psych study card AMH Flashcards
word or term meanings
manifest content
according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream
Dreams
A sequence of images, Emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping persons mind. Dreams are notible for their hallucinatory imagery, incongruities, discontinuities and for dreamer’s delusional acceptance of content - later difficulty remembering it.
sleep apnea
Sleep disorder- temporary cessation of breathing during sleep. Repeated momentary awakenings. overweight, large necked men, NO Slow wave sleep
Insomnia
Sleep Disorder, Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep. worry too much,
Sleeping pills- Alcohol= bad (dependance)
Exercise = Good
1 sin of Intrusion
persistent - Unwanted memories ( Being haunted by images of sexual assault)
positive transfer
When Phenomenon , where old & new info helps .
Latin helps learn french
Cross Sectional Studies
A study where people of different ages are compared with one another
Longitudinally
research in which the same people are retested over a long period of time.
Delta Waves
Large slow brain waves associated with deep sleep (Stage 4)
Wet Bed, Sleepwalking, Hard to wake
Psychoactive drugs
A chemical substance that alters perception and Mood
Consciousness
Our awareness of ourselves and our environment.
Dual Processing
The principal that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
Selective Attention
The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.
Irrational blindness
Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.
Change blindness
Failure to notice changes in the environment.
Change, deafness, choice blindness
Alpha waves
Relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed awake state.
Intrinsic Motivation
A desire to perform a behavior effectively for it’s own sake.
cognitive map
A mental representative of the layout of one’s environment.
Primary reinforcers
an innately reinforcing stimulus
Biological needs
Modeling
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
Negative reinforcement
Increases behavior by stopping or reducing negative stimuli
Observational Learning
Learning by observing others
Continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired behavior every time it occurs.
Reinforcer
increases behavior by presenting positive stimuli.
Learning
Relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience.
Audition
The sense or act of hearing.
Pitch
A tone’s experienced highness of Lowness; depends of frequency of the tone.
Grouping
The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.
Binocular cues
Depth cues, such as retinal disparity that depends on the use of the eyes.
Massed Practice
Cramming!
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage.
Storage
The retention of encoded information over time.
Encoding
The processing of information into the memory system - ex = by extracting meaning.
memory
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
Effortful Processing
encoding that requires attention and conscience effort.
Serial Position Effect`
Our tendency to recall best the last & First items in a list.
Rosy Retrospection
recalling high points wile forgetting the mundane points.
Primacy effect
after attention shift, recall is best for 1st items.
Subliminal
below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness.
Assimilation
interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas.
Schema
a conce or framework that organizes and interprets information.
Proximity (illusion)
We group nearby figures together.
II II II
Similarity
illusion
We group similar figures together.
^^^ 000 ^^^
Continuity
( illusion )
We perceive smooth continuos patterns rather than discontinuous ones.
Parapsychology
The study of paranormal phenomena including ESP and psychokinesis
( the ability to read minds / move objects with our mind)
menarche / spermarche
1st period / ejaculation
Explicit memory
-Processed in the hippocampus-
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciencely know and “declare”
Regency effect
ability to recall working memory quickly & well
Hippocampus
a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.
Pshychodynamics
unconscious thoughts & feelings with behavior
Dreams
cognitive
all behavior is dictated by conscious thinking
Social - cultural
Society & culture dictate thinking & behavior.
neuroscience
biological aspect of brain indicates behavior
Humanistic
choices can change behavior
evolutionary
behavior is dictated by generations of DNA
behavioral
every behavior is taught / learned
Kinesthesis
The system for sensing movement and position of body parts.
(Webster’s def) - the sensation of movement or strain in muscles, tendons and joints.
psychophysics
The branch of psychology that deals with the relationship between physical stimuli and resulting sensations and mental states.
vestibular sense
the sense of body movement and position, including sense of balance
Difference Threshold
The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time.
