is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives.
29
Ego
The component of personality, developed through contact with the external world, that enables us to deal with life's practical demand.
30
Superego
The mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercize their authority.
31
The three systems of mind in Freud's theory interact and create constant controversy. The dominant system equals the ___ ___.
Personality structure.
32
Ego and Superego are governed by ___.
Anxiety.
33
Anxiety is a defense position that keeps unacceptable drives from entering ___.
Consciousness.
34
Repression
Motivated forgetting.
35
fMRI has found decreased activity in ___ during repression.
Hippocampus.
36
Defense Mechanisms
Unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce activity generated by threats from unacceptable impulses.
37
Example of defense mechanisms.
Rationalization, reaction formation, projection, regression, displacement, identification, and sublimation.
38
Psychosexual Stages
Distinct early life stages through which personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas and caregivers redirect or interfere with those pleasures.
39
What are the psychosexual stages, and when do they occur?
Oral (0-18 monhs), anal (18-36 months), phallic (3-6 years), latency (6-puberty), and genital (puberty onwards).
40
Laency is somewhat of a ___ phase.
'Sleeper'.
41
Deprivation or overindulgence in a psychosexual stage leads to ___.
Fixation.
42
___ stage is associated with the ___ and ___ complex.
Phallic, Oedipus, Electra.
43
Our outward present ___ is only the tip of the iceberg.
Personality.
44
Freud had his patients lie on a couch facing away from him to...
Make them more comfortable telling things to him.
45
Self-Actualizing Tendency
The human motive towards realizing our inner potential.
46
What did Rogers come up with?
Unconditional Positive Regard.
47
Unconditional Positive Regard
An attitude of nonjudgemental acceptance towards another person.
48
When ___ and our ___ do not match, our true nature and capabilities are less happy.
Goals, lives.
49
Csikszentmihalyl came up with the idea of...
Flow and peak performance.
50
Maaslow's ___ of Needs.
Hierarchy.
51
Existential Approach
A school of thought that regards personality as governed by an individual's ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death.
52
Responsibility of having to make free choices causes ___.
Angst.
53
Engage in Rumination
Superficial answers to deal with the angst.
54
Security-providing mechanisms can stifle potential for ___ ___.
Personal growth.
55
Morality Salience Studies
Death versus unpleasant experience. When participants have to think about death, it can prompt individuals to become protective of their family, culture, country, and religion.
56
Social Cognitive Approach
Views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situation encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them.
57
Person-Situation Controversy
The question of whether behaviour is caused more by personality or situational factors.
58
According to the Person-Situation Controversy, a ___ can trump ___.
Situation, personality.
59
According to the Person-Situation Controversy, people may not act the same across time, but are more likely to act the same in similar ___.
Situations.
60
Personal Construct
Refers to dimensions people use in making sense of their experience.
61
What did Kelly suggest about personal constructs?
That people view the social world from differing perspectives and that these views arise through the application of personal constructs.
62
Outcome Expectancies
A person's assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behaviour.
63
Our personality largely reflects the ___ we pursue.
Goals.
64
Locus of Control Scale
Beliefs translate into individual differences in emotion and behaviour.
65
If you have an internal locus of control, you believe that you have/don't have control of your life.
Have.
66
When you have an internal locus of control, you are less/more able to cope with stress.
More.
67
Self-Concept
A person's explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviours, traits, and other personal characteristics.
68
William James suggested that selves have ___ facets.
Two.
69
What are the two facets suggested by James?
the "I" that thinks, acts, and experiences the world, and the "Me" that is an object in the world.
70
What did Markus observe in 1977?
That each person finds certain unique personality traits particularly important for conceptualizing the self.
71
Self Schemas
The traits people use to define themselves.
72
Sense of self is largely developed and maintained in relation to ___.
Others.
73
What did Mead find in 1934?
Things people say about us accumulate and are seen as a consensus held by the "generalized other" and are held as a stable concept of self.
74
Stability of self concept promotes consistency in ___ across situations.
Behaviour.
75
Self Verification
The tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept.
76
Self Esteem
The extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self.[
77
Self esteem is either influenced by being accepted and valued by ___ ___ or from specific ___ ___.
Significant others, self evaluations.
78
Desire for self esteem- evolutionary perspective.
Argue that we seek high self esteem because we have evolved to seek out belongingness, and high self esteem indicates being accepted.
79
Desire for self esteem- existential perspective.
Argue that we have a desire for high self esteem to find value in ourselves and escape the anxiety related to recognizing our mortality.
80
Desire for self esteem- self serving bias.
People's tendency to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures. Maintaining positive view of self.
81
Desire for self esteem- narcissism
A trait that reflects a grandiose view of the self combined with a tendency to seek admiration from and exploit others.
82
Medical Model
The conceptualization of psychological disorders as diseases that, like physical diseases, have biological causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures.
83
Disease
Refers to some deviation from normal body functioning that has undesirable consequences for the affected individual.
84
Diagnosis
Determine nature of the patient's mental disease by assessing symptoms.
85
Symptoms
Behaviours, thoughts, and emotions suggestive of an underlying syndrome.
86
Syndrome
A coherent cluster of symptoms usually due to a single cause.
