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psych101 Flashcards

exam 2

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1
Q

unconditioned response

A

reflexive automatic response to unconditioned stim

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2
Q

tolerance

A

body adapts

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2
Q

Consciousness

A

different perspectives for experiences, feelings, thoughts, and identity awareness of self and environment

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3
Q

learning

A

happens every day

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4
Q

learning

A

not always instantly obvious

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5
Q

insight

A

automatic

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6
Q

insight

A

based on experience

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7
Q

insight

A

can lead to overfeeling and underthinking

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8
Q

shaping

A

part of operant conditioning

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9
Q

shaping

A

guiding actions closer and closer to desired behavior

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10
Q

stimulus generalization

A

after association between conditioned stimulus and response the learner responds to similar stimuli the same way

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11
Q

extinction

A

conditioned response decreases after much exposure to the conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus

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12
Q

Consciousness

A

Subjective

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13
Q

Consciousness

A

voluntary control, communicate mental state

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14
Q

Consciousness

A

located in many parts of the brain

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15
Q

tolerance

A

an increase in dose to produce an effect

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16
Q

withdrawal

A

discomfort or distress that follows the ending of drug use or addictive behavior

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17
Q

addiction

A

caused by increasing doses of psychoactive drugs

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18
Q

substance use disorder

A

continued substance craving and use despite life disruption and/or physical risk

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19
Q

learning

A

change in behavior due to experience

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20
Q

partial reinforcement effect

A

the behaviors that develop through inconsistent reinforcement are more resistant to extinction

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21
Q

taste aversion

A

form of classical conditioning associated of taste w/ illness so we avoid

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22
Q

cognition

A

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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23
Q

cognition

A

understanding through thought and experiences

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24
Q

intelligence

A

the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

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25
Q

heuristics

A

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier, but more error-prone than algorithms

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26
Q

heuristics

A

enables quick thinking and learned gut feelings

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27
Q

mental set

A

a tendency to fall back on strategies one has always used even if they do not always work

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28
Q

chunking

A

information to organize items into familiar, manageable units that help us recall information more easily, usually happens automatically

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29
Q

retrieval

A

retrieving information out of memory storage, mood effects retrieval, we must actively process to be able to retrieve

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30
Q

divergent thinking

A

expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)

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31
Q

recall

A

retrieving information out of storage into conscious awareness ex: fill in the blank

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32
Q

REM

A

rapid eye movement sleep

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33
Q

REM

A

reoccurring sleep stage where vivid dreams occur

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34
Q

REM

A

paradoxical sleep, muscles are relaxed, brain is energetic, and other bodily systems are active

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35
Q

REM

A

body is more internally aroused (morning wood or wake up wet)

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36
Q

REM

A

motor cortex is active but brainstem blocks messages

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37
Q

REM

A

essentially paralyzed, very hard to wake

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38
Q

REM

A

link between ——– and memory

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39
Q

REM

A

helps file memories away and gives sleeping brain a workout to help it develop

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40
Q

insomnia

A

difficulty falling or staying asleep

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41
Q

insomnia

A

chronic tiredness, rely on sleeping pills or alcohol (can reduce rem sleep and lead to tolerance)

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42
Q

insomnia

A

1 in 10

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43
Q

narcolepsy

A

1 in 2000

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44
Q

narcolepsy

A

sudden attacks of overwhelming sleepiness

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45
Q

narcolepsy

A

seconds to minutes

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46
Q

sleep apnea

A

1 in 20

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47
Q

sleep apnea

A

stop breathing when sleeping

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48
Q

sleep apnea

A

fatigue, depression

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49
Q

sleep apnea

A

associated with obesity commonly in men

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50
Q

sleepwalking

A

1-15 in 100 for general population

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51
Q

sleep walking

A

1/2 of young children

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52
Q

sleep walking

A

sitting up, walking, talking, sleeping

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53
Q

night terrors

A

1 in 100 adults

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54
Q

night terrors

A

1 in 30 children

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55
Q

night terrors

A

terrified, talking nonsense, sitting up, waking, doubled heart rate and breathing

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56
Q

sleep deprivation

A

tiredness triggers testiness

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57
Q

sleep deprivation

A

more conflicts in friendships and relationships, can predict depression

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58
Q

sleep deprivation

A

71% higher risk of depression

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59
Q

sleep deprivation

A

can suppress the immune system, lower resistance to illness, less able to fight viral infections