“Just noticeable difference”
retroactive interference
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info
memory trace
study of synaptic meeting places where neurons communicate
ESP
Extra Sensory perception
The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input, this includes telepathy ( mind to mind )
clairvoyance ( remote events )
precognition ( future events )
inerposition
illusion
if one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer.
proactive interference
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
feature detectors
nerve cells n the brain that responds to specific features of the stimulus such as shape, angle, or movement.
perceptual constancy
perceiving objects as unchanging
(Having consistent shapes, sizes, lightness, and color)
even as illuminations and retinal images change.
Relative size
illusion
when two similar objects are viewed the smaller one is perceived as being farther away
relative hight
illusion
An object higher in our field of view is perceived as being farther away
Linear perspective
illusion
paralel lines, such as rail road tracks, appear to converge, the greater their perceived distance.
monoculare cues
depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone
Closure
illusion
the filling in of gaps to create a complete, whole object
Frequency theory
the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus pitch
place theory
The theory that links pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated
Gestalt
a organized whole,
emphasized tendency to integrate pieces of information into a meaningful wholes.
Gate - control theory
the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signal or allows them to pass into the brain. The gate is opened by intensity of pain signals…small nerve fibers opened… large nerve fibers or brain
parallel processing
The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information precessing for many functions
intensity
Short = blue Great = bright long = red small = dull
the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness as determined by the wave’s amplitude
inner ear
innermost parts of the ear.
The cochlea, semicircular canals & vestibular sacs
Hue
the gradation or variety of color that is determined by wavelength of light
weber’s law
the principal that, to be a perceived as different, a stimuli must differ by a constant minimum %
Signal detection theory
Theory of how & when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation. Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person’s….
priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations
3 sins of forgetting
Absent mindedness:
inattention to details leads to encoding failure ( mind is elsewhere hen you put down your keys )
Transience :
storage decay over time ( unused info )
Blocking :
inaccessibility of stored info (on the tip of your tongue, can’t remember the actors name when you see him in a movie )
3 sins of distortion (memory distortion)
misattribution :
confusing the source of info ( remembering a dream as reality)
Suggestibility:
The lingering effect of misinformation ( leading ? = child’s false memory )
Bias:
belief- colored recollection ( current feelings muddle with initial feelings.
transduce
conversion of one form of energy into another stimulus energizes - sights & sounds
fovea
the central focal point in the retina around which the eye’s cones (color receptors) cluster
volley principle
neurons alternate firing- - combined frequency- + 1000 waves per second
posthypnotic suggestion
a suggestion made durring a hypnosis session to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized. used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms & behaviors.
Watson
founded behaviorism
NOT- Sherlock Holmes side kick Dr. Watson
Maslow
Humanist approach
Rogers
Humanistic therapy
Locke
British philosopher, empiricist
Wundt
1st psychology labratory
B. F. Skinner
American psychologist, behaviorist,
STUDIED REINFORCEMENT
Washburn
1st woman PhD.
Pavlov
Discovered conditioning (famous dog conditioning experiments)
Titchener
used introspection
Elizabeth Loftus
repressed / false memories, suggestibility in children
Can’t trust hypnosis / therapy & cases of abuse. Wrong eyewitness accounts
Calkins
1st woman president of APA
Descartes
French philosopher nativist, and dualist
Hall
1st Lab in USA
Freud
Sigmund Freud considered the 1st psychotherapist. Father of psychoanalysis
Chomsky
Studied language
Thorndike
studied learning in cat’s
Darwin
British biologist
Ebbinghaus
studied memory
Piaget
studied children’s intelligence
james
1st comprehensive textbook
Plato
Greek philosopher, nativist
Aristotle
Greek philosopher, empiricist
Helmholtz
Herman Helmholtz
German physiologist
( In physiology and psychology he is known for mathematics of the eye, theories of vision, ideas on visual perception of space, color vision research, ad on the sensation of tone, perception of sound and empiricism.)
