Psych Test 2 (Ch 4-6) Flashcards
What is consciousnous?
Awareness of external and internal stimuli.
What is sleep?
A state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that are distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness.
What is wakefulness?
Characterized by high sensory awareness thoughts abd behavious.
What are biological rhythms?
the internal cycle of biological activity.
What is circadian rhythm?
The biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours
What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?
Area of the hypothalamus in which the body’s biological clock is located.
What is the pineal gland?
Structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin.
What is sleep regulation?
Brain’s control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world.
What is sleep debt?
Result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis.
What is Meta-Analysis?
A study that combines the results of several related studies.
What is the sleep rebound?
Sleep-deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep.
What is Rapid Eye Movement (REM)?
Period of sleep catergorized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of eyes under closes eyelids.
What is non-REM (NREM)?
Period of sleep periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
What is stage 1 sleep?
The transition phase occurs between wakefulness and sleep when a person drifts off.
What are alpha waves?
Type of brain characteristic during the early part of NREM stage 1 sleep which has fairly low aptitude and a frequency of 8-12HZ
What are Theta waves?
Type of brain wave characterized by stage 1 sleep which has a moderately low amplitude and a frequency of 4-7 HZ.
What is Stage 3 sleep?
deep sleep is characterized by low-frequency high amplitude delta waves.
What is Stage 2 sleep?
The body goes into deep relaxation characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles.
What are sleep spindles?
Rapid bursts of high-frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep may be important to learning memory.
What is K-Complex
Very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli.
What are delta waves?
Type of brain wave characterized during stage 3 sleep which has a high amplitude and low frequency of less than 3 HZ
What is Manifest content?
The storyline of events that occur during a dream per Sigmund Freud’s view of the function of dream.
What is latent content?
Hidden Content of a dream, per Sigmund Freud’s view of functions of dreams.
What is the collective unconscious?
Theoretical repository of information shared by all people
What is parasomnia?
One of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep.
What is REM Sleep Behavior disorder (RBD)?
sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams
What is restless leg syndrome?
Sleep disorder in ehich the sufferer had uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to sleep.
What are Night Terrors?
sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment
What is sleep apnea?
Sleep disorder in which breathing stops could last 10-20 seconds.
What is obstructive sleep apnea?
Sleep disorder is defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of a break of an airway.
What is central sleep apnea?
Signals to breath are disrupted.
What is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)?
Masks to treat sleep apnea that force air down lungs.
What is SIDS?
The infant stops breathing and dies in sleep.
What is Cataplexy?
Lack of muscle done or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of voluntary muscles.
What is physical dependence?
Changes in normal bodily factors cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon creation of use.
What is Psychological dependance?
Emotion rather than the physical need for drugs to receive psychological distress.
What is methodone?
a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users
What are methadone clinics?
Clinic to help addicts with withdrawals with the use of methodone.
What is codeine?
Pain drug used for mior pain.
What are hallucinogens?
one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations
What is hypnosis?
A state of extreme self-focus and attention which minimal attention is given to external stimuli.
What is sensation?
What happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor
What is Transduction?
Conversion from sensory stimulus energy and action potential.
What is Absolute Threshold?
Minimum amount of stimulus energy for that stimulus to be detected 50% of the time.
What are subliminal messeges?
Messages are preserved below the threshold of conscious awareness.
What is the Just Noticeable Difference (JND)?
The difference in stimuli is required to detect a difference between stimuli.
What is perception?
The way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced.
What is bottom-up procession?
System in which perceptions are built from sensory input.
What is the top-down process?
Interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experience and thoughts.
What is sensory caption?
Not perceiving stimuli that remain relatively constructed over prolonged periods of time.
What is inattentional blindness?
Failure to notice something that is completely visible because of the lack of attention.
What is the signal attention theory?
Change in stimulus detection area function of current mental state.
What is the Muller-Lyer illusion?
Lines appear to be different length although same size.
What is amplitude?
Height of a wave.
What is wavelength?
Length of a wave from the peak to the next peak.
What is frequency?
A number of waves that pass a given print in a given period.
What is hertz (HZ)?
Cycles per second
What is the visible spectrum?
Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see.
What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
All the electromagnetic radiation that occurs in our environment.
What is pitch?
The perception of a sound’s frequency.
What are decibels (dB)?
The logarithmic unit of sound intensity?
What is Timbre?
Sound’s purity.
What is the cornea?
Transparent covering over the eye.
What is the pupil?
A small opening in the eye at which light passes.
What is the lens?
Curved transparent structure that provides additional focus for light entering an eye.
What is the fovea?
Small indentation in the retina that contains cone.
What is the retina?
Light-sensitive lining in the eye.
What is a photoreceptor?
Light-detecting cells?
What are cones?
Specialized photoreceptor cells that work best in bright light conditions and detects color.
What are rods?
Specialized photoreceptor that works well in low light conditions
What is the optic nerve?
Carries visual information from the retina to the brain.
What is a blind spot?
Point where we cannot respond to visual information in that position of the visual field.
What is the optic chasm?
X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain’s ventral surface; represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes and the separation of information from the two sides of the visual field to the opposite side of the brain.
What is the trichromatic theory of color vision:
Colour vision is mediated by the activly across three groups of cones.
What is the opponent-process theory?
