psych300- chapter 4: researcg methods

Question 1

question formulation

Answer 1

gender stereotypes can bias the question, design of research and outcome of study

Question 2

data analysis

Answer 2

focus on finding differences over similarities, a methods bias

Question 3

interpreting results

Answer 3

specific gender differences are often over generalized as broader data actually support

Question 4

publication bias

Answer 4

studies reporting differences over similarities are more likely to be published

Question 5

quantitative methods

Answer 5

use of statistical analysis to analyze differences between groups

Question 6

generalized results

Answer 6

results apply to more than study participants

Question 7

survey research

Answer 7

reports beliefs, attitudes or opinions of people

Question 8

correlational studies

Answer 8

compare and contrast groups “correlation does not equal causation”

Question 9

similarities tradition

Answer 9

idea that women and men are very much alike in intelligence, and goals. more similar than different and the myth of differences deserves challenging

Question 10

differences tradition

Answer 10

idea that there are fundamental differences between women and men; more different than similar and these differences should be recognized and honored

Question 11

variability

Answer 11

range or “spread” of data (differences in scores, across individuals). Low score to High score (results).

Question 12

standard deviation

Answer 12

difference between individual scores and the overall group mean/average. how one score differs from “average”

Question 13

statistically significant

Answer 13

results so different that it is unlikely to have occurred by random chance: something is causing the effect

Question 14

confounding

Answer 14

effects of two or more variables are mixed, making it impossible to determine which variable is causing the effects

Question 15

moderator variable

Answer 15

variable interacting with the other variable to change the overall effect

Question 16

meta-analysis

Answer 16

statistical method summarizing results of multiple research studies, conducted by different people at different times. more mathematically robust method of data analysis

Question 17

variability hypothesis

Answer 17

developed to present men as more variable than women, and therefore “better.”
-Overall, women & men are far more similar than different, across cognitive abilities and skills (Halpern, 1992; Maccoby & Jacklin, 1974).

Question 18

social privilege

Answer 18

being accorded social power, status and resources; individual and group differences are not generally recognized as “special” by the group
-Generally privileged per dominant group membership (race/ethnic, gender, ability, etc.).
Awareness of privilege is a developmental process. Start as unaware…..

Question 19

social oppression

Answer 19

being denied social power, status and resources, due to non-dominant group membership.
-Awareness of oppression is a developmental process. Start as unaware