Middle ear
the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing 3 tiny bones ( hammer, anvil, stirrup ) that concentrate vibrations
near death experience
an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death ( such as after a cardiac arrest ) similar to drug induced hallucinations.
Changes people
- geometric light forms
- meaningful images
- separation from body experiences - floating
prospective memory
(“Remember to…”) events help trigger (“pick up milk!”)
remains strong?
causes of drug use
INFLUENCES:
BIOLOGICAL
genetic predisposition, variations in neuro-transmitter systems
PSYCHOLOGICAL
lacking sense of purpose, significant stress,psychological disorders such as depression.
SOCIAL-CULTURAL
urban environment, cultural attitude towards drugs use, peer influences
perceptual set
a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
States of consciousness
SPONTANEOUSLY INDUCED
daydreaming, drowsiness, dreaming
PHYSIOLOGICALLY INDUCED
hallucinations, orgasm, food, oxygen starvation
PSYCHOLOGICALLY INDUCED
sensory deprivation, hypnosis, meditation
Hallucinogens
psychedelic (“mind manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distorts perception and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
Caffeine
Mild dose 3-4 hours
tolerance
impairs sleep
most abused not treated
methamphetamine
- Powerful addictive, stimulates central nervous system, speeds up body functions, energy / mood changes
- Permanently depressed when not on drugs
(crystal meth, cocaine, heroin are among the most dangerous)
amphetamines
drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speed up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
Stimulants
drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
Stay awake, lose weight, boost mood, boost athletic performance.
Barbiturates
- Depresses activity, central nervous system, impairs memory & judgement
- tranquilizer
- effects simular to drinking - can be lethal when mixed with alcohol.
Alcohol ( ETOH )
- alcohol – sex
- expectancy effects
- reduced self awareness & control
- memory disruption (stimulates brain)
- Slowed neural processing
- disinhibits
Depressants
drugs that reduce neural activity & show body functions
Addiction
compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences
psychological dependance
a psychological need to use a drug
relieve negative emotions
physical dependence
A physical need for the drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when drug is discontinued.
Withdrawal
discomfort & distress that follows discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.
Tolerance
The diminishing effect with regular use of some dose of drug requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drugs effect. ( Neural adaptation )
Dissociation
a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts & behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
Divided - consciousness theory
Hypnosis changes brain waves, “see colors’ - actually see colors ( hallucinations )
split in awareness from hypnosis ( selective attention )
social- influence theory
hypnotic phenomenon is and extension of everyday social behavior, not something unique to hypnosis.
Hypnosis - ignore (pain) - caught up in role of hypnosis
Hypnosis
a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (subject) that certain perceptions feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
REM rebound
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation ( created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)
latent content
according to Freud the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from manifest meaning) was sexual
Forgetting curve
I
I \_\_
I \_\_\_
I (% remembered)
I \_\_\_\_\_\_
I \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_plateau
I
--------------------------------------------------
Timegeneralization
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Albert Bandura
studied importance of modeling in childhood (bobo doll experiment)
Piaget’s stages
SENSORMOTOR 0-2 yrs
experiences the world through senses
PRE-OPERATIONAL 2-6/7 years
Representing things with words / images, intuitive vs. logical thinking
CONCRETE OP 7-11 years
thinking logically, grasps concrete analogies, grasps mathematic operations,
FORMAL OP 12 TO ADULT
Abstract reasoning, mature moral reasoning.
Freud’s Stages
ORAL 0 - 18 months
Pleasure centers around the mouth
ANAL 18 - 36 months
pleasure focuses on bowl and bladder elimination, demand for control.
