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psych test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

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2
Q

Associate Learning

A

a. ) classical conditioning -2 stimuli

b. ) operant conditioning- behavior/ consequence

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3
Q

Classical conditioning

A

.Ivan Pavlov

stimulus –> response

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4
Q

operant conditioning

A

behavior –> consequence

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5
Q

generalization

A

responding similarly to different stimuli

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6
Q

discrimination

A

responding differently to similar stimuli

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7
Q

extinction

A

the weakening of the conditioned response in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus

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8
Q

operant conditioning

B.F Skinner

A

.environment reinforces or eliminates behavior
.focused on responses and consequences
. the CONSEQUENCE of a behavior changes the probability of the BEHAVIORS occurrence

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9
Q

Reinforcement

A

increases behavior

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10
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

pleasant stimulus is ADDED to INCREASE a behavior

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11
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

aversive ( unpleasant) stimulus is REMOVED to INCREASE a behavior

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12
Q

Punishment

A

Aversive (unpleasant) stimulus is ADDED to DECREASE behavior

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13
Q

Extinction

A

pleasant stimulus is REMOVED to DECREASE a behavior

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14
Q

Premack Principle

A

Low frequency behaviors are reinforced by high frequency behavior

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15
Q

observational learning

A

Learning that occurs when someone observes and imitates behavior

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16
Q

Albert Bandura- Social cognitive theory

A 
4 processes:
.attention
.retention
.motor reproduction
.reinforcement
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17
Q

attention

A

observer must attend to and recognize the distinctive features of the modeled response

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18
Q

retention

A

code it and put into memory

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19
Q

reproduction

A

capable of reproducing the behavior

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20
Q

motivation

A

incentive

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21
Q

memory

A

retention of information over time

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22
Q

3 domains

A

.encoding- getting info into memory
.storage- retaining info
.retrieval- taking out