87
__% of the population will develop a mental disorder.
40
88
DSM
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
89
DSM-IV-TR
A classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicate how the disorder can be distinguished from similar, other problems.
90
Disorders are classified as if they were a distinct ___.
Illness.
91
In order to be classified a mental disorder, a disorder must contain _ elements of diagnosis.
Three.
92
What are the three elements of diagnosis?
1. Disturbances in behaviour, thoughts, or emotions. 2. Significant personal distress or impairment. 3. Internal dysfunction.
93
Psychological disorders exist along a ___.
Continuum.
94
To help with distinguishing between normal and abnormal, there is a scale called the ___.
GAF (Global Assessment of Functioning).
95
The DSM suffers from complications, because diagnostic categories depend on ___ rather than ___ behaviour.
Interpretation, observable.
96
The DSM suffers from complications, because diagnosis relies on patient ___.
Self-reports.
97
The DSM suffers from complications, because agreement amongst clinicians can vary depending on the ___ ___.
Diagnostic category.
98
The DSM suffers from complications as a result of comorbidity, which is...
The co-occurance of 2 or more disorders in an individual.
99
Causation for mental illness can be ___ or ___.
Internal or external.
100
Internal causation can be ___ or ___.
Biological or psychological.
101
Biological Internal Causation
Genetic influences, biochemical imbalances, and structural abnormalities of the brain.
102
Psychological Internal Causation
Maladaptive learning and coping, cognitive bias, dysfunctional attitudes, and interpersonal problems.
103
Environmental External Causation
Poor socialization, stressful life circumstances, and cultural and social inequalities.
104
Diathesis-Stress Model
A theory that suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress. However, heritability does not mean destiny.
105
Intervention-Causation Fallacy
Involves the assumption that if a treatment is effective, it must address the cause of the problem. However, you could have just addressed a symptom, not the cause.
106
3 negative consequences of labelling:
Stereotypes, stigma, and seen as a sign of weakness.
107
3 positive consequences of labelling:
Support, shared experience, and treatment.
108
__% of people with diagnosable psychological disorders do not seek treatment.
70
109
Patients who are admitted to psychiatric hospitals are no more likely to be ___ than normal people in society.
Violent.
110
Label the ___, not the ___.
Disorder, person.
111
Anxiety Disorder
The class of mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominant feature.
112
___ anxiety is normal.
Situational.
113
Significant comorbidity between anxiety and ___.
Depression.
114
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
A disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance.
115
_% of North Americans suffer from GAD.
5
116
GAD occurs more frequently in ___ economic groups and is twice as common in the ___ gender.
Lower, female.
117
Evidence that GAD is a result of biochemical imbalances.
Some patients respond to drugs, suggesting neurotransmitter imbalances.
118
Evidence that GAD is situational and experiential.
Psychological explanations focus on anxiety provoking situations (such as poverty, violence, and discrimination).
119
Phobic Disorders
Disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations.
120
Specific Phobia, and female to male ratio.
A disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object of situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability to function. 4:1 (more likely in women).
121
Social Phobia, time of emergence, and the percentage of women and men that qualify for diagnosis.
Involves an irrational fear of being publically humiliated or embarrassed. Emerges from adolescence to 25, and 11% of men and 15% of women qualify.
122
Seligman 1971.
Preparedness Theory.
123
Preparedness Theory
People are instinctively predisposed towards certain fears.
124
Example of preparedness theory:
People can be conditioned to fear spiders or snakes, but not flowers or toy rabbits.
125
Panic Disorder
A disorder characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror.
126
Panic Attack
Sudden wave of fear (trembling, nausea, tightening of the chest, heat palpitations, sweating, fear that one is going crazy or about to die).
127
Agoraphobia
An extreme fear of venturing out into public places. Afraid of having a panic attack in a public place.
128
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
A disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviours (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts, interfere significantly with an individual's functioning.
129
Medical Model was coined by ___ ___.
R.D. Laing.
130
Mood Disorders
Disorders that have mood disturbances as their predominant feature.
131
Major Depressive Disorder
Unipolar depression that is characterized by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep/appetite disturbances.
132
Major Depressive Disorder typically lasts __ weeks, and the median lifetime risk is __%.
12, 16.
133
Response style of women to Major Depressive Disorder:
Accept, disclose, and ruminate about negative emotions.
134
Response style of men to Major Depressive Disorder:
Deny negative emotions, engage in self distraction (work or drinking alcohol).
135
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern as a result of reduced levels of light in fall and winter months.
136
Depression heritability ranges from __-__%
33-45.
137
Depression is associated with the neurotransmitters of ___ and ___.
Norepinepherine and serotonin.
138
People that suffer from depression tend to have a ___ cognitive style.
Negative.
139
Helplessness Theory
Maintains that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal, stable, and global.
140
Suicide is among the top __ cases of death annually in Canada.
15
141
Suicide is the ___ leading cause of death for Canadian youth in between the ages 10-24.
Second.
142
First Nations are _-_ times more likely to commit suicide than non-Aboriginal.
5-7.
143
Males are more likely to ___ suicides than females, but females are more likely to ___ suicide.
Commit, attempt.
