psych_105_20140916033229 (2/3) Flashcards
Personality represented in language suggests ___ potential traits.
18000
In personality represented in language, ___ and ___ are at higher levels, making up the core of the personality, while ___ and ___ are at lower levels, making up the rest of personality.
General and abstract, specific and concrete.
Cattell came up with the ___ ___ theory of personality
16-factor.
Eysenck came up with the ___ ___ theory of personality.
Two-factor.
What are the two dimensions of personality in the Two-factor theory of personality?
Extrovert/introvert and emotionally stable/unstable.
The Five-Factor Model of Personality is accepted as it accounts for ___ in personality without overlapping traits.
Variation.
The Five-Factor Model of Personality is accepted as there have been a large number of ___ conducted on it using different kinds of data.
Studies.
The Five-Factor Model of Personality is accepted as it holds across ___ ___. This suggests ___.
Different participants. Universality.
The Five-Factor Model of Personality is accepted as it can be associated with predictable patterns of ___ and ___ outcomes.
Behaviours, social.
The Five-Factor Model of Personality is accepted as it remains ___ with age.
Stable.
Evidence that traits are biological:
Brain damage or changes in brain chemistry can trigger personality changes.
Using heritability coefficients, the average genetic components of personality range from ___ to ___.
0.40-0.60.
Growing up in the same environment does/doesn’t appear to make people more similar.
Doesn’t.
Who made humans observe hyenas and use personality scales to rate them?
Gosling.
What was significant about Gosling’s findings?
He found five dimensions that resembled the Big Five traits.
Eysenck speculated that extroversion and introversion arrises from differences in ___.
Alertness.
Extroverts seek ___ ___, and their reticular formation which controls arousal and alertness is/isn’t easily stimulated.
Social interaction, isn’t.
Introverts seek to avoid ___ ___, and their reticular formation which controls arousal and alertness is/isn’t easily stimulated.
Social interaction, is.
Extroverts perform tasks well in…
Noisy and loud environments.
Introverts perform tasks well in…
Tranquil environments.
What did Gray propose?
The dimensions of extroversion and introversion, as well as neuroticism reflect two basic brain waves.
What are the two basic brain waves proposed by Gray?
Behavioural Activation System (BAS) and Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS).
What did Freud do?
Approached the study of personality by examining the meanings and insights revealed by careful analysis of the blemishes in person’s thought and behaviour (example Freudian slips).
According to Freud, personality is understood as a ___ to the person who owns it because we cannot know our deepest ___.
Mystery, motives.
Psychodynamic Approach
An approach that regards personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside of awareness- motives that can also produce emotional disorders.
Dynamic Unconscious
An active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person’s deepest instincts and desires, and the person’s inner struggle to control these factors.
Experiences shape the ___ before we can even put thoughts and feelings into words.
Mind.
Id
The part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; it is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives.
Ego
The component of personality, developed through contact with the external world, that enables us to deal with life’s practical demand.
Superego
The mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercize their authority.
The three systems of mind in Freud’s theory interact and create constant controversy. The dominant system equals the ___ ___.
Personality structure.
Ego and Superego are governed by ___.
Anxiety.
Anxiety is a defense position that keeps unacceptable drives from entering ___.
Consciousness.
Repression
Motivated forgetting.
fMRI has found decreased activity in ___ during repression.
Hippocampus.
Defense Mechanisms
Unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce activity generated by threats from unacceptable impulses.
Example of defense mechanisms.
Rationalization, reaction formation, projection, regression, displacement, identification, and sublimation.
Psychosexual Stages
Distinct early life stages through which personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas and caregivers redirect or interfere with those pleasures.
What are the psychosexual stages, and when do they occur?
Oral (0-18 monhs), anal (18-36 months), phallic (3-6 years), latency (6-puberty), and genital (puberty onwards).
Laency is somewhat of a ___ phase.
‘Sleeper’.
Deprivation or overindulgence in a psychosexual stage leads to ___.
Fixation.
___ stage is associated with the ___ and ___ complex.
Phallic, Oedipus, Electra.
Our outward present ___ is only the tip of the iceberg.
Personality.
Freud had his patients lie on a couch facing away from him to…
Make them more comfortable telling things to him.
Self-Actualizing Tendency
The human motive towards realizing our inner potential.
What did Rogers come up with?
Unconditional Positive Regard.
Unconditional Positive Regard
An attitude of nonjudgemental acceptance towards another person.
When ___ and our ___ do not match, our true nature and capabilities are less happy.
Goals, lives.
Csikszentmihalyl came up with the idea of…
Flow and peak performance.
