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grade 12 > Psych unit 2 > Flashcards

Psych unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neuron

A

Nerve cells that run through our entire bodies and communicate with each other

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2
Q

Where do neurons transmit impulses

A

Brain to body, and between brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What is neuroplasticity

A

The brains ability to alter connections based on changes in environment

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4
Q

What are the 5 main parts of a neuron? What is the function of each?

A

Cell body: provide energy
Dendrites: receive messages
Axon: transmits messages from cell body
Axon terminals:
Sends info to other neurons
Myelin:
Insulates axon

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5
Q

What is a synapse

A

The gap between 2 neurons (terminal and dendrite) which neurotransmitters are sent across

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6
Q

What speed do neural messages travel at?

A

200mph only in 1 direction though

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7
Q

What are the 3 main neuron types? What are their functions?

A

Sensory: carry info from senses to CNS
Motor: CNS to muscles + glands
Inter: between, just in CNS

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8
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

Chemicals stored in sacs in the Axon terminals, converted into electrical impulse when neuron is fired.

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9
Q

What is acetylcholine/ACh

A

Involved in muscle control, learning, and memory. Too little = altzheimers

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10
Q

What is dopamine

A

Involved in motor behavior and pleasure, too little = Parkinsons, too much = schizophrenia

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11
Q

What is noradrenaline

A

Involved in preparing the body for action and concentration, too little = depression

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12
Q

What is serotonin

A

Involved in emotional arousal and sleep. Too little = depression

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13
Q

what is endorphins

A

involved in pain relief, feeling “good”

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14
Q

what is Gamma-aminobutyric acid/GABA

A

involved in “calming down”- reduces neuron activity

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15
Q

What is the CNS

A

Central Nervous System = Brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

What is the PNS

A

Penis lol

Peripheral Nervous System = Autonomic and Somatic nervous systems,basically its all nerves outside of brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

what are stimuli

A

changes in our environment

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18
Q

what does the somatic nervous system do

A

transmits info to and from CNS; controls voluntary muscles and organs

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19
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system do

A

controls involuntary vital functions such as heart rate, digestion, breathing

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20
Q

what do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems do?

A

S: fight or flight, suppresses digestion, increases heart and respiration rates, elevates blood pressure

P: rest and digest, restores energy, normalize heart/respiration rates + blood pressure after intense activity

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21
Q

What are the 3 major parts of the hindbrain and what are their functions

A

Cerebellum: coordinates skeletal muscles based on info from cerebral cortex

Brainstem (pons + medulla):
Pons: sends signals between upper and lower parts of the brain, also regulates movement, attention, sleep
Medulla: maintains vital, involuntary actions like breathing, also transfers info to and from brain + spinal cord

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22
Q

What are the 3 stalks that attatch the cerebellum to the brain called?

A

Pendunculi

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23
Q

What do the ventral areas of the midbrain control

A

Motor function

24
Q

What do dorsal areas of the midbrain control

A

Sensory info, especially vision and hearing

25
Q

What is the reticular activating system

A

A system important for alertness and reaction time, also involved in eye movement and sleep

26
Q

What is the main job of the forebrain

A

Complex thinking and emotion ‼️‼️‼️

27
Q

What are the 2 major divisions of the forebrain?

A

Diencephalon: limbic system, thalamus and hypothalamus

Telencephalon: contains the cerebrum

28
Q

What does the thalamus do

A

Relay sensory info

29
Q

What does the hypothalamus do

A

Maintains homeostasis-> temperature, thirst, hunger, emotions, controls pituitary gland

30
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

Controls behaviors that are necessary for survival, such as memory, emotion, sex, hunger, aggression, only activated when triggered

31
Q

What is the cerebrum

A

The largest and most highly developed brain area, used for conscious and intellectual activities, split into 2 hemispheres

32
Q

What is the outer layer of the cerebrum called? What does it do?

A

Cerebral cortex is the main thinking part, also deals with memory, language, emotions, complex motor functions, perceptions

33
Q

What is the highway that connects the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum

A

CORPUS CALLOSUM (untapped potential for warhammer character names with all this latin shit)

34
Q

What are the 4 lobes of each hemisphere? What is the primary function of each?

A

Frontal: complex thinking, planning, moving, emotions

Pareital: touch, pain, space, some thinking such as body language

Temporal: hearing, observation, memory, some emotion

Occipital: sight

35
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex?

A

Top front of frontal lobe, where the highest thinking, feeling, perceiving take place

36
Q

Where is sensory info from the lobes relayed to?

A

THALAMUS

37
Q

What is an association area

A

An area of the cerebrum that uses information to create meaning

38
Q

What happens in the frontal association areas?

A

Problem solving, planning, complex decision-making

39
Q

What hemisphere are language functions normally based in?

A

Left for nearly all right-handed people, and about 67% of lefties

40
Q

What is wernickes area?

A

An association area in the Temporal lobe that creates meaning from sound and sights in order to help with language skills

41
Q

What is brocas area

A

Association area in the frontal lobe that controls muscles in face to physically produce speech

42
Q

What hemisphere of the brain generally contains math and logical functions?

A

Same as language, so generally left

43
Q

What is the right hemisphere generally more used for than the left?

A

Imagination, art, feelings, spatial relations

44
Q

What are the 5 main ways of studying the brain? Give a brief description of each

A

Accidents: location of damage teaches us

Lesions: cutting small parts out of an animal brain and studying change in behavior

Electrical stimulation: testing out different areas of the brain by stimulating them, can help relieve pain in humans, sometimes unreliable as an info source though

EEG (electroencephalogram): reading electric signals from brain with a machine, can diagnose issues

Brain imaging: scanning brain to create an image of it, to diagnose issues

45
Q

What is the amygdala

A

Primary centre for emotion

46
Q

What is the hippocampus

A

Primary centre for long term memory

47
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

a system of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

48
Q

what glands does the pituitary gland control?

A

adrenals, thyroid, ovaries, testes

49
Q

what does human growth hormone do

A

grows humans

50
Q

what do prolactin and oxytocin do

A

P: stimulates milk production
O: stimulates labour

51
Q

what does the thyroid gland do?

A

produces thyroxine which regulates metabolism
too much = hyperthyroidism = severe weight loss + high energy
too little = hypothyroidism = severe weight gain + low energy

52
Q

what do the adrenal glands do?

A

produce adrenaline and noradrenaline, makes the liver release emergency energy sugar, all to prep the body for fight/flight

53
Q

what do the ovaries and testes do?

A

make progesterone, estrogen, and testosterone:
-amounts differ in men vs women
-develop and grow primary and secondary sexual characteristics
-progesterone mainly helps with pregnancy
-testosterone is a steroid

54
Q

what is heredity

A

the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring, especially physical traits, only some psychological traits, psychological diseases can also be hereditary

55
Q

what are genes

A

sequences of DNA in chromosomes, which determine traits of offspring by pairing up one from each parent

56
Q

how many chromosomes do most people have?????

A

46 (michael cook has 47)

57
Q
A

grade 12 (2 decks)

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