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psych test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the key elements of critical thinking?

A
  • Being Skeptical
  • Examine definition of terms
  • Examine the assumptions or premises underlying arguments
  • Be cautious in drawing conclusions from evidence
  • Consider alternative interpretations of research evidence
  • Consider the strengths and weaknesses of different perspectives on sexuality, even ones you don’t agree with
  • Don’t oversimplify
  • Don’t overgeneralize
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2
Q

What is being skeptical?

A

Accepting no opinion as a fact until you have personally weighed the evidence.

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3
Q

What does history show with sexual values and behaviours?

A

History shows little evidence of universal sexual trends.

History also shows religion has been a major influence on sexual values and behaviours.

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4
Q

What did art produced in the Stone Age show?

A

The worship of women’s ability to bear children and perpetuate the species.
Drawings portray women with large pendulous breasts rounded hips and prominent sex organs.
Regarded the figurines as fertility symbols

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5
Q

What is phallic worship?

A

Veneration of the penis as a symbol of generative power. Occurred when people became aware of the male role in reproduction

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6
Q

What is a phallic symbol?

A

An object that represents the penis.

Figured in religious ceremonies in ancient Egypt.

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7
Q

What is the incest taboo?

A

The prohibition against intercourse with close blood relatives. It strictness varies from one culture to another

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8
Q

The Ancient Hebrews

A

-Viewed sex within marriage as fulfilling experience intended to satisfy the divine injunction to be fruitful and multiply
-Gaye sexual behaviours were condemned because they threatened perpetuation of family.
-Hebrew bible permitted polygamy (two or more spouses at the same time) , the vast majority of Hebrews practiced monogamy (having one spouse)
-Approved sex within marriage for procreation and for mutual pleasure and fulfillment
Expressions of sexual needs helped strengthen marital bonds and solidify families
-Wife was considered husbands property

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9
Q

3 aspects of greek sexuality

A

-male-male adult sex behaviour
-pederasty: love between a man and a boy (illegal but families were usually pleased)
-prostitution - flourished at every level of society. ranged from courtesans (prostitute, mistress of a noble or wealthy man) to concubines (a secondary wife of inferior legal and social status)
(greeks viewed men and women as bisexual)

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10
Q

What is the incest taboo?

A

The prohibition against intercourse with close blood relatives. Its strictness varies from one culture to another.

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11
Q

The Ancient Romans

A
  • Viewed male-male sexual behaviour as a threat to the integrity of the Roman family and to the position of the roman woman.
  • Roman women more likely to than Greek counterparts to share their husbands social lives, they were still considered their property
  • Western societies trace the roots of many of its sexual terms to Roman culture, as indicated by their Latin roots.
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12
Q

The Early Christians

A
  • Adultery and fornication were unwanted among the upper class of Rome, early Christian leaders began to associate sexuality with sin.
  • Sought to restrict sex to marriage
  • Saw temptations of the flesh as distractions from spiritual devotion
  • Celibacy was closer than marriage to the Christian ideal
  • Demanded virginity of their brides
  • Masturbation, male–male sexual behaviour, female–female sexual behaviour, oral–genital contact, and anal intercourse were viewed as abominations in the eyes of God
  • Lust made sexual expression inherently evil, even within marriage
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13
Q

Islam

A

-Treasures marriage and sexual fulfillment in marriage
-Premarital sex invites shame and social condemnation and harsh penalties \
-Permits a sexual double standard
-Men may take up to 4 wives, but women only 1 husband
-Public social interactions between men and women are restricted
-

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14
Q

Hindus

A
  • Cultivated sexual pleasure as a spiritual ideal
  • Sexual practices were codified in a sex manual, the Kama Sutra, illustrated sexual positions.
  • Sex was a religious duty, not a form of shame or guilt.
  • Sexual fulfillment was regarded as one way to become reincarnated.
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15
Q

The Taoists

A
  • Sexuality was akin to spirituality
  • Sex was a sacred duty, a form of worship that that led toward harmony with nature and immortality
  • Chinese culture was the first to produce a sex manual that said man was to help bring his partner to orgasm so as to increase the flow of energy he might absorb.
  • It was wasteful for man to spill his seed, they couldn’t masturbate, women could
  • Same sex activity was not prohibited.
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16
Q

The Medieval Christians

A
  • Attitudes of the Roman Catholic church dominated medieval thought
  • The ideal of womanhood was in the idea of Mary: good, gracious, loving and saintly
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17
Q

The Protestant Reformers

A

-Priests should be allowed to marry and rear children
-Marriage was human nature
Sexual expression in marriage fulfilled strengthening the marriage bond and reduced everyday stress
-Extramarital sex and premarital sex were taboo