Maaslow’s ___ of Needs.
Hierarchy.
Existential Approach
A school of thought that regards personality as governed by an individual’s ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death.
Responsibility of having to make free choices causes ___.
Angst.
Engage in Rumination
Superficial answers to deal with the angst.
Security-providing mechanisms can stifle potential for ___ ___.
Personal growth.
Morality Salience Studies
Death versus unpleasant experience. When participants have to think about death, it can prompt individuals to become protective of their family, culture, country, and religion.
Social Cognitive Approach
Views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situation encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them.
Person-Situation Controversy
The question of whether behaviour is caused more by personality or situational factors.
According to the Person-Situation Controversy, a ___ can trump ___.
Situation, personality.
According to the Person-Situation Controversy, people may not act the same across time, but are more likely to act the same in similar ___.
Situations.
Personal Construct
Refers to dimensions people use in making sense of their experience.
What did Kelly suggest about personal constructs?
That people view the social world from differing perspectives and that these views arise through the application of personal constructs.
Outcome Expectancies
A person’s assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behaviour.
Our personality largely reflects the ___ we pursue.
Goals.
Locus of Control Scale
Beliefs translate into individual differences in emotion and behaviour.
If you have an internal locus of control, you believe that you have/don’t have control of your life.
Have.
When you have an internal locus of control, you are less/more able to cope with stress.
More.
Self-Concept
A person’s explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviours, traits, and other personal characteristics.
William James suggested that selves have ___ facets.
Two.
What are the two facets suggested by James?
the “I” that thinks, acts, and experiences the world, and the “Me” that is an object in the world.
What did Markus observe in 1977?
That each person finds certain unique personality traits particularly important for conceptualizing the self.
Self Schemas
The traits people use to define themselves.
Sense of self is largely developed and maintained in relation to ___.
Others.
What did Mead find in 1934?
Things people say about us accumulate and are seen as a consensus held by the “generalized other” and are held as a stable concept of self.
Stability of self concept promotes consistency in ___ across situations.
Behaviour.
Self Verification
The tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept.
Self Esteem
The extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self.[
Self esteem is either influenced by being accepted and valued by ___ ___ or from specific ___ ___.
Significant others, self evaluations.
Desire for self esteem- evolutionary perspective.
Argue that we seek high self esteem because we have evolved to seek out belongingness, and high self esteem indicates being accepted.
Desire for self esteem- existential perspective.
Argue that we have a desire for high self esteem to find value in ourselves and escape the anxiety related to recognizing our mortality.
Desire for self esteem- self serving bias.
People’s tendency to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures. Maintaining positive view of self.
Desire for self esteem- narcissism
A trait that reflects a grandiose view of the self combined with a tendency to seek admiration from and exploit others.
Medical Model
The conceptualization of psychological disorders as diseases that, like physical diseases, have biological causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures.
Disease
Refers to some deviation from normal body functioning that has undesirable consequences for the affected individual.
Diagnosis
Determine nature of the patient’s mental disease by assessing symptoms.
Symptoms
Behaviours, thoughts, and emotions suggestive of an underlying syndrome.
Syndrome
A coherent cluster of symptoms usually due to a single cause.
__% of the population will develop a mental disorder.
40
DSM
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
DSM-IV-TR
A classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicate how the disorder can be distinguished from similar, other problems.
Disorders are classified as if they were a distinct ___.
Illness.
In order to be classified a mental disorder, a disorder must contain _ elements of diagnosis.
Three.
What are the three elements of diagnosis?
- Disturbances in behaviour, thoughts, or emotions. 2. Significant personal distress or impairment. 3. Internal dysfunction.
Psychological disorders exist along a ___.
Continuum.
To help with distinguishing between normal and abnormal, there is a scale called the ___.
GAF (Global Assessment of Functioning).
The DSM suffers from complications, because diagnostic categories depend on ___ rather than ___ behaviour.
Interpretation, observable.
The DSM suffers from complications, because diagnosis relies on patient ___.
Self-reports.
The DSM suffers from complications, because agreement amongst clinicians can vary depending on the ___ ___.
Diagnostic category.
The DSM suffers from complications as a result of comorbidity, which is…
The co-occurance of 2 or more disorders in an individual.
Causation for mental illness can be ___ or ___.
Internal or external.
Internal causation can be ___ or ___.
Biological or psychological.
Biological Internal Causation
Genetic influences, biochemical imbalances, and structural abnormalities of the brain.
Psychological Internal Causation
Maladaptive learning and coping, cognitive bias, dysfunctional attitudes, and interpersonal problems.
