psych_104_20140916033210 Flashcards
Learning
Enduring change in the mechanisms of behavior involving specific stimuli and responses that result from prior experience with similar stimuli and responses.
Habituation
The progressive decrease in the vigor of a behavior that occurs with repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus. Happens at the level of the brain, living by an airport.
Sensory Adaptation
Sense cells become less capable of responding. Happens at the level of the senses, walking out of dark movie theatre.
Response Fatigue
Muscles get tired of responding. Happens at the level of the muscles.
Janet Werker
Studied babies and the effect of stimulus on them. With each new stimulus, the baby will look a little less; habituation.
Sensitization
The progressive increase in the vigor of behavior that occurs with repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus.
Startle Response
A defensive response that includes a sudden jump and a tensing of muscles in the upper part of the body.
Rats and Startle Response
At 60 dB, rats habituated. At 80, rats sensitized.
Rene Descartes
Dualist, believed in the separation between mind and body.
Swammerdam and Glisson
Discovered there is no animal spirits infused in muscles, just mechanical irritation.
Bell and Megendie
Discovered there are separate neural pathways. Dorsal is sensory, ventral is motor.
Pavlov
Russian physiologists who discovered CC with his dogs. Proved reflexes are not innate.
Edward Twitmyer
Came to same conclusoion as Pavlov at the University of Pennsylvania in 1902.
Classical Conditioning
Unconditional stimulus (food) results in unconditional response (saliva). Third factor, neutral stimulus (bell). Associating unconditional stimulus (food) and conditional stimulus (bell). At some point, bell alone causes unconditional response (saliva).
Second Order Conditioning
Using first conditioned stimulus (bell) to condition another stimulus (light). Example is money.
Extinction
Present the unconditioned stimulus, but not the food. Gradual elimination of a learned response.
Extinction vs. Habituation
With extinction, there is a prior history of conditioning. With habituation, there is not.
Generalization
Response to similar stimuli in similar ways. Baby Albert was afraid of all the things thatl ooked like mice, not just the mice.
Discrimination
Nervous system being able to identify which stimuli are distinct. Tendency to not response to stimuli that are dissimilar.
Biological Preparedness
Propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others. Phobias, human taste aversions. Bitterness is bad, poisonous.
Adaptive Functions
Learning to associate neutral object with negative experience. Red jellybean and chemotherapy.
Sexual Fetishes in CC
Pairing of stimulus with unconditioned stimulus. High heels produce arousal.
Advertising in CC
Neutral product associated with something attractive. Create associations. Burger with attractive woman.
Drug Overdoses in CC
Addicts learn to associate place they shoot up in with getting high. Withdrawal symptoms over, then return to drug. Overdosing with same amounts they have taken before.
Law of Effect
If a stimulus is followed by a response, and the response is followed by a satisfying event, then the connection between the stimulus and response is strengthened. Works conversely with annoying event.
OC vs. CC
OC involves behaviour.
Operant Conditioning
Also known as instrumental learning or instrumental conditioning. Behavior occurs because similar actions in the past produced the same type of outcome. Behavior ‘instrumental’ in response.
Appetitive Stimulus
Nice, good, pleasant stimulus.
Aversive Stimulus
Bad, unpleasant stimulus.
Positive Stimulus
Giving something or obtaining something because of behavior.
Negative Stimulus
Taking something away because of behavior.
Positive Reinforcement
If behavior occurs, appetitive stimulus presented. If Penny does something good, Sheldon gives her a chocolate.
Negative Reinforcement
If behavior occurs, aversive stimulus is witheld. If you do well in school, you don’t have to do chores.
Escape
During aversive stimulus presentation, behavior terminates aversive stimulus.
Positive Punishment
If response occurs, you present the aversive stimulus. If you move, I will hit you.
Negative Punishment
If the response occurs, the appetitive stimulus is witheld. If you do poorly in school, no TV.
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ratio, variable ratio.
Fixed Interval
Every five minutes.
Variable Interval
Every five minutes, on average.
Fixed Ratio
Every tenth time (punch card).
Variable Ratio
Every tenth time, on average (casino).
Shaping
Reinforcement of successive approximation to a desired, instrumental response.
Over Justfication Effect
When external rewards undermine the instrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior. Elementary school students.
B.F. Skinner
Showed superstition with pigeons. Pigeons got food every 15 seconds regardless, but believed their behavior led to them getting food.
Social Learning
Learning by watching others.
Alberta Bandura
Three models: live, verbal, and symbolic. Adults played with Bobo dolls, children played with Bobo dolls, children modelled after adults.
Memory
The ability to encode, store, and retrieve information.
