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Classes > Psych test 5 > Flashcards

Psych test 5 Flashcards

1
Q

social influence

A

the ability to change or direct another persons behavior

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2
Q

What are the three basic motivations?

A

Hedonic motive
Approval motive
Accuracy motive

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3
Q

Hedonic motive

A

motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain

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4
Q

Approval motive

A

motivated to be accepted and avoid rejection

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5
Q

Accuracy motive

A

motivated to believe what is “right” and avoid believing what is wrong
-We are motivated to have the “right” attitudes and beliefs
-Our actions are motivated by our attitudes and beliefs
-Actions then reinforce attitudes and beliefs

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6
Q

What is the social influence of the Hedonic motive?

A

creating situations in which people can achieve more pleasure by doing what we want them to do
-Offer rewards and threaten punishments

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7
Q

Overjustification effect

A

When a reward decreases a person’s intrinsic motivation

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8
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

doing things because they bring you personal satisfaction and are rewarding

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9
Q

Reactance

A

the unpleasant feeling that arises when someone feels like they are being coerced

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10
Q

Norms

A

customary standards for behavior that are widely shared by members of a culture

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11
Q

Norm of reciprocity

A

the unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefitted them

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12
Q

Normative influence

A

a phenomenon in which another person’s behavior provides information about what is appropriate

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13
Q

Conformity

A

the tendency to do what others do

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14
Q

Obedience

A

tendency to do what authority tells us to do

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15
Q

Attitude

A

an enduring positive or negative evaluation of a stimulus

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16
Q

Belief

A

an enduring piece of knowledge about a stimulus

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17
Q

informational influence

A

happens when another persons behavior provides information about what is good or true
-Advertisements of “popular” soft
drinks, “best seller” books
-Laugh tracks in sitcoms

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18
Q

Persuasion

A

when a person’s attitudes or beliefs
are influenced by communication from another person

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19
Q

systematic persuasion

A

using evidence and logic to persuade someone into changing or adopting a certain belief

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20
Q

Heuristic persuasion

A

using habits or emotions to persuade someones beliefs

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21
Q

Foot-in-the-door technique

A

making a small request and then following it up with something bigger

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22
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

an unpleasant state that arises when someone recognizes the inconsistency of their actions, attitudes, and or beliefs

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23
Q

social cognition

A

involves processes by which people come to understand others

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24
Q

What do we do all the time?

A

We make inferences about others based on the social categories they belong to or individual behaviors

25
Q

Stereotype

A

a person’s set of beliefs about the characteristics or attributes of a group

26
Q

stereotyping

A

the attribution of general psychological characteristics to a large human group

27
Q

Why can stereotyping lead to harmful results?

A

stereotypes are subject to misuse
-inaccuracy
-overuse
-self-perpetuation
-unconscious and automatic

28
Q

Illusory correlation study

A

Found that when two uncommon things occur together, we tend to perceive it as a strong association although there isn’t one.

29
Q

Recall phase

A

participants had to assign each description to Group A or B

30
Q

When are stereotypes least useful?

A

When variability in a group is high

31
Q

By categorizing people or using a stereotype….

A

We underestimate the variability within those categories
—> overestimate how useful stereotypes are

32
Q

Perceptual confirmation

A

tendency of observers to see what they expect to see

33
Q

behavioral conformation

A

tendency of targets to behave as observers expect them to behave

34
Q

Why is hard to just not use stereotypes?

A

it is unconscious and automatic

35
Q

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

A

measures unconscious attitudes or beliefs that people hold about another group. Using reaction time they can test how strong associations are between different groups and positive or negative stimuli.

36
Q

What was the most effective technique for reducing unconscious stereotypes about black people?

A

reading stories about black people that defy stereotypes

37
Q

intergroup contact theory

A

when majority and minority groups interact (under the right circumstances), negative feelings about each other tend to dissipate
-Cross-race/ethnic friendships in childhood  reduce prejudice, bias, and exclusionary attitudes

38
Q

Attributions

A

inferences about the causes of people’s behaviors
-situational vs dispositional

39
Q

situational

A

when you attribute someone’s actions to a situation
-Someone speeding may be because they are in an emergency

40
Q

dispositional

A

when you attribute someone’s actions to their character
- someone is speeding because they are an asshole

41
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

tendency to make a dispositional attribution when we should make a situational attribution

42
Q

Actor-observer effect

A

tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for someone elses identical behavior

43
Q

Why is the actor-observer effect a thing?

A

This is because we have more information about our own situations but for other people, we’re only observing

44
Q

Personality

A

characteristic styles of behaving, thinking, and feeling

45
Q

Trait approach

A

looking at personality as a combination of traits

46
Q

traits

A

relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way

47
Q

The Big five personality traits

A

Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

48
Q

What is the higher spectrum of conscientiousness?

A

organized, careful, disciplined

49
Q

What is the lower spectrum of conscientiousness?

A

disorganized, careless

50
Q

What is the higher spectrum of agreeableness?

A

trusting, helpful

51
Q

What is the lower spectrum of agreeableness?

A

ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative

52
Q

What is the higher spectrum of neuroticism?

A

anxious, insecure, self-pitying

53
Q

What is the lower spectrum of neuroticism?

A

calm, secure, self-satisfied

54
Q

What is the higher spectrum of openness?

A

Imaginative, prefers variety, independent

55
Q

What is the lower spectrum of openness?

A

practical, prefers routine, conforming

56
Q

What is the higher spectrum of extraversion?

A

sociable, fun-loving, affectionate

57
Q

What is the lower spectrum of extraversion?

A

retiring, sober, reserved

58
Q

Why the big five?

A

It is a good balance as it accounts for wide variation and avoids overlap

59
Q

What does reactance lead to?

A

When someone feels as though they are being coerced, they alleviate that feeling by doing the very thing they are being told not to do.

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