LATENCY 6 yrs to puberty
Dormant sexual feelings
GENITAL PUBERTY
maturation of sexual interests
Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory
Morality
PRE- CONVENTIONAL - 9
self interests, egocentric, follows rules to avoid punishment, gain results
CONVENTIONAL / by early adolescence
upholding laws, care for others, follow rules “because” they are rules
POST CONVENTIONAL / “MAYBE”
abstract reasoning, basic ethic principles, self defined, what’s” right”
sleep cycle
Sleep cycle from REM to NREM sleep.
dreaming takes place in REM sleep
more hrs = more rem, less stage 4
REM = Rapid eye movement NREM = non rapid eye movement
Halucinations
false sensory experiences such as seeing something. in the absence of external visual stimulus (Stage 1)
Circadian rhythm
- Biological clock
- Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) controls production of melatonin through the pineal gland
Cognitive neuroscience
The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition, Including perception, thinking, memory and languages
Sleep
periodic natural reversible loss of consciousness - as distinct form unconsciousness resulting from coma, general anesthesia or hibernation
REM sleep
rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep state during which vivid dreams commonly occur. (paradoxical sleep- muscles relaxed while other body systems are active.)
opiates
Morphine, Heroin…
depresses neural activity temporairily lessening pain & anxiety
Lethargy, pleasure, slow breathing reduced pain / anxiety = crave for fix
repeated dose = stop of endorphin production - death
Cocaine
Fast talk euphoria - crash 15 to 30 min later
- crack
- depletes brain’s supply of neurotransmitters
- heightened reactions
- emotional disturbance, suspiciousness
- convulsions, cardiac arrest, respiratory failure
ecstasy MDMA
- synthetic stimulant mild hallucinogen
- euphoria, connectedness
- dopamine release - long term effect
- 3-4 hrs
- dehydrating ! ( deadly when dancing)
LSD
- Hallucinogenic drug
- lysergic acid diethylamide
- expectation affects effects
- accident discovered by Albert Hofmann in 1943
marijuana
- hemp plant
- the content
- mild hallucinogen
- 7 seconds to effect brain, lingers in body
- like drunk
- shrinkage of the brain
- canabinoid receptors - the like molecules - pain
- medical uses are - decrease pain, stops nausea, allows patients to eat and gain weight. (as in aids & cancer patients)
Narcolepsy
Sleep disorder-uncontrollable sleep “attacks” (lapse into REM sleep directly at inopportune times)
A genetic sleep disorder where the person falls asleep without warning at any time
lack of hypothalamic center-producs orexin (hypocretin)=alertness
Night terrors
Sleep disorder
- high arousal & appearance of being terrified
- stage 4 sleep, seldom remembered
- change in heart & breathing rates
- children - sleep walking
function of dreams
- file away memories
- meaningful to subconsciousness
- develop and preserve neural pathways
- make sense of neural state
- activation - synthesis theory
- cognitive development (growth Hormones)
sleep functions
1 protects when not out with predators
2 helps recuperate and repair/restore brain function
3 helps make memories go from short to long term
4 helps with creative thinking- inspires
5 growth process - pituitary gland releases growth hormone only during sleep
nicotine
highly addictive
- kills 5.4 million users
1. 3 billion - 7 sec release of drug to brain when smoked
- increased alertness
- at higher levels -
relaxes muscles, releases neurotransmitters reducing stress - reduces circulation in extremities
- Suppresses appetite
- Increases heart rate and blood pressure.
parenting styles
AUTHORITARIAN
parents impose rules & expect obedience
PERMISSIVE
parents submit to their children’s desires. They make few demands & use little punishment
AUTHORITATIVE
parents are both demanding and responsive. they exert control by setting rules & enforcing them but they also explain reasons for rules, encourage discussion & allow exceptions.
Conservation
the principle which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning that properties such as mass volume and numbers remain despite changes in the form of objects.
Stability change
do our early personality traits persist through life or do we become different persons as we age.
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
ie: studying a little each night is better than studying it all at one time the night before the exam.