144
CPR Model for Suicide.
Current Plan, Prior Attempt, and Resources.
145
Current Plan
To assess urgency, and determine whether or not the person has a plan.
146
Prior Attempts
To obtain a suicide history, and what happened with their last suicide attempt, and how it was stopped.
147
Resources
To determine the person's ability to cope and identify existing or potential supports. Does the client have a support network, contracting.
148
Contracting
Agreement between a client and clinician based on client's needs.
149
Bipolar Disorder
An unstable emotional condition characterized vt cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression).
150
Features of Bipolar Disorder:
Grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, talkativeness, racing thoughts, distractibility, reckless behaviours.
151
Figures that had Bipolar Disorder:
Virginia Woolf, Abraham Lincoln, Ernest Hemingway.
152
Bipolar Disorder has the ___ rate of heritability at __%.
Highest, 70.
153
___ helps stabilize depressive and maniac symptoms.
Lithium.
154
Dissociative Disorders
A condition in which normal cognitive processes are severely disjointed or fragmented creating significant disruptions in memory, awareness, or personality that can vary in length from a matter of minutes to many years.
155
In DID, the goal is to ___ personalities to be able to deal with the world.
Amalgamate or bring together.
156
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Characterized by the presence within an individual of two or more distinct identities that at different times take control of the individual's behaviour.
157
Dissociative Amnesia
Is the sudden loss of memory for significant personal information.
158
Dissociative Fugue
Is the sudden loss of memory for one's personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and the assumption of a new identity.
159
Schizophrenia
A disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes: a distorted perception of reality, altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation, or behaviour.
160
Two or more of these symptoms must be present for 6 months to be diagnosed with schizophrenia.
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behaviour or catatonic behaviour, and negative symptoms.
161
Schizophrenia accounts for __% of all admissions into psychiatric hospitals.
40
162
India uses a strategy of ___ to deal with schizophrenia.
"Reparenting".
163
Schizophrenia has an average concordance rate of __% in identical twins and __% in fraternal twins.
48, 17.
164
Dopamine Hypothesis
The idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity.
165
___ environment increased likelihood of developing schizophrenia.
Disturbed.
166
Personality Disorders
Disorders characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning.
167
Controversial, as there is a question of whether personality is a ___.
Disorder.
168
Barriers to Treatment
Stigma, belief systems, embarrassment, finances, access to clinics or personnel.
169
Psychotherapy
An interaction between a therapist and someone suffering from a psychological problem, with the goal of providing support or relief from the problem.
170
Eclectic Psychotherapy
Treatment that draws on techniques from different forms of therapy, depending on the client and the problem, Allows for flexibility.
171
Psychodynamic Psychotherapies
A general approach to treatment that explores childhood events and encourages individuals to develop insight into their psychological problems.
172
Psychoanalysis
Assumes humans are born with aggressive sexual urges, repressed during childhood through defensive mechanisms, and bring repressed conflicts into consciousness.
173
Free Association in developing insight.
Client reports every thought that enters their mind without censorship or filtering.
174
Dream Analysis in developing insight.
Dreams are metaphors that symbolize our unconscious conflicts and wishes.
175
Intepretation in developing insight.
Therapist suggests possible meanings and look for signs that the correct meaning has been identified.
176
Resistance in developing insight.
A reluctance to cooperate with treatment for fear of confronting unpleasant unconscious material.
177
Transference
An event that occurs in psychoanalysis when the analyst begins to assume a major significance in the client's life, and the client reacts to the analyst based on unconscious childhood fantasies.
178
Client with a history of abandonment would be negatively affected if the therapist has to change an appointment, as they believe that the therapist has ___ them.
Abandoned.
179
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
A form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients improve current relationships.
180
Behaviour Therapy
A type of therapy that assumes that disordered behaviour is learned and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviours into more constructive behaviours.
181
Behaviour Therapy is based on ___ and ___ conditioning procedures.
Operant (reinforcement/punishment) and classical (extinction).
182
Eliminating unwanted behaviour.
Focys on consequences by reinforcing or punishing the events that follow.
183
Promoting desired behaviour.
Token system gives clients tokens for desired behaviour, that can be traded for reward. However, when positive reinforcement is discontinued, so are behaviours.
184
Exposure Therapy
An approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in emotional response.
185
Systematic Desensitization
A procedure in which a client relaxes all the muscles in his or her body while imagining being directly in increasingly frightening situations. Habituation and response extinction.
186
Cognitive Therapy
A form of psychotherapy that involves helping a client identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others, or the world.
187
Cognitive Restructuring
A therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and prediction that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs.
188
Mindfulness Meditation
A form of cognitive therapy that teaches an individual to be fully present in each moment, to be aware of his or her thoughts, feelings, and sensations, and to detect symptoms before they become a problem.
189
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
A blend of cognitive and behavioural therapeutic strategies.
190
CBT can be ___ focused or ___ focused.
Problem, action.
191
Problem focused CBT.
Address specific problems.
192
Action focused CBT.
Select specific strategies to address specific problems.
193
Who came up with the Person-Centered Therapy?
Carl Rogers.
194
Person-Centered Therapy
An approach to therapy that assumes all individuals have a tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist.
