psych150 midterm Flashcards
What is Development?
Age-related changes in capacity
Developmental norm
The characteristics and behaviors that are typical at a specific age
Balte’s Developmental Assumptions
- Development is Lifelong
- Development is multidimensional
- Development is multidirectional
- Development is multidisciplinary
- Development is plastic
- Development is historically embedded
- Development is contextually embedded
- Development involves growth, maintenance, and loss
- Development involves interactions with biology, culture, and the individual
Continuous change is …
gradual and linear
Discontinuous change is …
sudden, stage-like
Gametes
Sex Cells (sperm and eggs)
Mendel’s Law
1.Genotype-genetic makeup
2. Phenotype-expression of genotypes, one’s appearance
3.Dominant Genes - control the phenotype if present
4. Recessive Genes- only controls phenotype if both are present
5.Additive Genes - share controls of genes
6. Polygenetic inheritance - control of complex traits by many genes working together
S. Scarr - Genotype environment correlations
- Passive genotype-environment correlation = when parents provide their children with their genes and a shared environment
- Evocative genotype-environment correlation = when each individual evokes distinctive reactions from his/her environment
- Active genotype-environment correlation = when each individual selects and inhabits that/those environment(s) that are most compatible with his/her proclivities
Epigenesis
the view that there exists a bidirectional interaction between one’s genes and one’s environment
Reaction range
the range of possible phenotypes for any given genotype
Critical/sensitive period
a time in life when one is most sensitive to specific stimuli
Teratogen
an agent that can cause birth defects
Four factors that determine effects of teratogens
- Intensity
- Duration
- Timing
- Genetic characteristics of the individual
Prematurity
birth sooner than 37 weeks after conception
Cephalocaudal pattern of growth
starts at the head and progresses downward
Proximodistal pattern of growth
starts at the center of the body and progresses outward
Gross motor skills
the ability to control the large muscles of the body
Fine motor skills
the ability to control the small muscles of the body
Psychosexual theory
Sigmund Freud
Stages of psychosexual development
- Oral stage (0-1.5 yrs)
- Anal stage (1.5-3 yrs)
- Phallic stage (3-5 yrs)
- Latency stage (5-11 yrs)
- Genital stage (11 – adulthood)
Psychosocial theory
Erik Erikson
Stages of psychosocial development
- Trust vs mistrust (0-1 yr)
- Autonomy vs shame (1-3 yrs)
- Initiative vs guild (3-5 yrs)
- Industry vs inferiority (5-13 yrs)
- Identity vs diffusion (13-19 yrs)
- Intimacy vs isolation (20-39 yrs)
- Generativity vs stagnation (40-59 yrs)
- Integrity vs despair (60 – death)
Classical conditioning
the process by which stimuli that are initially unable to evoke a response become able to evoke that response by being repeatedly paired with a stimulus that is able to evoke that response
