psych Testing Exam 2 Flashcards
Edward Spearman Theory of intelligence
Two factor Approach general Factor (g) and specific factor (s)
Weight of g varies as a function of what was being measured
Ratio of general intelligence (g) to specific talent for completing a tax return (s) was 10 to 1
Ratio of general intelligence to specific talent for music was 1 to 4
Raymon Cattell’s Fluid and Crystal Intelligence (first theory with associated tests)
Fluid (Gf) intelligence(culturally free)
inately born
non verbal
Crystallized intelligence acquired as we learn and affected by out experience verbal intelligence
Gc increases with ages and GF declines as we age
John Horn theory of intelligence
There is no overarching thing there is just gf and gc
John Carrol
supports over arching g factor
Kevin McGrew
integrated models and proposed the CHC framework
WAIS
Wechsler Family of Tests are considered by many to be the gold-standard intelligence measures
Weschler thought that test measure the capacity of an individual to cope with challenges
Weschler test derived from the belief that intelligence is a singular construct MUCH LIKE SPEARMANS G
Weschler believed this capacity contained components that were interdependent.
Viewed a verbal non verbal dichotomy as two ways that intelligence could be expressed
this is like crystallized and non crystal intelligence
criticize this instrument because he thought it was too verbal in nature (this is important)
there was a need for a test that emphasized both verbal and non verbal
Indexes of the WAIS
verbal comprehension
Perceptual reasoning
Working Memory
Processing Speed
General Facts about the WAIS
Average all the subtests to find a score in any of the indexes
Processing speed Index is the most sensitive to intelligence or cognitive problems
Factor Analysis is the best way to look at the WAIS
verbal comprehension WAIS
reflelcts the ability to understand meaning of words, access factual knowledge and express information in words
REfelcts ability to work with abstract semantic information
Verbal memory abilities
Verbal fluency
SImilarities subtest (WAIS)
Test of verbal concept formation the ability to place objects and events together in a meaningful group Abilities involved Logical abstraction verbal reasoning
Vocabulary Subtest (WAIS)
test of word knowledge
Abilities involved language development word knowledge fund of information
Information Subtest(WAIS)
Knowledge an average person with average experiences should know Abilities invovled long term memory intellectual curiosity long term memory
Perceptual reasoning index
less effect by educational background than vci
Logic and reasoning necessary to solve spatial relationships
Digit Span
Evaluate short term acquired auditory memory attention Abilities assesed immediate rote recall auitory sequencing concentration attention
Neuropsychology
Study of brain behavior relationships
gives test that are sensitive to functioning in the brain
Neuropsychological testing
standardized procedures that asses and quantify brain functioning
results lead to inferences regarding the covert processes of the brain
Neuropsychological assessment
evaulation or extent of brain damages
normative/idiographic approches used
Fix Battery Approach
involves the rigid and standardized administration of a uniform group of tests
Flexible Battery Approach
favors the use of a flexible combination of traditional psychological and educational tests
Boston Approach
Attempts to integrate quantitative and qualitative approaches to interpretation and analysis
May involve altering the format of items on traditional measures
Why do we use personality Scales
They can help us get close to an accurate diagnosis
help us plan treatment
enhance self understanding
identify children with emotional and behavioral problems
help with hiring decisions
anser questions relevant to legal proceedings
How do we define personality
relatively consistent patterns of thoughts feelings and behavior
Dissimulation
when the person purposefully misrepresent himself or herself
Traits
stable, internal characteristic
Test retest reliabiilty can be as high as .80
Psychological State
transietnt emotional state that fluctuates over time
test retest reliability coefficients will naturally be lower
Objective Personality Testing
a type of personality assessment that often uses multiple-choice or ture/false formats to assess aspects of personality
Each objective test measures different aspects of personality based on the specific constructs defined by the test developer
Major approaches to scale development
Content rational
select items based on their apparent relevance to construct being measured
Empirical keying
do items differentiate between groups
Factor analytic
how do items relate to each other
Theoretical
items are developed to fit with a priori theory
Content rational approach to development
select items based on their apparent relevance to construct being measured
Empirical keying approach to development
do items differentiate between groups
Factor analytic approach to development
how do items relate to each other
Theoretical approach to development
items are developed to fit with a priori theory
L scale
Lie scales individuales who receive high scores are presenting in an idealized manner
items selected on a rational basis
F infrequency
evaluates the extent to which an individual responds to items in an atypical manner
items were selected if they were endorsed by less than 10% of the population
K
individuals who score high describe themselves in overly positive terms
item selected by looking at a group of patients who were depressed but produced a normal profile
Projective Hypothesis
examinees interpret the ambiguous material in a manner that reveals important and often unconscious info or psychological functioning
responses are infinite
The Rorschach
People love or hate this test
Despite the controversy it continues to be popular
These procedures often do not meet psychometric standards
advocats have compelling data suggesting otherwise
techniques should only be used after extensive training and with caution
Responses
- ) code content
- ) piece together the reason why they choose the content
- ) typica response/unusual response
Psych Testing in Forensic Settings
Psychologists often provide opinions derived from psychological tests in courtrooms
Testing results are powerful and persuasive(too much zoo)
The application os psychology in legal proceedings
Expert Witness
an individual who by reason, education, training and experience possesses knowledge and expertise necessary to assist the trier of fact
regardless of who hires the expert their role is objective presentation of information
Forensic assessment
the purpose is to provide unbiased data and unbiased opinions to the court
patient participation may not actually be voluntary from a practical perspective
results are not confidential
conditions are not optimal
forensic setting may be ideal
examinees are more guarded or suspicious
STill need to be objective
Performance validity test
measure developed only to detect insufficient effort
TEST OF MEMORY MALINGERING
Symptom Validity indicators
embedded effort indices derived from validated measures of ability
reliable digit span
how many are reliably given to you forward and back
Sympton valididty Tests
broadband measures of personality and emotional functioning often include symptom exaggeration or amplification
Malingering
presentation of sickness or injury for tangible gain
Empirical Keying
Do cards differentiate between groups