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18
Q

The Victorians

A
  • Sex was not discussed in polite society
  • Women viewed sex as aa marital duty, for procreation and satisfy husbands
  • Women were assumed to not experience sexual desired or pleasures
  • Sex drained the man of his natural vitality, intercourse should be practiced infrequently
  • Women did have sexual desires
  • Prostitution was flooded in the Victorian era
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19
Q

The Scientific Study of Sexuality (Havelock Ellias)

A
  • Early contributor: Physician Havelock Ellis, complied a veritable encyclopedia of sexuality
  • Challenged the prevailing view arguing that sexual desires in women was natural and healthful
  • Promoted the idea that many sexual problems were psychological causes rather than physical
  • Argues homosexuality was a naturally occurring variation within the spectrum of normal sexuality, not an aberration
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20
Q

Richard von Krafft-Ebing

A
  • sexologist: a scientist who studies sexual behaviour
  • described more than 200 case histories of individuals with various sexual deviations in his book.
  • writings contain vivid descriptions of deviations ranging from sadomasochism (sexual gratification through inflicting or receiving pain) and bestiality (sex with animals) to necrophilia (intercourse with dead people).
  • viewed sexual deviations as mental illness that could be studied and perhaps treated by medical science.
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21
Q

Sigman Freud

A
  • Viennese physician, developing a theory of personality that was to have an enormous influence on modern culture and science.
  • Believed the sex drive was our principal motivating force.
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22
Q

Alfred Kinsey

A
  • Conducted first large scale studies of sexual behaviour in the 1930s-40s
  • It was then that sex research became recognized as a field of scientific study
  • Was asked to teach a marriage class, realized little was known about sexual practices, so did a survey on 12,00 people and published his results in 2 volumes
  • The book on female sexuality was met with intense criticism
  • HI research suffered methodological flaws, but much of the criticism branded it immoral and obscene
23
Q

The Sexual Revolution

A

-The Vietnam War, fear of the nuclear bomb, introduction of the birth-control pill, and television were four such forces in the 1960s.
Pill reduced the risk of unwanted pregnancy, and allowed young people to engage in recreational or casual sex ,rather than procreative sex
Consensual sexual behaviour was now primarily a matter of personal choice, in the hands of the individual
-tied to social permissiveness and political liberalism.

24
Q

Feminism

A
  • feminism instilled the principle that women were as entitled as men to sexual pleasure and satisfaction.
  • most of the women did not reach orgasm through penile–vaginal intercourse, requiring instead some form of clitoral stimulation.
  • The feminist movement played a pivotal role in reconfiguring Western society’s conceptualization of female sexuality and the sexual dimensions of the relationship between the sexes
25
Q

LGBTQ Activism

A
  • Gay and lesbian activism mushroomed during the sexual revolution.
  • Became more vocal in demanding equal rights and began staging gay pride parades
  • Early 1980s, gay people people built social institutions to tackle the problem of AIDS .
  • Important development in modern history of sexuality set an example for others with diverse sexual identities and practices to speak out for recognition, protection against discrimination, and equal rights in a society that often still thinks of “normal” sexual behaviour as male–female intercourse.
26
Q

The Internet and Communication Technology

A
  • Men and women of all ages and sexual orientation use the internet for sexual purposes
  • Internet has made it easier for people to explore and express their sexuality, doing it privately and anonymously
  • positives: allowed disenfranchised individuals with diverse sexual orientations and identities to more easily find information about sexuality that is relevant to their needs and to connect with others.
  • negatives: facilitated and substantially increased the production and distribution of child pornography and people who are unable to control their use of the web to watch online pornography or seeking of frequent anonymous sex partners.
27
Q

The Biological Perspective

A
  • focuses on the roles of genes, hormones, the nervous system, and other physiological factors in human sexuality
  • Researchers have discovered that some sexual dysfunctions originate in anatomical abnormalities or biological processes.
  • advancements in the scientific understanding of biology have furthered our understanding of sexuality and our ability to help people overcome sexual problems
28
Q

The Cross species perspective

A
  • Sexual behaviour among higher mammals such as primates is less directly controlled by instinct than it is among other species, such as birds, fish, and lower mammals
  • Experience and learning play more important roles in sexuality as we travel up the evolutionary ladder.
29
Q

Sociological and Anthropological perspectives

A
  • provide insight into how cultural beliefs affect sexual behaviour and morality
  • In most cultures men typically go to business or to the hunt, and when necessary to war.
  • In such cultures, men are perceived as strong, active, independent, and logical. Women are viewed as passive, dependent, nurturant, and emotional.
  • they are acquired through cultural expectations and socialization
30
Q

Multiple perspectives on human sexuality

A
  • human sexuality appears to reflect a combination of biological, social, cultural, sociocultural, and psychological factors that interact in complex ways, perhaps in combinations that are unique for each individual.
  • there are few universal patterns of sexual behaviour, and views on what’s right and wrong show great diversity
  • although our own cultural values and beliefs may be deeply meaningful to us, they may not necessarily indicate what sexual behaviours are common, natural, or moral.
31
Q

What is a theory?