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60
Q
A
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61
Q

sleep deprivation

A

slower reaction time, can destroy mood, decrease driver safety ,reduce school performance

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62
Q

sleep deprivation

A

can make us gain weight; decreased metabolic energy, increased cortisol, enhances brain response (limbic system) at mere sight of food

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63
Q

alcohol

A

is always a depressant

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64
Q

opiates

A

opium, herion, morphine, oxy, fentanyl

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65
Q

tranquilizers

A

depress nervous system activity, can impair judgement and memory, if combined with alcohol could lead to death

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66
Q

opiates

A

pleasure to replace pain or anxiety, pupils constrict, breathing slows and you get tired, tolerance develops

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67
Q

opiates

A

brain will stop producing endorphins, brain will lack natural pain killers and those who cant take it may overdose

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68
Q

depressant

A

major drug category

69
Q

stimulant

A

major drug category

70
Q

hallucinogen

A

major drug category

71
Q

major drug category

A

stimulate, mimic, or inhibit the brains own chemical messengers; the neurotransmiters

72
Q

depressants

A

alcohol, tranqs, opiates

73
Q

depressants

A

slow neural activity and bodily functions

74
Q

stimulants

A

drugs that excite neural activity

75
Q

Halluncinogens

A

psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

76
Q

alcohol

A

low doses may enliven a drinker

77
Q

alcohol

A

slows activity in the brain, the part that controls judgment and inhibition’s

78
Q

alcohol

A

urges we feel sober we act on when intoxicated by

79
Q

alcohol

A

even the idea that you have consumed ——- can impare judgement

80
Q

alcohol

A

more likely to focus on arousing situations under the influence of ———

81
Q

alcohol

A

disrupts long-term memory processing, supresses rem sleep, can have long term effects on the brain, death of nerve cells

82
Q

alcohol

A

impairs growth of synaptic connections, slows sympathetic nervous system

83
Q

alcohol

A

in low doses causes relaxation, in large doses slows reactions, slurrs speech, performance decline, shrinks the brain

84
Q

alcohol

A

can cause early death, women are addicted easier and at a lower consumption rate

85
Q

ecstasy

A

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen

86
Q

ecstacy

A

produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.

87
Q

ecstacy

A

club drug

88
Q

ecstacy

A

causes dehydration, can lead to overheating, increased blood pressure and death

89
Q

LSD

A

a powerful hallucinogenic drug created and accidentally ingested by creator albert hoffman

90
Q

LSD

A

amazing colors, shapes, and pictures

91
Q

LSD

A

emotions vary from detachment to panic

92
Q

classical conditioning

A

stim paired with action, response to action, brain pairs stim w response, stim is conditioned stim and response is conditioned response

93
Q

classical conditioning

A

two different stimuli associated

94
Q

neutral stimulus

A

does not cause a relevant automatic or reflexive response

95
Q

classical conditioning

A

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired and are associated with each other

96
Q

classical conditioning

A

neutral stimulus conditioned to an automatic response

97
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

involuntary response w/ no learning needed

98
Q

neutral stimulus

A

no response before conditioning

99
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

neutral stimulus that triggers a response after association with unconditioned stimulus

100
Q

unconditioned response

A

learned response to conditioned stimulus

101
Q

operant conditioning

A

connections between behavior and consequences

102
Q

reinforcers

A

events, stimuli, and other consequences that increase the likelihood of a behavior recurring

103
Q

reinforcement

A

increasing frequency behaviors with consequences

104
Q

positive reinforcement

A

gives reward, shaping

105
Q

negative reinforcement

A

removal of unpleasant stimulus following target behavior that increases likely hood of behavior occurring.

106
Q

punishment

A

designed to decrease behavior that it follows

107
Q

positive punishment

A

something unpleasant following unpleasant behavior

108
Q

negative punishment

A

removal of something pleasant following unwanted behavior decrease unwanted behavior

109
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

every target behavior is reinforced

110
Q

partial reinforcement

A

target behaviors are not consistently reinforced

111
Q

fixed ratio schedule

A

reinforcement given after certain # of responses, characteristic dip following

112
Q

variable ratio schedule

A

must exhibit a specific number of desired responses or behaviors before a reinforcer is given, high response rate and behaviors that are hard to get rid of

113
Q

fixed interval schedule

A

a reinforcer given for the first target behavior occuring after a specific time interval, target behavior tends to increase.

