psych150 midterm

Question 1

What is Development?

Answer 1

Age-related changes in capacity

Question 2

Developmental norm

Answer 2

The characteristics and behaviors that are typical at a specific age

Question 3

Balte’s Developmental Assumptions

Answer 3

1. Development is Lifelong
2. Development is multidimensional
3. Development is multidirectional
4. Development is multidisciplinary
5. Development is plastic
6. Development is historically embedded
7. Development is contextually embedded
8. Development involves growth, maintenance, and loss
9. Development involves interactions with biology, culture, and the individual

Question 4

Continuous change is …

Answer 4

gradual and linear

Question 5

Discontinuous change is …

Answer 5

sudden, stage-like

Question 6

Gametes

Answer 6

Sex Cells (sperm and eggs)

Question 7

Mendel’s Law

Answer 7

1.Genotype-genetic makeup
2. Phenotype-expression of genotypes, one’s appearance
3.Dominant Genes - control the phenotype if present
4. Recessive Genes- only controls phenotype if both are present
5.Additive Genes - share controls of genes
6. Polygenetic inheritance - control of complex traits by many genes working together

Question 8

S. Scarr - Genotype environment correlations

Answer 8

1. Passive genotype-environment correlation = when parents provide their children with their genes and a shared environment
2. Evocative genotype-environment correlation = when each individual evokes distinctive reactions from his/her environment
3. Active genotype-environment correlation = when each individual selects and inhabits that/those environment(s) that are most compatible with his/her proclivities

Question 9

Epigenesis

Answer 9

the view that there exists a bidirectional interaction between one’s genes and one’s environment

Question 10

Reaction range

Answer 10

the range of possible phenotypes for any given genotype

Question 11

Critical/sensitive period

Answer 11

a time in life when one is most sensitive to specific stimuli

Question 12

Teratogen

Answer 12

an agent that can cause birth defects

Question 13

Four factors that determine effects of teratogens

Answer 13

1. Intensity
2. Duration
3. Timing
4. Genetic characteristics of the individual

Question 14

Prematurity

Answer 14

birth sooner than 37 weeks after conception

Question 15

Cephalocaudal pattern of growth

Answer 15

starts at the head and progresses downward

Question 16

Proximodistal pattern of growth

Answer 16

starts at the center of the body and progresses outward

Question 17

Gross motor skills

Answer 17

the ability to control the large muscles of the body

Question 18

Fine motor skills

Answer 18

the ability to control the small muscles of the body

Question 19

Psychosexual theory
Sigmund Freud
Stages of psychosexual development

Answer 19

1. Oral stage (0-1.5 yrs)
2. Anal stage (1.5-3 yrs)
3. Phallic stage (3-5 yrs)
4. Latency stage (5-11 yrs)
5. Genital stage (11 – adulthood)

Question 20

Psychosocial theory
Erik Erikson
Stages of psychosocial development

Answer 20

1. Trust vs mistrust (0-1 yr)
2. Autonomy vs shame (1-3 yrs)
3. Initiative vs guild (3-5 yrs)
4. Industry vs inferiority (5-13 yrs)
5. Identity vs diffusion (13-19 yrs)
6. Intimacy vs isolation (20-39 yrs)
7. Generativity vs stagnation (40-59 yrs)
8. Integrity vs despair (60 – death)

Question 21

Classical conditioning

Answer 21

the process by which stimuli that are initially unable to evoke a response become able to evoke that response by being repeatedly paired with a stimulus that is able to evoke that response