Psych unit 6 Flashcards
Abnormal psychology
psychological dysfunctioning, psychopathology, psychological disorders or mental disorders
Madness was seen as demonic possession or witch or warlock possession. “Cure”, cast out evil spirit by burning or drowning
Paresis
memory loss, impairment of judgement, decrease motivation. Lead to hallucination, mood swing
Medical model
search for patterns in symptoms present. To identify a syndrome
Four D’s
Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, Danger
Deviance behaviour; thoughts and emotions deviate from a society’s ideas about proper functioning (ex. Women participating in sports was considered abnormal)
Distress; emotions, ideas, or behaviours cause distress or unhappiness (ex. Diane felt upset by her negative feelings, impacted her life)
Dysfunction; abnormal behaviour interferes with everyday living (ex. Diane lost connections with friends)
Danger; more of a danger to themselves than others
Eccentric
deviates from common behaviour patterns or displays odd or whimsical behaviour. Ex. someone who lives alone with a dozen animals or Lady Gaga
Not psychological disorder but a continuum
Classification system
International classification of diseases and Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Lists 22 major categories of mental disorders
Diagnosis
persons symptoms fit the criteria for a particular disorder. Same patterns as there people who have the same diagnosis
Diane; major depressive disorder and avoidant personality disorder
Comorbidity
co-occurrence of two or more diagnoses in one person
Genetic infection
genes combine and help produce our actions and reactions, functional and dysfunctional.
Viral infection
exposure to certain viruses before birth or childhood
Reductionist perspectives
reduce complex phenomenon to a single cause
Biopsychosocial perspective
important areas of human development. Genetic and epigenetic factors as well as biochemical influences and differences in brain structure and function.
Diathesis-stress model
person may inherit a genetic predisposition
Cognitive behaviours
private thoughts and beliefs
Classical conditioning
previous neutral object becomes paired with stimuli that makes it a fear
Operant conditioning
process of rewards and punishment. Ex. eating disorder, people complimenting you are skinny
Modelling
learning by observing others. Ex. kids following parents
Selective perception
seeing only negative features of an event
Magnification
exaggerating the importance of undesirable events
Overgeneralization
drawing broad negative conclusions on an insignificant event
Psychodynamic
persons behaviour from underlying psychological force (not consciously aware)
Fixated at early stage of development if they don’t meet id, ego or superego needs
Object relation theorists
establish relationships with others, known as objects
Socio-cultural model
social, cultural and family forces brought to bear on an individual
Social change
when society undergoes a major change. Ex. Covide increase in mental disorders
Socio-economic class
psychological abnormality in lower socio-economic class than higher. Ex. poverty and unemployment
Cultural factors
abnormal behaviour. Ex. Suicide rates of the indigenous population has increased.
Religion; found less isolated and depressed
Social network and supports
people who are found isolated and lack social support tend to be more likely to be depressed
Family systems
how family members interact with each other. Structure and communication. Ex. Diane was a third parent in the family and affected her mentally
Developmental Psychopathology Model
how psychological disorders evolve (based on genetics and early childhood experiences)
Risk factors
biological and environmental factors that contribute to negative outcomes. Can help avoid these negative outcomes
Equifinality
individuals can start from a variety of different places and end up functioning in similar ways
Multifinality
same start point but wind up in any number of different psychological places
Conduct disorder
equifinality, repeated violations may end up with difficult temperament. Multifinality (not every child will end up with conduct disorder)
Reliance
ability to recover or avoid serious effects of negative circumstances
Depression
low, sad state. Life seems dark and hopeless
Mania
opposite of depression. Breathless euphoria or frenzied energy
Major depressive disorder
less disabling but chronic form of depression
Bipolar disorder
depression but severe and cyclothymic disorder (in chronic)
Major depressive disorder
Severe and long lasting psychological pain that may intensify
Diane example, emotional, motivational, behavioral, cognitive and physical
Triggered by stressful events
Characteristics of depression
“Miserable” and “empty”
Suicide
Blame themselves for every unfortunate event
Learned helplessness
break up and think it’s your fault. Experience a sense of helplessness
Dysfunctional attitudes
“my general worth is how I perform on this task”
Cognitive triad
individuals interpret their experiences, themselves and their futures in negative ways
Automatic thoughts
they are inadequate and that their situation is hopeless
Bipolar disorder
emotional roller coaster. Shift between extreme moods, both the lows of depression and high of mania
Want constant excitement, involvement and companionship
Anxiety disorder
easily triggered and most common mental disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder
experience persistent feelings of worry or anxiety
Social anxiety disorder
persistent fears of social or performance studies
Panic disorder
recurrent attacks of terror
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
overrun by recurrent thoughts that cause anxiety or need to perform repetitive actions to reduce anxiety
Post Traumatic stress disorder
intrusive fears about the horrors associated with the traumatising event
Generalized anxiety disorder
excessive anxiety accompanied by at least three of the following symptoms; restlessness, keyed-up behavior, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, muscle tension and sleep problems
Part of dysfunctional assumptions, that they are in imminent danger (best to assume the worst)
Focuses on neurotransmitter imbalances.
Social anxiety disorder
severe, persistent and irrational fears of social or performance situations
Narrow, fear of talking or writing in front of others
Broad, general fear of functioning poorly in front of others
Failure to meet perfectionist standards
Phobias
persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, activity or situation
Five categories: Animals, natural environment, situations, blood and injections, other
Classical conditioning; reactions to objects or situations that are not really dangerous
Unconditioned; naturally elicits a reaction of fear
Conditioned stimulus; object that had simply accompanied the frightening event
Panic disorder
report they are having a heart attack or losing their mind
Panic attack
discrete bouts of panic or terror
Agoraphobia
fear of venturing into public spaces
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
obsessions or compulsions are severe
Obsessions
persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses or images that seem to overrun a person’s consciousness
Compulsions
repetitive and rigid behaviors or mental acts that people feel compelled to perform to prevent or reduce anxiety
PTSD
Experience a large number of stressful events
Ex. threatening situation, witness a death, or sexual violence etc. Feelings of anxiety or depression persist well after
With four weeks or less than a month is acute stress disorder
Continue longer than a month PTSD
Causes of PTSD
Biological and genetic factors; physical changes in brain and body
Personality; certain personalities, attitudes, and coping styles
Childhood experiences; certain childhood experiences (trauma)
Social support; support systems
Schizophrenia
Psychotic disorder, distorted perceptions, disturbances in thoughts, emotions, behaviours and motor abnormalities
Psychosis
loss of contact with reality (hallucinations or delusions)
Delusions
false beliefs that are resistant to reason or contradictory evidence, maintained in spite of irrationality
Delusions of grandeur, special talent or privy to secret knowledge
Loose association or derailment
disorganised thinking and speech
Hallucinations
auditory (hear voices)
Psychomotor?
Catatonia; stop responding to their environment.
Catatonic rigidity, maintaining rigid upright posture
Catatonic posture, assuming awkward, bizarre positions
Somatic symptom and related disorders
excessive concerbs
Seekings medical treatment and different types of medications but nothing wrong
Anxiety and conversion disorder
1. Individual has one or more somatic symptoms
2. Excessive health related anxiety and concern
3. Concern has lasted for at least 6 months
Illness anxiety disorder?
Preoccupied with having a serious disease in spite lack of somatic symptoms
Conversions disorder?
Suggestive neurological, paralysis, seizures, blindness or a loss of feeling
Malingering, intentionally lie about symptoms to avoid unwanted disorders
Factitious Disorder?
Deliberately assume physical or psychological symptoms to adopt the patient