Environmental External Causation
Poor socialization, stressful life circumstances, and cultural and social inequalities.
Diathesis-Stress Model
A theory that suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress. However, heritability does not mean destiny.
Intervention-Causation Fallacy
Involves the assumption that if a treatment is effective, it must address the cause of the problem. However, you could have just addressed a symptom, not the cause.
3 negative consequences of labelling:
Stereotypes, stigma, and seen as a sign of weakness.
3 positive consequences of labelling:
Support, shared experience, and treatment.
__% of people with diagnosable psychological disorders do not seek treatment.
70
Patients who are admitted to psychiatric hospitals are no more likely to be ___ than normal people in society.
Violent.
Label the ___, not the ___.
Disorder, person.
Anxiety Disorder
The class of mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominant feature.
___ anxiety is normal.
Situational.
Significant comorbidity between anxiety and ___.
Depression.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
A disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance.
_% of North Americans suffer from GAD.
5
GAD occurs more frequently in ___ economic groups and is twice as common in the ___ gender.
Lower, female.
Evidence that GAD is a result of biochemical imbalances.
Some patients respond to drugs, suggesting neurotransmitter imbalances.
Evidence that GAD is situational and experiential.
Psychological explanations focus on anxiety provoking situations (such as poverty, violence, and discrimination).
Phobic Disorders
Disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations.
Specific Phobia, and female to male ratio.
A disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object of situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function. 4:1 (more likely in women).
Social Phobia, time of emergence, and the percentage of women and men that qualify for diagnosis.
Involves an irrational fear of being publically humiliated or embarrassed. Emerges from adolescence to 25, and 11% of men and 15% of women qualify.
Seligman 1971.
Preparedness Theory.
Preparedness Theory
People are instinctively predisposed towards certain fears.
Example of preparedness theory:
People can be conditioned to fear spiders or snakes, but not flowers or toy rabbits.
Panic Disorder
A disorder characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror.
Panic Attack
Sudden wave of fear (trembling, nausea, tightening of the chest, heat palpitations, sweating, fear that one is going crazy or about to die).
Agoraphobia
An extreme fear of venturing out into public places. Afraid of having a panic attack in a public place.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
A disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviours (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts, interfere significantly with an individual’s functioning.
Medical Model was coined by ___ ___.
R.D. Laing.
Mood Disorders
Disorders that have mood disturbances as their predominant feature.
Major Depressive Disorder
Unipolar depression that is characterized by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep/appetite disturbances.
Major Depressive Disorder typically lasts __ weeks, and the median lifetime risk is __%.
12, 16.
Response style of women to Major Depressive Disorder:
Accept, disclose, and ruminate about negative emotions.
Response style of men to Major Depressive Disorder:
Deny negative emotions, engage in self distraction (work or drinking alcohol).
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern as a result of reduced levels of light in fall and winter months.
Depression heritability ranges from __-__%
33-45.
Depression is associated with the neurotransmitters of ___ and ___.
Norepinepherine and serotonin.
People that suffer from depression tend to have a ___ cognitive style.
Negative.
Helplessness Theory
Maintains that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal, stable, and global.
Suicide is among the top __ cases of death annually in Canada.
15
Suicide is the ___ leading cause of death for Canadian youth in between the ages 10-24.
Second.
First Nations are - times more likely to commit suicide than non-Aboriginal.
5-7.
Males are more likely to ___ suicides than females, but females are more likely to ___ suicide.
Commit, attempt.
CPR Model for Suicide.
Current Plan, Prior Attempt, and Resources.
Current Plan
To assess urgency, and determine whether or not the person has a plan.
Prior Attempts
To obtain a suicide history, and what happened with their last suicide attempt, and how it was stopped.
Resources
To determine the person’s ability to cope and identify existing or potential supports. Does the client have a support network, contracting.
Contracting
Agreement between a client and clinician based on client’s needs.
Bipolar Disorder
An unstable emotional condition characterized vt cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression).
Features of Bipolar Disorder:
Grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, talkativeness, racing thoughts, distractibility, reckless behaviours.
Figures that had Bipolar Disorder:
Virginia Woolf, Abraham Lincoln, Ernest Hemingway.
Bipolar Disorder has the ___ rate of heritability at __%.
Highest, 70.
___ helps stabilize depressive and maniac symptoms.
Lithium.
Dissociative Disorders
A condition in which normal cognitive processes are severely disjointed or fragmented creating significant disruptions in memory, awareness, or personality that can vary in length from a matter of minutes to many years.
In DID, the goal is to ___ personalities to be able to deal with the world.