Color is coded in poponet pairs black–white, yellow-blue, red-green.
What is binocular disparity?
Slightly different view of the world that each eye perceives.
What is linear perspective?
Perceive depth in an image when two parallel lines seam to converge.
What is the pinna?
The visible part of the ear that protrudes from the head.
What is the tympanic membrane?
Eardrum.
What is the malleus?
Middle ear ossicle; known as the hammer.
What is the incus?
Middle ear ossicle; known as the anvil
What is the stapes?
Middle ear ossicle; known as the stirrup.
What is a cochlea?
Fluid-filled, snail-like structure that contains the sensory receptor cells of the auditor cells.
What are hair cells?
Auditory receptor cells in inner ear.
What is the basilar membrane?
thin strip of tissue within the cochlea that contains the hair cells which serve as the sensory receptors for the auditory system
What is the temporal theory?
Sounds in frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron.
What is The place Theory?
Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.
What is Binural and Moncueal cues?
Ways of localizing sounds either oe or two ears.
What are Intraoral level differences?
sound coming from one side of the body is more intense at the closest ear because of the attenuation of the sound wave as it passes through the head
What are Intraoral timing differences?
small difference in the time at which a given sound wave arrives at each ear
What is congenital deafness?
Deafness from birth.
What is conductive hearing loss?
Failure in vibration of the eardrum and/or movement of the ossicles.
What is sensory neural hearing loss?
Failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brian.
What is Meniere’s disease?
results in a degeneration of inner ear structures that can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and an increase in pressure within the inner ear
What are cochlear implants?
electronic device that consists of a microphone, a speech processor, and an electrode array to directly stimulate the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain
What is unami?
Taste of monosodium glutimine.
What is an olfactory receptor?
Sensory cells for the olfactory system.
What is the olfactory bulb?
Bulb like structre at the tip pf the frontal lobe, where the olfactory nerve begins taste.
What are Meissner’s corpuscles?
touch receptor that responds to pressure and lower frequency vibrations
What are pachian corpuscles?
touch receptor that detects transient pressure and higher frequency vibrations
What are Merkel’s disks?
touch receptor that responds to light touch
What are ruffini corpuscles?
touch receptor that detects stretch
What is thermoception?
Ability to sense temperature.
What is nociception?
Sensory signal indicaing potential warmth and maybe pain.
What is inflammatory pain?
Signal that some type of tissue damage has occurred.
What is neural pathic pain?
Pain from damaged neurons of either peripheral of central nervous system.
What is a congenital intensity to pain (CITP)
Not able to feel pain.
What is vestibular sense?
contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture
What is proprioception?
perception of body position
What is kinesthetic?
perception of the body’s movement through space
What is gestat psychology?
field of psychology based on the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts
What is figure-ground relationship?
segmenting our visual world into figure and ground
What is proximity?
things that are close to one another tend to be grouped together
What is the similarity?
things that are alike tend to be grouped together
What is the principle of closure?
organize perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts
What is pattern perception?
ability to discriminate among different figures and shapes
What is a perceptual hypothesis?
educated guess used to interpret sensory information.
What are reflexes?
Unlearned automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in an environment.
What are instincts?
unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans
What is learning?
change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience
What is associative learning?
form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)
What is classical conditioning?
Leaning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behaviors and then gets paired or associated with the behaviour.
What is an unconditioned stimulus? (UCS)
Stimulus that elicits a reflexive response.
What is an unconditioned response? (UCR)
Natural unlearned behaviors to a given stimulus.
What is a neutral stimulus?
The stimulus that doesn’t initially elicit a response.
What is a conditioned stimulus?
stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
What is the conditioned response?
The response caused by the conditioned stimulus.
What is higher/second-order conditioning
stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus.
What is accustitioning?
period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response
What is extinction?
decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus.
What is spontaneous recovery?
Return of the previously extinguished conditioned response.
What is stimulus discrimination?
Ability to respond differently to similar stimuli
What is spontaneous generalization?
Demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli to the conditioned stimulus.
What is operant conditioning?
form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated
What is law and effect?
behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged
What is positive reinforcement?
Adding a desirable stimulus to increase behaviour.
What is Negative reinforcement?
taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior
What is punishment?
implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior
What is positive punishment?
Adding an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior.
What is negative punishment?
Taking away pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior.
What is shaping?
Rewarding successive approximations towards a target behavior.
What is a primary reinforcer?
has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)
What is a secondary reinforcer?
has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips).
What is continuous reinforcement?
Rewarding a behavior every time it occurs.
What is partial reinforcement?
Rewarding behavior only some of the time.
What is a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?
behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time
What is a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?
A set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded.
What is Variable interval reinforcement?
behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed
What is a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?
number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded
What is radical behaviorism?
staunch form of behaviorism developed by B. F. Skinner that suggested that even complex higher mental functions like human language are nothing more than stimulus-outcome associations
What is a cognitive map?
A mental picture of the layout of the environment.
What is latent learning?
learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it
What is observational learning?
Type of learning that occurs by watching others.
What is a model?
person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)
What is vicarious reinforcement?
a process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model’s behavior
What is vicarious punishment?
process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model’s behavior
What is Synaesthesia?
a condition wherein one sense is triggered by sensation in a different sense.