195
Nondirective Treatment
Assumes that individuals are qualified enough to determine their own goals for therapy.
196
3 basic qualities that the therapist must have in Person-Centered Therapy
Congruence, Empathy, and Unconditional positive regard.
197
Gestalt Therapy
An existential approach to treatment with the goal of helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviours, experiences, and feelings to "own" or take responsibility for them.
198
Couples and Family Therapy
Therapy seeks to address problems that arise from interactions rather than from problems of one individual.
199
Group Therapy
Therapy in which multiple participants (who often do not know one another at the outset) work on their individual problems in a group atmosphere.
200
Self-Help and Support Groups
Discussion groups or internet chat groups that are usually led by a peer that has struggled with the particular disorder or difficult life experience.
201
___ is the opposite of depression, not happiness.
Vitality.
202
Antiphychotic Medications
Medications that are used to treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders.
203
Psychopharmacology
The study of drug effects on psychological states and symptoms.
204
Increase in dopamine causes ___ symptoms, while decreases causes ___.
Positive, negative.
205
Atypical Antipsychotics
Affect dopamine and serotonin systems (cognitive and perceptual disruptions, and mood disturbances).
206
Tardive Dyskinesia
Involuntary movement of the face, mouth and extremities.
207
Antianxiety Medications
Refers to drugs that help reduce a person's experience of fear or anxiety.
208
Benzodiazepines
A type of tranquilizer that facilitates the action of the neurotransmitter gabba-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
209
GABA...
Inhibits certain neurons and produces a calming effect.
210
Antidepressants
A class of drugs that help lift people's mood.
211
Iproniazid
Prevents the monoamine oxidase from breaking down neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine.
212
Trycyclic
Block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, which increases the amount of neurotransmitters in the synaptic space between the neurons.
213
SSRI
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors make more serotonin available in the synaptic space.
214
Mood Stabilizers
Refers to medications that are used to suppress swings between mania and depression (bipolar).
215
Common mood stabilizers:
Lithium and Valproate.
216
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
A treatment that involves inducing a mild seizure by delivering an electrical shock to the brain.
217
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
A treatment that involves placing a powerful pulsed magnet over a person's scalp, which alters neural activity in the brain.
218
Phototherapy
A therapy that involves repeated exposure to bright light.
219
Psychosurgery
The surgical destruction of certain brain areas.
220
Natural Improvements
The tendency of symptoms to return to their mean level.
221
None Specific Treatment Effect
Occurs when the client of the therapist attributes their improvement to a feature in the treatment, although that feature wasn't really the active element that caused the improvement.
222
Placebo
An inert substance or procedure that has been applied with the expectation that a healing response will be produced.
223
Reconstructive Memory
When a client's motivation to get well causes errors in the reconstructive memory of the original symptoms.
224
Outcome Studies
Designed to evaluate whether a particular treatment works often in relation to another treatment or control condition.
225
Process Studies
Designed to answer questions regarding why a treatment works or under what circumstances a treatment works.
226
Iatrogenic Illness
Is a disorder or symptom that occurs as a result of a medical or psychological treatment itself.
227
4 kinds of resilience:
Physical, mental, emotional, and social.
228
Health Psychology
The subfield of psychology concerned with ways psychological factors influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health.
229
Cannon 1942.
Voodoo Death.
230
Voodoo Death
Refers to a theory that physiological response mechanisms, initiated by fear, can precipitate death itself. Fight or flight response.
231
Stressors
Specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten the person's well being.
232
Stress
The physical and psychological response to internal and external stressors (real or perceived).
233
Holmes and Rahe in 1967 observed that...
Major life changes cause stress and that increased stress causes illness.
234
What does CUSS stand for?
College Undergraduate Stress Scale.
235
CUSS was developed by?
Renner and Mackin.
236
What is the purpose of CUSS?
To illustrate life stress and its cumulative nature.
237
Stressful events can be ___ or ___.
Adaptive or maladaptive.
238
Chronic Stressor
A source of stress that occurs continuously or repeatedly.
239
Environmental Psychology
Refers to the study of environmental effects of behaviour and health.
240
Learning environments close to the airport.
Higher blood pressure and gave up more easily on difficult problems.
241
Glass and Singer 1972.
Perceived Control.
242
Perceived Control
Expecting that you will have control over what happens to you has been found to be associated with effectiveness of dealing with stress.
243
Another way to describe perceived control.
Internal locus of control.
244
Fight or Flight Response
An emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action.
245
Order for flight or flight response.
Threat, hypothalamus, pituitary gland (ACTH), adrenal gland (epinephrine and norepinephrine), sympathetic increases and parasympathetic decreases.
246
GAS stands for?
Generalized Adaptation Syndrome.
247
Generalized Adaptation Syndrome
A three stage physiological stress response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered.
248
Three stages of GAS.
Alarm phase, Resistance phase, and Exhaustion.
249
Alarm Phase
The body rapidly mobilizes its resources to respond to a threat.
250
Resistance Phase
The body adapts to its high state of arousal to cope with stressors.
251
Exhaustion
If GAS continues for long enough, resistance depletes and causes damage.