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23
Q

Atkinson Shiffrin Information Processing Theory

A

.sensory memory
.short-term memory
.long-term memory

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24
Q

Sensory memory: storage

A

.rich detailed info held in original sensory form

.very brief duration- an instant

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25
attention
.limited duration (about 30 seconds) | .limited capacity (5-9 items)
26
imagery
visual picture
27
rehearsal
conscious repetition of info
28
chunking
group items by category
29
elaboration
.create story/rhyme | .distinctiveness of the memory
30
Long term memory
.relatively permanent with "unlimited" capacity .long periods of time .GOAL : this is where true learning occurs
31
Memory types
.echoic (auditory) memory | .iconic (visual) memory
32
Retrieval
memory task of taking info out of storage
33
recall
retrieve previously learned info with NO retrieval cues.
34
recognition
identity or recognize the previously learned item
35
Serial Postion Effect
Tendency to recall items at beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle
36
primacy effect
at the beginning, not much to get in the way of remembering
37
recency effect
at the end, most recent things heard
38
Frontal lobe
episodic memory (who,what,when,where)
39
amygdala
emotional memory
40
temporal lobes and hippocampus
explicit memory, priming | recollection of facts/ events
41
cerebellum
implicit memory | no conscious recognition
42
autobiographical memories
.life time periods | .event- specific info
43
emotional memories
.flashbulb memories | .traumatic events
44
interference theory
something gets in the way of what we want to recall
45
decay theory
.passage of time = forgetting | .use it or lose it
46
repression
.motivated forgetting .first forgotten and later recovered .freudian defense mechanism
47
amnesia
.anterograde amnesia: -inability to store new info and events .retrograde amnesia: -inability to retrieve past info and events
48
motivation
the force that moves people to behave, think and feel as they do
49
motivated behavior is...
energized, directed and sustained
50
Evolutionary approach
.insticts- innate patterns of behavior | .freud
51
Drive Reduction Theory
.drives- an aroused state .needs- a deprivation .homeostasis- equilibrium
52
optimum arousal theory
.people are motivated to reach optimal state of alertness | .people perform better at moderate level of arousal
53
cognitive approach
emphasizes cognitive factors, rationality and decision making
54
extrinsic motivation
based on external incentives | rewards and punishment
55
intrinsic motivation
based on internal factors such as self-determination, curiosity, challenge and effort
56
Maslow's Hierarchy of needs
.5 needs that all humans have | .basic needs must be met before higher needs can be satisfied
57
physiological needs
necessary for life, if unmet can lead to death
58
safety and security needs
.free from anxiety& fear .secure in environment .order and routine
59
love and belongingness needs
``` .to be loved .to belong .social acceptance .friendship .relate to others ```
60
esteem needs
``` .engage in activities that bring achievements, success, recognition .feeling important .worth while .respect .approval .appreciation ```
61
self actualization
.obtain our full potential | .alignment with gifts and talent
62
maslow believed that....
not many people reach the fullest development of their potential and become self actualized
63
gastric signals
.stomach contractions | .cholecystokinin (CCK) - signals us to stop eating.
64
glucose
blood sugar | .liver sends a message to the brain that makes us hungry
65
insulin
(hormone) | .causes excess sugar in the blood to be stored as fat/carbs
66
Anorexia Nervosa
Relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation | . more common among females
67
Characteristics of Anorexia
.less than 85% of normal body weight .intense fear of gaining weight that doesn't go away with weight loss .distort body image
68
Bulimia Nervosa
``` .binge and purge .more common in females .preoccupied with food .medical dangers .fearful, depressed, anxious, shame ```
69
Biological factors of anorexia and bulimia
.genetics .serotonin regulation .neurological effects of dieting, binging and purging
70
Sociocultural factors of anorexia and bulimia
.media images | .family interactions
71
Psychological factors of anorexia and bulimia
.perfectionistic personality .low self-esteem .harsh self standards
72
sex (noun)
physical characteristics that determine male or female - hormones: estrogens & androgens - external gentile
73
gender
social or psychological aspects of being male or female
74
masculinity identity
.assertive, brave, independent, dominant
75
femininity identity
.nurturing, warm, gentle, sensitive to others
76
androgyny
better psychological adjustment and resilience
77
Gender Development Social Cognitive theory
.expierence influences sense of gender .socialization .gender schema
78
Gender Development Social Role theory
.division of labor - natural differences become excepted/ valued differences - gender toles and gender stereotypes
79
Sexual Response Pattern
1. ) Excitement 2. ) Plateau 3. ) Orgasm 4. ) Resolution
80
Excitement
begins erotic responsiveness - several minutes to several hours - engorgement & increased blood flow to genitals - muscle tension - lubercation of vagina - partial erection
81
Plateau
continuation of heightening of arousal in excitement phase - increase breathing, pulse rate, and blood pressure - penile erection & vaginal lubercant complete
82
Orgasm
``` .last 3-15 seconds .discharged of neuromuscular tension .increase pleasure feeling .not all are alike .females have 3 patterns .males have 1 ```
83
Resolution
``` .blood vessels return to normal state .women may be stimulated to orgasm without delay .men enter refractory period -cannot have another orgasm -last several minutes to a day ```
84
sexual scripts
stereotyped patterns of how we behave sexually
85
traditional religious script
.sex is accepted only within marriage .extramarital sex is taboo .sex = reproduction/ affection
86
romantic script
.sex is equated with love | .if we fall in love it is expectable to have sex
87
Sensory & perceptual factors
men and women differ on touch - women are more aroused by touch - men are more aroused by sight
88
influence of culture
.inis beag | .mangaia
89
sexual orientation
direction of our erotic interest- refers to more than just sexual behavior
90
orientation is NOT influenced by....
.being reared by a gay parent .parenting style .childhood sexual experimentation
91
orientation IS influenced by...
.genetics .corpus callosum thickness .prenatal hormones .social factors

psych test 3 (1 decks)

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