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psych test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

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2
Q

Associate Learning

A

a. ) classical conditioning -2 stimuli

b. ) operant conditioning- behavior/ consequence

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3
Q

Classical conditioning

A

.Ivan Pavlov

stimulus –> response

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4
Q

operant conditioning

A

behavior –> consequence

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5
Q

generalization

A

responding similarly to different stimuli

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6
Q

discrimination

A

responding differently to similar stimuli

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7
Q

extinction

A

the weakening of the conditioned response in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus

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8
Q

operant conditioning

B.F Skinner

A

.environment reinforces or eliminates behavior
.focused on responses and consequences
. the CONSEQUENCE of a behavior changes the probability of the BEHAVIORS occurrence

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9
Q

Reinforcement

A

increases behavior

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10
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

pleasant stimulus is ADDED to INCREASE a behavior

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11
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

aversive ( unpleasant) stimulus is REMOVED to INCREASE a behavior

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12
Q

Punishment

A

Aversive (unpleasant) stimulus is ADDED to DECREASE behavior

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13
Q

Extinction

A

pleasant stimulus is REMOVED to DECREASE a behavior

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14
Q

Premack Principle

A

Low frequency behaviors are reinforced by high frequency behavior

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15
Q

observational learning

A

Learning that occurs when someone observes and imitates behavior

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16
Q

Albert Bandura- Social cognitive theory

A 
4 processes:
.attention
.retention
.motor reproduction
.reinforcement
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17
Q

attention

A

observer must attend to and recognize the distinctive features of the modeled response

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18
Q

retention

A

code it and put into memory

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19
Q

reproduction

A

capable of reproducing the behavior

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20
Q

motivation

A

incentive

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21
Q

memory

A

retention of information over time

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22
Q

3 domains

A

.encoding- getting info into memory
.storage- retaining info
.retrieval- taking out

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23
Q

Atkinson Shiffrin Information Processing Theory

A

.sensory memory
.short-term memory
.long-term memory

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24
Q

Sensory memory: storage

A

.rich detailed info held in original sensory form

.very brief duration- an instant

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25
Q

attention

A

.limited duration (about 30 seconds)

.limited capacity (5-9 items)

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26
Q

imagery

A

visual picture

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27
Q

rehearsal

A

conscious repetition of info

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28
Q

chunking

A

group items by category

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29
Q

elaboration

A

.create story/rhyme

.distinctiveness of the memory

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30
Q

Long term memory

A

.relatively permanent with “unlimited” capacity
.long periods of time
.GOAL : this is where true learning occurs

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31
Q

Memory types

A

.echoic (auditory) memory

.iconic (visual) memory

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32
Q

Retrieval

A

memory task of taking info out of storage

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33
Q

recall

A

retrieve previously learned info with NO retrieval cues.

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34
Q

recognition

A

identity or recognize the previously learned item

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35
Q

Serial Postion Effect

A

Tendency to recall items at beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle

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36
Q

primacy effect

A

at the beginning, not much to get in the way of remembering

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37
Q

recency effect

A

at the end, most recent things heard

38
Q

Frontal lobe

A

episodic memory (who,what,when,where)

39
Q

amygdala

A

emotional memory

40
Q

temporal lobes and hippocampus

A

explicit memory, priming

recollection of facts/ events

41
Q

cerebellum

A

implicit memory

no conscious recognition

42
Q

autobiographical memories

A

.life time periods

.event- specific info

43
Q

emotional memories

A

.flashbulb memories

.traumatic events

44
Q

interference theory

A

something gets in the way of what we want to recall

45
Q

decay theory

A

.passage of time = forgetting

.use it or lose it

46
Q

repression

A

.motivated forgetting
.first forgotten and later recovered
.freudian defense mechanism

47
Q

amnesia

A

.anterograde amnesia:
-inability to store new info and events
.retrograde amnesia:
-inability to retrieve past info and events

48
Q

motivation

A

the force that moves people to behave, think and feel as they do

49
Q

motivated behavior is…

A

energized, directed and sustained

50
Q

Evolutionary approach

A

.insticts- innate patterns of behavior

.freud

51
Q

Drive Reduction Theory

A

.drives- an aroused state
.needs- a deprivation
.homeostasis- equilibrium

52
Q

optimum arousal theory

A

.people are motivated to reach optimal state of alertness

.people perform better at moderate level of arousal

53
Q

cognitive approach

A

emphasizes cognitive factors, rationality and decision making

54
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

based on external incentives

rewards and punishment

55
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

based on internal factors such as self-determination, curiosity, challenge and effort