252
Immune System
A complex response system that protects the body from bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances.
253
Psychoneuroimmunology
The study of how immune system responds to psychological variables, such as stressors.
254
Mouth wounds healed faster ___ than ___.
On vacation than during exams.
255
Friedman and Rosenman
Identified Type A and C Behaviour Patterns.
256
Type A Behaviour Pattern
Easily aroused, hostile, impatient, sense of urgency, competitive.
257
Type B Behaviour Pattern
Work steady, enjoy achieving but do not mind losing, reflective and creative.
258
Which personality type is more likely to suffer from a heart attack?
A.
259
Primary Appraisal
The interpretation of a stimulus as stressful or not.
260
Secondary Appraisal
Determine whether the stressor is something you can handle or not.
261
PTSD
A stress disorder characterized by chronic psychological arousal, recurring unwanted thoughts or images of trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic events to mind.
262
Burnout
A state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion created by long-term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation and accompanied by lowered performance and motivation.
263
__% of people have felt overwhelmed at one point.
92
264
Repressive Coping
Avoiding situations of thoughts that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint.
265
Rational Coping
Facing a stressor and working to its outcome.
266
Three steps to rational coping:
Acceptance, exposure, and understanding.
267
Reframing
Finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor that reduces its threat.
268
What does SIT stand for?
Stress Inoculation Training,
269
Stress Inoculation Training
A therapy that helps people to cope with stressful situations by developing positive ways to think about the situation.
270
Body symptoms of stress.
Muscle aches, back pain, knots in your stomach, sweaty hands, etc.
271
Relaxation Therapy
A technique for reducing tension by consciously relaxing muscles of the body.
272
Biofeedback
The use of an external monitoring device to obtain information about a bodily function and possibly gain control over the function.
273
Why is aerobic exercise beneficial to stress management? (hint: hormone).
Serotonin increases mood.
274
Situation Management
Involves changing your life situation as a way of reducing the impact of stress on your mind and body.
275
Social Support
Refers to aid gained through interacting with others.
276
Social Response to Stress for Women. What hormone is a key factor?
Tend and befriend. Oxytocin is a key factor.
277
Social Response to Stress for Men.
Isolation.
278
Somatoform Disorders
The set of psychological disorders in which the person displays physical symptoms not fully explained by a general medical condition.
279
Hypochondriasis
A psychological disorder in which a person is preoccupied with minor symptoms and develops an exaggerated belief that the symptoms signify a life-threatening illness.
280
Conversion Disorder
A disorder characterized by apparently debilitating physical symptoms that appear to be voluntary, but that the person experiences as involuntary.
281
Sick Role
A socially recognized set of rights and obligations linked with illness.
282
According to Parsons, what are the three components of illness?
Psychological, social, moral.
283
Optimism tends to be ___ over time.
Stable.
284
Hardiness is a characteristic of stress-___ individuals.
Resistant.
285
Commitment
Ability to become involved in life's tasks and encounters rather than just dabbling.
286
Control
The expectation that their actions and words have a causal influence over their lives and environment.
287
Challenge
Undertaking the change and accepting opportunities for growth.
288
Self Regulation
The exercise of voluntary control over the self to bring the self into line with preferred standards.
289
Illusion of Unique Invulnerability
A systematic bias towards believing that they are less likely to fall victim to a problem than are others.
290
Cognitive Behaviour Theory
If you feel like you are a failure, you will feel sad, depressed.
291
To get licensure in Alberta, you must have a ___ degree with a major in psychology.
Graduate (masters).
292
To get licensure in Alberta, must undergo ____ hours under supervision of a licensed psychologist.
1600
293
Clinical psychologists used to work with ___ ___ ___, while counsellors were like ___ ___, however, the gap is closing.
Diagnosable mental disorders, life advisors.
294
Mental health is to have ___ in life.
Purpose.
295
OCD is a ___ to make the world safe for themselves.
Ritual.
296
Colonialism
Refers to the formal and informal methods that maintain the subjugation or exploitation of indigenous peoples, lands, and resources.
297
Two Spirit teaching teaches that a healthy community has a whole ___ of people in it.
Spectrum.
298
Social Psychology
The study of the courses and consequences socially.
299
Ultra-Social groups are characterized by:
Large groups, splitting up of tasks, come together for the benefit of all.
300
Aggression
Behaviour whose purpose is to harm another.
301
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
A principle stating that animals aggress only when their goals are thwarted.
302
Example of Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis.
Want oil (goal), oil in another country (frustration), invade country to get oil (aggression).
303
___ feelings and negative ___ lead to increased aggression.
Bad, affect.
304
Young men commit __% of murders and __% of violent crimes.
90, 80.
305
This hormone is correlated with aggression.
Testosterone.
306
___ can provide good and bad examples for aggression.
Culture.
307
Cooperation
Behaviour by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit.
308
Group
A collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others.
309
Deindividualization
A phenomenon that occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values.
310
Diffusion of Responsibility
The tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way.
311
Altruism
Behaviour that benefits another without benefitting oneself.
312
Kin Selection
The process by which evolution selects individuals who cooperate with their relatives.
313
Reciprocal Altruism
Behaviour that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future.