Photograph vs. Carpentry
Vividness of memory has no relationship to accuracy.
Pichert and Anderson
Reading short story from perspective of homebuyer or robber. Noticed different things (leaky roof vs. stereo, respectively).
Elaborative Encoding
Actively relating new information that is already in LTM. Inner left temporal and lower left frontal lobe.
Visual Imagery Encoding
Storing information by changing into mental pictures. Occipital lobe.
Storage Systems
Sensory, STM, and LTM. Sensory lost quickly, STM few minutes, LTM decays very slowly.
Sensory Memory
Lasts 2 seconds, large capacity, provides glue.
Short Term Memory
Few seconds to a minute, capacity is about 7. Meaningful things allow us to consolidate.
Maintenence Rehersal
Repeating something mentally until you know it.
Working Memory
Active processes involved in maintaining information for short periods of time.
Long Term Memory
Duration is minutes and longer, no known capacity.
Primacy Effect
Tendency to remember intial information.
Recency Effect
Tendency to remember recent information.
Retrieval
Bringing stored information to mind.
Retrieval Cue
Anything associated with information already in LTM that helps bring stored information to mind.
Tulving and Pearlstone
40% vs. 60% recall without and with retrieval cues, respectively.
Encoding Specific Theory
Retrieval cue most effective when it recreates how information was encoded.
Context Dependent Memory
Writing exam in same room.
State Dependent Memory
Writing exam drunk if you learned drunk.
Stroop Effect
Word spells red, but is writtein in blue.
Explicit/Declarative Memory
Awareness. Includes semantic and episodic memory.
Implicit/Non Declarative Memory
Unaware. Includes priming and procedural memory.
Semantic Memory
Memory of facts.
Episodic Memory
Memory for personal life events.
Procedural Memory
Memory for action. Riding a bike.
Priming Memory
Enhanced performance as a result of a recent experience. 12 x 13.
Autobiographical Memory
Memory of episodes and facts of one’s own life. Further back becomes more semantic less episodic. More recent becomes more episodic less semantic.
Flashbulb Memory
Vivid and detailed memory surrounding a highly emotional and personal event.
Eidetic Memory
Photographic memory. Ability to retain images in memory that are near perfect photographic quality.
Elizabeth
Amazing visual memory- however, all experiments were conducted by her husband.
Engram
The physical basis of memory believed to be somewhere in the brain.
Karl Lashley
Looked for memories in specific parts of the brain using rats.
Donald Hebb
“Cells that fire together wire together”.
Hebb Rule
If a synapse becomes active at the same time, a post-synaptic neuron fires, and chemical changes in the synapse strengthen this connection.
Long Term Potentiation
Better neural processing that is a product of strengthening neural connections.
Plasticity
Brain is moldable, parts of it die. Assuming brain is plastic.
Consolidation
Giving brain time to stabilize memory. Sleep is important in this.
Reconsolidation
When you recall something, it is vulnerable to decaying.
Prefrontal Cortex
Working memory.
Hippocampus
Converts STM to LTM.
Cerebellum
Procedural memory, motor control (riding a bike).
Amygdala
Emotional memories. Ability to recognize faces that have emotional meaning to you.
Maguire, Frackowiak, and Firth
Studied taxi drivers under PET scan, describe landmarks they’ve never seen. Hippocampus larger in taxi drivers than normal people.
Radial Arm Maze
Rat put in middle of maze, has to go find food. Go back to venter to go to another arm. May forget which way he came from. Shows long term error.
Morris Water Maze
Milky water, hidden platform. Rat has to find platform or drown. When rat finds it, taken out and put back into the maze again. Eventually rat goes to platform faster, as it remembers.
Forgetting
A failure to remember.
Forgetting Useful
Allows us to forget useless information. Old shopping lists, otherwise we will get confused which list is important.
Reasons for Forgetting
Abnormal and normal.
Abnormal
Motivated and amnesia.
Motivated Forgetting
Repression of memories in order to protect ourselves from memories that are painful or unacceptable to us.
Amnesia
Any partial or complete loss of memory. Retrograde (forgetting everything before) or anterograde (not being able to create new memories).
H.M. and Removed Hippocampus
Had epilipsy, doctors removed hippocampus. STM and LTM affected, but could not convert STM to LTM. Resulted in anterograde amnesia. IQ unaffected, but if distracted, forgot everything.
Normal Forgetting
Transience, absentmindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, persistence.
Transience
Forgetting that occurs with passage of time.
Absentmindedness
Forgetting where you put your keys because you weren’t paying attention when you put them down.
Prospective Memory
Teacher asks you to raise hand when picture of dog is shown, you will raise your hand when a picture of a dog is randomly shown.