56
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs

A

.5 needs that all humans have

.basic needs must be met before higher needs can be satisfied

57
Q

physiological needs

A

necessary for life, if unmet can lead to death

58
Q

safety and security needs

A

.free from anxiety& fear
.secure in environment
.order and routine

59
Q

love and belongingness needs

A 
.to be loved
.to belong
.social acceptance
.friendship
.relate to others
60
Q

esteem needs

A 
.engage in activities that bring achievements, success, recognition
.feeling important
.worth while
.respect
.approval
.appreciation
61
Q

self actualization

A

.obtain our full potential

.alignment with gifts and talent

62
Q

maslow believed that….

A

not many people reach the fullest development of their potential and become self actualized

63
Q

gastric signals

A

.stomach contractions

.cholecystokinin (CCK) - signals us to stop eating.

64
Q

glucose

A

blood sugar

.liver sends a message to the brain that makes us hungry

65
Q

insulin

A

(hormone)

.causes excess sugar in the blood to be stored as fat/carbs

66
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

Relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation

. more common among females

67
Q

Characteristics of Anorexia

A

.less than 85% of normal body weight
.intense fear of gaining weight that doesn’t go away with weight loss
.distort body image

68
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A 
.binge and purge
.more common in females
.preoccupied with food
.medical dangers
.fearful, depressed, anxious, shame
69
Q

Biological factors of anorexia and bulimia

A

.genetics
.serotonin regulation
.neurological effects of dieting, binging and purging

70
Q

Sociocultural factors of anorexia and bulimia

A

.media images

.family interactions

71
Q

Psychological factors of anorexia and bulimia

A

.perfectionistic personality
.low self-esteem
.harsh self standards

72
Q

sex (noun)

A

physical characteristics that determine male or female

  • hormones: estrogens & androgens
  • external gentile
73
Q

gender

A

social or psychological aspects of being male or female

74
Q

masculinity identity

A

.assertive, brave, independent, dominant

75
Q

femininity identity

A

.nurturing, warm, gentle, sensitive to others

76
Q

androgyny

A

better psychological adjustment and resilience

77
Q

Gender Development

Social Cognitive theory

A

.expierence influences sense of gender
.socialization
.gender schema

78
Q

Gender Development

Social Role theory

A

.division of labor

  • natural differences become excepted/ valued differences
  • gender toles and gender stereotypes
79
Q

Sexual Response Pattern

A
  1. ) Excitement
  2. ) Plateau
  3. ) Orgasm
  4. ) Resolution
80
Q

Excitement

A

begins erotic responsiveness

  • several minutes to several hours
  • engorgement & increased blood flow to genitals
  • muscle tension
  • lubercation of vagina
  • partial erection
81
Q

Plateau

A

continuation of heightening of arousal in excitement phase

  • increase breathing, pulse rate, and blood pressure
  • penile erection & vaginal lubercant complete
82
Q

Orgasm

A 
.last 3-15 seconds
.discharged of neuromuscular tension
.increase pleasure feeling
.not all are alike
.females have 3 patterns
.males have 1
83
Q

Resolution

A 
.blood vessels return to normal state
.women may be stimulated to orgasm without delay
.men enter refractory period
   -cannot have another orgasm 
   -last several minutes to a day
84
Q

sexual scripts

A

stereotyped patterns of how we behave sexually

85
Q

traditional religious script

A

.sex is accepted only within marriage
.extramarital sex is taboo
.sex = reproduction/ affection

86
Q

romantic script

A

.sex is equated with love

.if we fall in love it is expectable to have sex

87
Q

Sensory & perceptual factors

A

men and women differ on touch

  • women are more aroused by touch
  • men are more aroused by sight
88
Q

influence of culture

A

.inis beag

.mangaia

89
Q

sexual orientation

A

direction of our erotic interest- refers to more than just sexual behavior

90
Q

orientation is NOT influenced by….

A

.being reared by a gay parent
.parenting style
.childhood sexual experimentation

91
Q

orientation IS influenced by…

A

.genetics
.corpus callosum thickness
.prenatal hormones
.social factors

psych test 3 (1 decks)

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