314
Females are more selective with mates for these reasons:
Only have limited number of eggs, physical cost, impacts ability to make a living.
315
Female selectivity decreases with:
Access to contraceptives, reproductive rights, financial independence, and communal child rearing styles.
316
Male selectivity increases with:
A long term relationship.
317
Situational factors in attraction:
Proximity and Mere Exposure Effect.
318
Mere Exposure Effect
The tendency for the liking to increase with the frequency of exposure.
319
Influence of beauty:
More friends, sex, dates, fun, potential attentiveness, social skills.
320
Characteristics associated with attractiveness
Hourglass figure, symmetry, and maturity.
321
People are attracted to competence with a bit of ___.
Incompetence.
322
Probability of marrying before 40 is __% for males and __% for females.
81, 86.
323
Divorce rates ___ after the first marriage.
Increase (50, 67, 73).
324
Two types of love:
Passionate and compassionate.
325
Passionate Love
An experience involves feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction.
326
Compassionate Love
An experience that involves affection, trust, and concern for a partner's well being.
327
Social Exchange
The hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits.
328
Forensic Psychology
How psychology applies to the legal system.
329
Two types of reasoning:
Hypothetico-Deductive and Inductive.
330
Two variables in forensic psychology:
Violence and justice variable.
331
Social Influence
The ability to control another person's behaviour.
332
3 Suceptabilities in Social Influence:
Hedonic Motive, Approcal Motive, Accuracy Motive.
333
Hedonic Motive
People are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid experiencing pain (pleasure speaking).
334
Example of how tone can influence people's behaviour.
"Please do not write on walls" vs. "Do not write on walls under any circumstances".
335
Example of how culture can influence people's behaviour.
American students were less likely to give up their students unless everyone had to, while Latino and Asian students gave up their own but did not force others to.
336
Approval Motive
People are motivated to be accepted and to avoid being rejected.
337
Norms
A customary standard for behaviour that is widely shared by members of a culture.
338
Normative Influence
A phenomenon that occurs when another person's behaviour provides information about what is appropriate (candy at restaurants).
339
Door-In-The-Face Technique.
A strategy that uses reciprocating concessions to influence behaviour. Large ask followed by small ask.
340
Conformity
The tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it.
341
What did Line Matching find in 1951?
75% of participants conformed to the norm.
342
Obedience
The tendency to do what powerful people tell us to do.
343
Milgram's Obedience Study of 1963
Teacher, learner, and experimenter, where 80% of participants shocked learners even as they screamed, and 62% delivered a voltage high enough to kill.
344
Accuracy Motive
People are motivated to believe what is right and to avoid believing what is wrong.
345
Attitude
An enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event.
346
Belief
An enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event.
347
Informational Influence
A phenomenon that occurs when another person's behaviour provides information about what is good or right.
348
Sense of Entitlement: Rich and Poor.
Rich people feel more entitled than poor people.
349
Persuasion
A phenomenon that occurs when a person's attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person.
350
Two types of persuasion:
Systematic and heuristic.
351
Systematic Persuasion
Refers to the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason.
352
Heuristic Persuasion
Refers to the process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habits or emotion.
353
Consistency
People evaluate the accuracy of new beliefs by assessing their consistency with old beliefs.
354
Cognitive Dissonance
Refers to an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs.
355
In the turning knobs, the people that were paid less alleviated their ___ ___ by convincing others that they liked the task more than they did.
Cognitive dissonance.
356
Social Cognition
The process by which people come to understand others.
357
Stereotyping
The process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which other belong.
358
Attribution
An inference about the cause of a person's behaviour.
359
Two types of attribution:
Situational and dispositional.
360
Situational Attribution
Behaviour was caused by some temporary aspect of the situation in which it happened.
361
Dispositional Attribution
Behaviour was caused by an individual's enduring tendency to think, feel, or act in a particular way.
362
Kelley 1967.
Covariation Model of Attribution.
363
Three aspects of Covariation Model of Attribution
Consensus, Distinctiveness, and Consistency.
364
Correspondence Bias
The tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when a person's behaviour was caused by the situation.
365
Actor-Observer Effect
Tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviours while making dispositional attributions for the identical behaviour of others.
366
Social Psychology
The study of the causes and consequences of sociality.
367
Aggression
Behaviour whose purpose is to harm another.
368
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
A principle stating that animals aggress only when their goals are thwarted.
369
Most reliable predictor of aggression is ___.
Gender.
370
Variation over time and geography shows that ___ can play a role in aggression.
Culture.
371
Cooperation
Behaviour by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit.
372
Group
A collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others.
373
Prejudice
A positive or negative evaluation of another person based on group membership.
374
Discrimination
Positive or negative behaviour toward another person based on their group membership.
375
The Prisoner's Dilemma Game
Cooperation vs. Noncooperation and punishment.
376
The Wason Card-Selection Task
Ability to detect cheaters that surpasses their capacity for logical reasoning in general.
377
Ultimatum Game
People will pay to punish someone who has treated them unfairly.
378
Deindividualism
A phenomenon that occurs when immersion in agroup causes people to become less aware of their individual values.
379
Diffusion of Responsibility
The tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting in the same way.
380
Altruism
Behaviour that benefits another without benefitting oneself.
