Psych207 Flashcards
Psychoanalytic theories
Freud’s psychosexual theory and Erikson’s psychosocial theory
Learning theories
Watson’s behaviourism, skinners operant conditioning and bandura’s social learning theory
Social cognitive theories
Dodge’s social information processing theory and Dweck’s theory of self attributions and achievement motivation
Ecological theories
Lorenz and Imprinting, and Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological model
What is Freud’s psychosexual theory
Believed many of his patients emotional problems originated from sexual behaviours in childhood.
What are the 5 stages of psychosexual development
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency and Genital
Id
Early stage, impulsive and unconcious needs
Ego
Emerges later on, rational and logical part steers id and super ego into place.
Superego
Preconcious, moralizing role, aware of social norms
What is Erikson’s psychosocial theory
Accepted basic parts of freud’s theory, but emphasised the role of social factors and the ego.
How many stages are there in Sigmunds psychosocial theory
7 stages
What psychosocial stage has the longest lasting impact
Identity vs role confusion (adolesence)
What are the 7 psychosocial stages
Trust vs mistrust, Autonomy vs shame and doubt, Industry vs inferiority, Identity vs role confusion, Intimacy vs isolation, Generativity vs stagnation,Integrity vs despair
Who’s theories are social learning theories
Watson, Skinner, Bandura
What does John Watson’s theory involve.
Strictly focused on behaviourism as an observable behaviour. Development is determined by a child’s environment (classical conditioning).
What does BF skinners theory involve
Development determined by child’s environment through operant conditioning. Reinforcement and punishment.
What is bandura’s social learning theory
Emphasises observation and imitation as the primary mechanisms of development. Bobo doll experiment.
Reciprocal Determinism
Theory that behaviour, cognition, and enviroment all interact and influence one another.
Dodges social information processing theory
Focus on how people process their social environment. Focuses on aggressive behaviour. Hostile attribution bias, tendency to interpret peoples ambiguous behaviours as antagonistic.
Dwecks theory of self attributions and achievement motivations.
Achievement motivations: learning or peformance goals. Learning goals seek skill and competence, peformance goals want positive assesment. Incremental orientation and entity orientation.
Lorenz theory with imprinting
Study of animal behvaiour in natural settings. Imprinting: learning in which newborns attach to their adult members. Bowlby’s attachment theory: predisposition to attach to caregivers early on.
Evolutionary theories
Focus on natural selection and adaptation. Favourable genes and pass on. Parental investment theory: Parents are motivated to care for children to perpetrate their genes.
Bronfenbrenner’s biological model
Involves a series of influence that make up a child’s enviroment. Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem,macrosystem and chronosystem
Children have friends from what age
2 years old
Sociometric status
The degree to which a child is liked or disliked and whether they are prominent by their peers overall
5 main peer status categories
Popular, rejected, neglected, average, controversial
Popular
highly liked and highly prominent
Rejected
Not liked and highly prominent
Neglected
Not especially liked or disliked and low prominence
Average
Moderate scores on liking and prominence
Controversial
Liked an average amount and highly prominent
Two types of social withdrawal
Conflicted shyness, social disinterest
Self concept
Conceptual system made up of one’s thoughts and attitudes about oneself.
What is the rogue test
Red mark on child’s forehead to see if they recognise themselves. Tests self concept
Self esteem
A person’s overall subjective evaluation of their worth and the feelings they have about that evaluation.
Identity
A definition of the self in terms of roles, beliefs, afilliations and characteristics.
What are the 4 identity statuses
Identity achievement, Identity foreclosure, Identity moratorium, Identity diffusion
Identity Achievement
Achieved a coherent and consolidated identity
Identity moratorium
Exploring choices but has not made a clear commitment
Idenity foreclosure
Not exploring, has made vocational or ideological identity based on the choices or values of others.
Identity diffusion
No firm commitments, not exploring in an effort to decide how to commit
Emotion
Relatively intense feeling, triggered by a stimulus, requires some form of stimulation
Mood
Something longer lasting, genuinely more intense than an emotion, isin’t necessarily triggered by a stimulus
Affect
Broadest term of the three
Functions of emotions
Motivational importance, Individual functions, social functions
Self conscious
Emotions which relate to our sense of self and our awareness of other reactions to us
Social referencing
Using others emotional cues to decide how to react to no novel or ambiguous stimuli
By 3 months what facial expressions can children distinguish
Happiness, surprise and anger
By 7 months they can also distinguish between
Fear, sadness, and interest
Three temperament categories
Easy babies, difficult babies, slow to warm up babies
Score children temperament based on 5 categories
Fear, distress or anger, attention span, activity level, smiling and laughter
Attachement
An enduring emotional bond with a person
Four attachment styles
Secure attachment, Insecure resistant, insecure avoidant, disorganised
Main cause of individual differences in attachment styles
Parenting, parental sensitvitity
4 parenting styles and there levels of control and warmth
Authoritative (high control and high warmth), authoritariation (high control and low warmth), permissive (low control and high warmth), rejecting-neglecting (low warmth and low control).
Moral judgement
deciding whether an action is morally right or wrong
Moral reasoning
justifications for one’s moral decisions
Moral emotions
Emotions that reflect internalised moral principles
Moral behaviours
actions consistent with moral principles
Conscience
Internal regulatory mechanism which tries to guide a person to behave in accord with their internalised moral norms
Levels of moral reasoning
Preconventional, conventional, postconventional
Kohlberg’s theory
Moral, social, personal
Turiel’s social domain theory
Moral domain (principles of justice,fairness, and welfare). Social conventional domain (conventions, traditions,rituals, tied to specific situation).Personal domain (autonomy, individual choice)