A
  • A set of ideas or concepts that are used to explain a set of observed facts
  • provides us with a conceptual framework for explaining and predicting sexual thoughts, behaviours, emotions and attitudes
  • Allows us to organize those observations into meaningful conceptual framework that provide possible explanations for why and how those patterns of sexual behaviour occur.
  • no single theory can accurately explain all aspects of human sexuality
32
Q

Evolutionary Theory

A
  • Scientists look to evolution to help explain how species vary in their physical characteristics, social behaviour (including mating behaviour)
  • Sociobiology: evolution has shaped human and animal social behaviours.
  • Central focus of evolutionary theory to human sexuality is gender difference in mating strategies.
33
Q

Gender differences in mating strategies

A
  • men have a greater preference than women for a short term mating strategy because it allows them to make more children, which increases the chances of their genes being passed on.
  • Women have a greater preference for long term mating where they from a relationship where the man stays long enough for the fetus to grow and the mother to nurture the child.
  • men are evolutionary predisposed to be more promiscuous than women because they are the genetic heirs.
  • women can only reproduce a few offspring so they are more selective with respect to their mating partners.
  • men more attracted to fertile women, women more attracted to men who have resources to needed for raising children
  • Erotic plasticity: the influence of social and cultural forces on sex drive and expressions of sexual behaviour.
34
Q

Psychoanalytical Theory

A
  • Sigmund Freud believed we were all born with biologically based sex drives that must be channeled through socially approved outlets
  • he originated erogenous zones (parts of the body responsive to sexual simulation)
  • most controversial belief: children normally harbour erotic erotic interests
  • proposed psychosexual development (sexual feelings shift from one erogenous zone to another) where by children undergo 5 stages corresponding to the main erogenous zones.
  • oedipus complex: a conflict of the phallic stage in which the boy wishes to possess his mother sexually and perceives his father as a rival in love.
35
Q

Infancy (birth to 2 years)

A
  • human sexual responses begin before birth
  • ultrasounds have shown male erections while in the womb, and they erect within the first few weeks.
  • sexual arousal in infant girls, vaginal lubrications and genital swelling, less readily detected, but do occur.
  • Infants discover the pleasure of self-stimulation when they gain the ability to manipulate their genitals with their hands.
  • reflexions of lubrication and erection do not signify interest in sex
  • masturbation to orgasm is rare until the second year
36
Q

Early childhood (2-5 years)

A
  • ability to identify oneself as a boy or a girl
  • show their curiosity about sexual anatomy by playing doctor, or watching their parents take showers or baths.
  • Children in Canada don’t engage in genital play until they are 2 years old.
  • to satisfy curiosity, they may investigate other kids genitals, kiss, hug, cuddle or climb on top of them.
  • at this phase, children begin to learn the basic rules of privacy , that they have autonomy over their body, and that theres a difference between good touch and bad touch.
37
Q

Middle Childhood (5-8 years)

A
  • relationships with special friends that resemble an early form of dating.
  • relationships don’t involve explicitly sexual feelings.
  • sex games: sexual activity takes place in same gender groups, mixed gender games are not uncommon.
  • may show their genitals, touch each others genitals and in some cases even masturbate together.
  • same gender sex play does not foreshadow sexual orientation
  • these experience satisfy their curiosity.
  • very common for children to ask questions where babies come from and are disgusted by it
  • may have some idea of gays and lesbians and ask what that means.
38
Q

Preadolescence (9-12 years)

A

-form relationships with best friends of same gender who they confide in
-boys are likely to think girls are dorks, dorks is too nice of a way for girls to describe boys.
-grow increasingly preoccupied and are self conscious about their bodies
sexual urges are experienced but may not emerge until adolescence
-most important developmental task is preparation for puberty
the better informed, more likely the child will accept these changes in a positive way.
-frequency of masturbation is likely influenced by social norms.
-sex play often involves mutual display of the genitals
-sex is uncommon in this age group