381
Kin Selection
The process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives.
382
Recipricol Altrusim
Behaviour that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future.
383
___ are more reproductively selective than ___.
Women, men.
384
Mere Exposure Effect
The tendency for liking ton icrease with the frequency of exposure.
385
Three physical factors that may influence attraction:
Body shape, symmetry, age.
386
Passionate Love
An experience involving feeligns of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction.
387
Compassionate Love
An experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner's well being.
388
Social Exchange
The hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits.
389
Comparison Level
The cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserce or could attain in another relationship.
390
Social Influence
The ability to control another perosn's behaviour.
391
Equity
A state of affairsi n whicih the cost-benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equal.
392
Social Influence
The ability to control another person's behaviour.
393
Hedonic Motive
People are motivated to experience pleasure, not pain.
394
Approval Motive
People are motivated to be accepted, not rejected, by others.
395
Accuracy Motive
People are motivated to believe what is right, and avoid believing what is wrong.
396
Norm
A customary standard for behaviour that is widely shared by members of a culture.
397
Normative Influence
A phenomenon that occurs when another person's behaviour provides information about what is appropriate.
398
Norm of Reciprocity
The unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefitted them.
399
Door-In-The-Face Technique
A strategy that uses reciprocating concessions to influence behaviour. Big ask followed by small ask.
400
Asch's Conformity Study
When presented with a set of answers with one clear answer, but when peers answered incorrectly, the participant was 75% likely to conform and pick an incorrrect answer.
401
Obedience
The tendency to do what powerful people tell us to do.
402
Milgram's Obedience Studies
People obey commands issued by people in power 80% of the time, even if it means killing someone.
403
Attitude
An enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event.
404
Belief
An enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event.
405
Informational Influence
A phenomenon that occurs when a person's behaviour provides information about what is good or right.
406
Persuasion
A phenomenon that occurs when a person's attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person.
407
Systematic Persuasion
The process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason.
408
Heuristic Persuasion
The process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to emotion or habit.
409
Foot-In-The-Door Technique
A technique that involves a small request followed by a larger request.
410
Cognitive Dissonance
An unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs.
411
Social Cognition
The processes by which people come to understand others.
412
Stereotyping
The process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which others belong.
413
Four properties of stereotyping:
Inaccurate, overused, self-perpetuating, and automatic.
414
3 reasons stereotypes are self-perpetuating:
Perceptual confirmation, self-fulfilling, and subtyping.
415
Perceptual Confirmation
A phenomenon that occurs when observers perceive what they expect to perceive.
416
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
The tendency for people to cause what they expect to see.
417
Subtyping
The tendency for people who are faced with disconfirming evidence to modify their stereotypes rather than abandon them.
418
Attributions
Inferences about the causes of peoples behaviours.
419
Situational Attributions
When we decide that a person's behaviour was a result of some temporary aspect of the situation he/she was in.
420
Dispositional Attributions
When we decide a person's behaviour was caused by his or her relatively enduring tendency to think, feel, or act in a particular way.
421
Three aspects of Covariation Model
Consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus.
422
Correspondence Bias
The tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when a person's behaviour was caused by the situation.
423
Another name for correspondence bias.
Fundamental attribution error.
424
Actor-Observer Effect
The tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviour while making dispositional attributions for the identical behaviour of others.
425
Stressors
Specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten the person's well being.
426
Stress
The physical and psychological response to internal or external stressors.
427
Health Psychology
The subfield of psychology concerned with ways psychological factors influence the causes and treatment of physical illnesses and the maintenance of health.
428
Chronic Stressors
Sources of stress that occur continuously or repeatedly.
429
Environmental Psychology
The scientific study of environmental effects on behaviour and health.
430
Fight-or-Flight Response
An emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action.
431
General Adaptation Syndrome
A three-stage physiological response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered.
432
Catecholamines
Biochemicals indicating the activation of emotional systems.
433
Three Stages to GAS:
Alarm phase, resistance phase, exhaustion phase.
434
Alarm Phase
Body rapidly mobilizes resources to respond to the threat.
435
Resistance Phase
Body adapts to its state of high arousal as it tries to cope with the stressor.
436
Exhaustion Phase
The body's resistance collapses, and results in damage.
437
Immune System
A complex response system that protects the body from bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances.
438
Lymphocytes
Cells that produce antibodies that fight infection.
439
Psychoneuroimmunology
The study of how the immune system responds to psychological variables.
440
Who came up with the Type A and Type B behaviour patterns?
Friedman and Rosenman.
441
Type A Behaviour Pattern
Tendency toward easily aroused hostility, impatience, a sense of time urgency, and competitive achievement strivings.
442
Primary Appraisal
The interpretation of a stimulus as stressful or not.
443
Secondary Appraisal
Determining whether the stressor is something you can handle or not.
444
Difference between threat and challenge.
A threat is something you may not be able to control.
445
PTSD
Chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic events to mind.
446
Burnout
A state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion created by long-term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation and accompanied by lowered performance and motivation.
447
Repressive Coping
Avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint.
448
Rational Coping
Facing the stressor and working to overcome it.