114
Q

variable interval scheduel

A

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals, encourages steady pattern of behaviors.

115
Q

primary reinforcers

A

biological (food, drink, pleasure)

116
Q

secondary reinforcers

A

learned reinforcers (money, grades)

117
Q

guideline of punishment

A

do not use physical punishment

118
Q

guideline of punishment

A

punish inappropriate behavior immediately

119
Q

guideline of punishment

A

positively reinforce good behavior immediately

120
Q

guideline of punishment

A

punish specific behaviors

121
Q

guideline of punishment

A

do not mix punishments and rewards for the same behavior

122
Q

guideline of punishment

A

do not back down

123
Q

intelligence

A

the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

124
Q

general intelligence

A

a general intelligence factor that, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test; mental and physical abilities similar

125
Q
A
126
Q

garners theory of multiple intelligences

A

seven types:
1. linguistic
2. logical-mathematical
3. musical
4. visual-spatial
5. bodily-kinesthetic
6. interpersonal
7. intrapersonal

127
Q

garners theory of multiple intelligences

A

one person can have a specific area of excellence

128
Q

Steinberg’s Triarchic Theory

A

analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence

129
Q

best use of intelligence tests

A

to determine academic scores

130
Q

scores below 70% on intelligence tests are considered

A

intellectual disability

131
Q

mental retardation is now

A

intellectual disability

132
Q

convergent thinking

A

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

132
Q

divergent thinking

A

expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)

133
Q

definition of memory per class notes

A

the ability to repeat a performance with mistakes, more reconstructive than reproductive

134
Q

day residue

A

day residue is when you dream about your day

135
Q

stimulus incorporation

A

when outside things come into your dream (music playing and you hear it in dream)

136
Q

sensory memory

A

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

137
Q

short term memory

A

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

138
Q

long term memory

A

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

139
Q

process in remembering

A

encoding, storage, retrieval

140
Q

process in remembering

A

encoding which gathers information into our brain’s memory system

141
Q

process in remembering

A

storage which retains encoded information over time

142
Q

process in remembering

A

retrieval which gathers information out of memory storage

143
Q

george millers equation

A

can store about 7 bits of information

144
Q

george millers equation

A

7 +- 2

145
Q

retention

A

18-25% of what we hear

146
Q

retention

A

if we hear it and write it down, retention increases 50%

147
Q

retention

A

if we hear it, write it down, and review it that evening (or within 24 hours), retention increases 75-80%.

148
Q

serial position

A

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

149
Q

sleep and memory

A

sleep supports memory consolidation

150
Q

brain structures sleep

A

hippocampus and the brain cortex display rhythmic patterns of activity during sleep

151
Q

sleep and memory

A

brain is replaying days experiences and transferring them to cortex for long term memory storage

152
Q

forgetting and the two track mind

A

recall past information but cannot form new memories

153
Q

encoding failure

A

failure to process information into memory, what we fail to encode we fail to remember

154
Q

storage decay

A

even after encoding we may forget

155
Q

retrieval failure

A

somethings aren’t remembered because they aren’t encoded and others because they were discarded

156
Q

ingredient for improving memory

A

rehearsing repeatedly

157
Q

ingredient for improving memory

A

make the information meaningful

158
Q

memory

A

persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

159
Q

encoding

A

getting information into our brain’s memory system

160
Q

storage

A

retaining encoded information over time

161
Q

retrieval

A

getting information out of memory storage

162
Q

mnemonics

A

memory aids

163
Q

spacing effect

A

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

164
Q

testing effect

A

improves memory and learning

165
Q

semantic memory

A

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge

166
Q

episodic memory

A

explicit memory of personally experienced events

167
Q

long-term potentiation

A

increase in a synapse’s firing potential

168
Q

recall

A

memory demonstrated by retrieving information learned earlier

169
Q

recognition

A

memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned

170
Q

relearning

A

memory demonstrated by time saved when learning material for a second time (most sensitive method of retrieval)

psych 101 (2 decks)

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