Amalgamate or bring together.
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Characterized by the presence within an individual of two or more distinct identities that at different times take control of the individual’s behaviour.
Dissociative Amnesia
Is the sudden loss of memory for significant personal information.
Dissociative Fugue
Is the sudden loss of memory for one’s personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and the assumption of a new identity.
Schizophrenia
A disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes: a distorted perception of reality, altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation, or behaviour.
Two or more of these symptoms must be present for 6 months to be diagnosed with schizophrenia.
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behaviour or catatonic behaviour, and negative symptoms.
Schizophrenia accounts for __% of all admissions into psychiatric hospitals.
40
India uses a strategy of ___ to deal with schizophrenia.
“Reparenting”.
Schizophrenia has an average concordance rate of __% in identical twins and __% in fraternal twins.
48, 17.
Dopamine Hypothesis
The idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity.
___ environment increased likelihood of developing schizophrenia.
Disturbed.
Personality Disorders
Disorders characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning.
Controversial, as there is a question of whether personality is a ___.
Disorder.
Barriers to Treatment
Stigma, belief systems, embarrassment, finances, access to clinics or personnel.
Psychotherapy
An interaction between a therapist and someone suffering from a psychological problem, with the goal of providing support or relief from the problem.
Eclectic Psychotherapy
Treatment that draws on techniques from different forms of therapy, depending on the client and the problem, Allows for flexibility.
Psychodynamic Psychotherapies
A general approach to treatment that explores childhood events and encourages individuals to develop insight into their psychological problems.
Psychoanalysis
Assumes humans are born with aggressive sexual urges, repressed during childhood through defensive mechanisms, and bring repressed conflicts into consciousness.
Free Association in developing insight.
Client reports every thought that enters their mind without censorship or filtering.
Dream Analysis in developing insight.
Dreams are metaphors that symbolize our unconscious conflicts and wishes.
Intepretation in developing insight.
Therapist suggests possible meanings and look for signs that the correct meaning has been identified.
Resistance in developing insight.
A reluctance to cooperate with treatment for fear of confronting unpleasant unconscious material.
Transference
An event that occurs in psychoanalysis when the analyst begins to assume a major significance in the client’s life, and the client reacts to the analyst based on unconscious childhood fantasies.
Client with a history of abandonment would be negatively affected if the therapist has to change an appointment, as they believe that the therapist has ___ them.
Abandoned.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
A form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients improve current relationships.
Behaviour Therapy
A type of therapy that assumes that disordered behaviour is learned and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviours into more constructive behaviours.
Behaviour Therapy is based on ___ and ___ conditioning procedures.
Operant (reinforcement/punishment) and classical (extinction).
Eliminating unwanted behaviour.
Focys on consequences by reinforcing or punishing the events that follow.
Promoting desired behaviour.
Token system gives clients tokens for desired behaviour, that can be traded for reward. However, when positive reinforcement is discontinued, so are behaviours.
Exposure Therapy
An approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in emotional response.
Systematic Desensitization
A procedure in which a client relaxes all the muscles in his or her body while imagining being directly in increasingly frightening situations. Habituation and response extinction.
Cognitive Therapy
A form of psychotherapy that involves helping a client identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others, or the world.
Cognitive Restructuring
A therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and prediction that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs.
Mindfulness Meditation
A form of cognitive therapy that teaches an individual to be fully present in each moment, to be aware of his or her thoughts, feelings, and sensations, and to detect symptoms before they become a problem.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
A blend of cognitive and behavioural therapeutic strategies.
CBT can be ___ focused or ___ focused.
Problem, action.
Problem focused CBT.
Address specific problems.
Action focused CBT.
Select specific strategies to address specific problems.
Who came up with the Person-Centered Therapy?
Carl Rogers.
Person-Centered Therapy
An approach to therapy that assumes all individuals have a tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist.
Nondirective Treatment
Assumes that individuals are qualified enough to determine their own goals for therapy.
3 basic qualities that the therapist must have in Person-Centered Therapy
Congruence, Empathy, and Unconditional positive regard.
Gestalt Therapy
An existential approach to treatment with the goal of helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviours, experiences, and feelings to “own” or take responsibility for them.
Couples and Family Therapy
Therapy seeks to address problems that arise from interactions rather than from problems of one individual.
Group Therapy
Therapy in which multiple participants (who often do not know one another at the outset) work on their individual problems in a group atmosphere.
Self-Help and Support Groups
Discussion groups or internet chat groups that are usually led by a peer that has struggled with the particular disorder or difficult life experience.