449
Three Steps in Rational Coping:
Acceptance, exposure, and understanding.
450
Reframing
Finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor that reduces its threat.
451
Stress Inoculation Training
A reframing technique that helps people to cope with stressful situations by developing positive ways to think about the situation.
452
Relaxation Therapy
A technique for reducing tension by consciously relaxing muscles of the body.
453
Relaxation Response
A condition of reduced muscle tension, cortical activity, heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure.
454
Biofeedback
The use of an external monitoring device to obtain information about a bodily function and possibly gain control over that function.
455
Social Support
The aid gained through interacting with others.
456
Psychosomatic Illness
An interaction between mind and body that can produce illness.
457
Somatoform Disorders
The set of psychological disorders in which the person displays physical symptoms not fully explained by a general medical condition.
458
Hypochondriasis
A psychological disorder in which a person is preoccupied with minor symptoms and develops an exaggerated belief that the symptoms signify a life-threatening illness.
459
Somatization Disorder
A psychological disorder involving combinations of multiple physical complaints with no medical explanation.
460
Conversion Disorder
A disorder characterized by apparently debilitating physical symptoms that appear to be voluntary, but that the person experiences as involuntary.
461
Sick Role
A socially recognized set of rights and obligations linked with illness.
462
Malingering
Feigning medical or psychological symptoms to get what they want.
463
In Kobasa's experiment, hardy individuals exhibited ___ and ___.
Committment and Control.
464
Self-Regulation
The exercise of voluntary control over the self to bring the self into line with preferred standards.
465
Psycotherapy
An interaction between a therapist and someone suffering from a psychological problem, with the goal of providing support or relief from the problem.
466
Eclectic Psychotherapy
Treatment that draws on techniques from different forms of therapy, depending on the client and the problem.
467
The most widely used approach to psychotherapy is ___ psychotherapy.
Eclectic psychotherapy.
468
Psychodynamic Psychotherapies
A general approach to treatment that explores childhood events and encourages individuals to develop insight into their psychological problems.
469
Resistance
A reluctance to cooperate with treatment for fear of confronting unpleasant unconscious material.
470
Free Association in Psychodynamic Therapy
Client tells every thought that enters their mind, without censorship.
471
Dream Analysis in Psychodynamic Therapy
Dreams are treated as metaphors that symbolize unconscious conflicts or wishes that contain disguised clues that the therapist can help the client understand.
472
Interpretation in Psychodynamic Therapy
The process by which the therapist deciphers the meaning underlying what the client says and does.
473
Analysis of Resistance
In the process of "trying on" different interpretations of the clients' thoughts and actions, the therapist may find a certain interpretation that the client finds particularly unacceptable. This resistance can be analyzed to confront hidden issues.
474
Jung and the Collective Unconscious
Culturally determined symbols and myths that are shared among all people that could serve as a basis for interpretation beyond sex or aggression.
475
Transference
When the analyst begins to assume a major significance in the client's life and the client reacts to the analyst based on unconscious childhood fantasies.
476
Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)
A form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients improve current relationships.
477
Behaviour Therapy
A type of therapy that assumes that disordered behaviour is learned and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviours into more constructive behaviours.
478
Token Economy
A form of behaviour therapy in which clients are given "tokens" for desired behaviours, which they can later trade for rewards.
479
Exposure Therapy
An approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response.
480
Systematic Desensitization
A procedure in which a client relaxes all the muscles of his or her body while imagining being in increasingly frightening situations.
481
Cognitive Therapy
A form of psychotherapy that involves helping a client identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others, and the world.
482
Cognitive Restructuring
A therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs.
483
Mindfulness Meditation
Teaches an individual to be fully present in each moment, to be aware of his or her thoughts, feelings, and sensations, and to detect symptoms before they become a problem.
484
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
A blend of cognitive and behavioral therapeutic strategies.
485
Person-Centered Therapy
An approach to therapy that assumes all individuals have a tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist.
486
What are the two well-known types of humanistic/existential therapies?
Person-Centered (humanistic) and Gestalt (existential).
487
Three basic qualities that need to be exhibited by those who practice person-centered therapy:
Congruence, empathy, and unconditional positive regard.
488
Gestalt Therapy
An existential approach to treatment with the goal of helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviours, experiences, and feelings and to "own" or take responsibility for them.
489
Focusing and empty chair technique are characteristics of ___ therapy.
Gestalt.
490
Group Therapy
Therapy in which multiple participants (who often do not know one another at the outset) work on their individual problems in a group atmosphere.
491
Antiphyshotic Drugs
Medications that are used to treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders.
492
Psychopharmacology
The study of drug effects on psychological states and symptoms.
493
Atypical Drugs
Newer medication.
494
Typical or Conventional Drugs
Older medication.
495
Tardive Dyskinesia
A condition of involuntary movements of the face, mouth, and extremities.
496
Antianxiety Medications
Drugs that help reduce a person's experience of fear or anxiety.
497
Most common antianxiety medications are ___, which deal with the hormone ___.
Benzodiazapines, GABA.
498
What does MAOI stand for?
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor.
499
Antidepressants
A class of drugs that help lift people's moods.
500
Trofranil and Elavil are ___.
Antidepressants.