39
Q

4 major developmental tasks of adolescent sexuality

A
  • Adapt to the physical and emotional changes of puberty.
  • Accept yourself as a sexual being.
  • Explore romantic and sexual relationships.
  • Learn to protect your sexual health
40
Q

Puberty

A
  • begins with secondary sex characteristics (changes that don’t involve sex organs) and ends when the penis stops growing.
  • also involves primary sex characteristics (the difference in male and female sex organs)
  • changes occur within 3 years for girls and 4 years for boys
  • reproduction becomes possible towards the end of puberty, when girls get their first period and boys ejaculate for the first time, but does not mean fertility is possible.
41
Q

Female changes

A
  • between 8-14 FSH is released by the pituitary glands, which causes ovaries to release estrogen
  • estrogen simulates the growth of breast tissue
  • first menstruation occurs between the ages of 11-14
  • small amounts of androgen produced by the adrenal glands stimulate pubic hair and underarm hair to grow and the clitoris to develop.
  • following their first period, a girls menstrual cycle are typically anovulatory (without ovulation). girls cannot become pregnant until ovulation occurs.
42
Q

Male Changes

A
  • pituitary increase FSH and LH, stimulate testes to increase their output
  • early adolescence erections become more frequent. experience 1st ejection 13-14
  • prostate and seminal vesicles increase in size and semen production begins
  • year after first ejaculation, nocturnal emissions (wet dreams)
  • 14-15 larynx grows and vocal
  • increase in muscle mass = increase in weight
  • stop growing at 18 cause estrogen stops them
  • estrogen causes nearly 1 in 2 boys to experience temporary enlargement of the breasts
43
Q

Sexual-Self Acceptance

A
  • every culture places considerable pressure on young people to conform to stereotypes of sexual desire and attraction .
  • many adolescents realize they don’t fit these stereotypes which can cause anxiety
  • Developing self acceptance for LGBTQ youth could be challenging because they face the additional burden of integrating their sexual orientation into their self concepts while growing up in a heterosexist society
  • research found that young women who devoted more attention to exploring their sexual identities scored higher on measures of sexual well being.
44
Q

Romantic and Sexual Relationships

A
  • At any age, communication is a key component of a mutually satisfying romantic or sexual relationship
  • open communication about sex was associated with greater relationship satisfaction for dating couples who were 14-21
  • adolescent sexual experiences and relationships, while often positive, are not uniformly blissful.
45
Q

Masturbation

A
  • very common sexual activity among adolescences
  • boys are more likely to masturbate than girls
  • cultural and religions norms affect masturbation likelihood and frequency of masturbation among adolescents.
46
Q

Oral Sex

A

-increasingly common among young people
-common as intercourse and occurs at the same age
-most often occurred with committed relationships
-more males than females found giving oral sex more pleasurable
-

47
Q

Penile-Vaginal Intercourse

A
  • 1/3 of youth experience sexual intercourse before the age of 17
  • most sexually active youth only have one partner at a time.
48
Q

Adolescent LGBTQ Sexual Behaviours

A
  • less than half of LGBTQ youth were sexually active
  • the term “intercourse” was defined as “sex other than oral sex or masturbation” so as to be inclusive of both penile–vaginal intercourse and anal intercourse.
49
Q

Sexual Relationship Types

A
  • one-night stands, booty calls, fuck buddies, and friends with benefits relationships
  • motional, intimate, and romantic feelings frequently and unavoidably resulting from FWBRs and other casual sex relationships.
  • in recent years sexting has become one of the most common sexual behaviours among youth.
50
Q

Protecting Sexual Health in Adolescences

A
  • condoms are the most popular choice for protecting sexual health
  • younger teens are more responsible than older teens when it comes to the use of condoms
51
Q

Developmental Tasks of Adult Sexuality (Passion)

A

-The first episodes of sexual interaction tend to be fuelled by passion and spontaneous sexual arousal.
-As the relationship progresses, the initial passionate infatuation inevitably wanes
-

52
Q

Friendship

A

-The qualities that contribute to a mutually beneficial friendship—such as shared interests and goals—also contribute to the intimacy of a romantic relationship.

53
Q

Communication

A
  • More direct communication about sexuality may be an important contributor to a mutually satisfying longer-term relationship
  • better communication, particularly about specific sexual likes and dislikes, was associated with overall sexual satisfaction.
  • individuals who were good communicators within their relationships experienced greater sexual and relationship satisfaction.
54
Q

Sexual Health

A
  • Condoms and oral contraceptives were the most popular methods of contraception.
  • condom use decreased as people got older.
  • don’t use condoms because they use other forms of birth control
  • high rate of STIs

Psych test 2 (1 decks)

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