LTP Long term potentiation
an increase in synapse’s firing potential after a brief, rapid stimulation, believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
Implicit memory
Processed by other brain area, cerebellum
retention of / independent of conscience recollection (non-declarative)
Skills / motor & cognitive
classical conditioning
conditioned reinforcers
a stimulus that gains it’s reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer (secondary reinforcer)
Extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.
operant behavior
behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences.
respondent behavior
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
sensory interaction
the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences it’s taste
top down processing
info. processing guided by high level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
perception
INFLUENCES
BIOLOGICAL
- sensory analysis
- critical period for sensory
PSYCHOLOGICAL
- selective attention
- schemas
- gestalt principles
- context effect
- perceptual set
SOCIAL - CULTURAL
- cultural assumptions & expectations
Color Consistency
perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by object.
absolute thresholds
the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
botom up processing
analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory info
Relative motion (Illusion)
as we move, object that are actually stable may appear to move
Light and shadow (Illusion)
nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes, assumption that light come from above
Depth perception
the ability to see objects in 3D although the images that strike the retina are 2D; allows us to judge distance
connectedness (Illusion)
because they are uniform & linked, we perceive each set of 2 dots & the lines between as a single unit.
human factors psychologists
a branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machine and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use
perceptual adaptation
in vision the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field
stroboscopic movement
movement from different slightly varying pictures (as in animation)
phi phenomenon
Illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession.
Retinal disparity
a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance- The greater the disparity (difference) between the two images the closer the object
Young- Helmholtz trichromatic (three color) Theory
the theory that there are red green and blue color receptors in the eye and when stimulated they produce the perception of any color
blind spot
the point where the optic nerve exits the back of the eye creating a blind spot because there are no receptor cells at that point
opponent - process theory
the theory that opposing retinal processes
RED - GREEN, YELLOW - BLUE, BLACK - WHITE enable color vision
optic nerve
the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
cones
retinal receptors concentrated in the center of the retina that function best in daytime or well lit conditions. produce fine detail and color sensations.
6 million
rods
retinal receptors that detect black and white and grey. provides for peripheral vision as well as low light (night time) vision
120 million
retina
the light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptors, rods & cones + layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual info
lens
the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina
Iris
a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
pupil
the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters
wavelength
the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next, electromagnetic wavelengths
crystalized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skill; tends to increase with age
fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly, tends to decrease during late adulthood.
emerging adulthood
for some people in modern cultures or period from the late teens to early twenties, bridging the gap between adolescence & responsible adulthood
puberty – marrage…
theory of the mind
people’s ideas about their own and others mental states about their feelings, perception, and thoughts, and behaviors these might predict
egocentric
in Piaget’s theory , pre-operational children have a hard time taking another’s point of view.
Nature vs Nurture
how do genetic inheritance (nature) and life experiences (nurture) influence our development?
accommodation
adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
continuity / stages
is development a gradual continuos process like riding an escalator or does it proceed through stages like climbing rungs on a ladder
figure - ground
NEEDED
The organization of the visual field into objects (The figure) that stand out from their surroundings (the Grounds)
cochlear implant
a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
conduction hearing loss
hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
sensorial hearing loss
hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or the auditory nerves
(nerve deafness)
cochlea
a coiled boney fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses
connectionism
views memories as emerging from interconnected neural works; specific memories arise from particular activation pattern within these networks
frequency
the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
prosocial behavior
positive, constructive ,helpful behavior
opposite of antisocial behavior
associative learning
learning that certain events occur together, the events may be two stimuli, or a response and it’s consequences
UR
unconditioned response
in classical conditioning, the unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US)
CR
Conditioned Response
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus.
CS
conditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with and unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
US
Unconditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically triggers a response
High order conditioning
a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a 2nd stimulus
extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response, occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) doesn’t follow a conditioned stimulus (CS)
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
operant chamber
in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforcer, attached devices record the animals rate of response (pressing the bar)
partial (Intermittent) reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement
fixed - ratio schedules
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
teratogens
agents such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during pernatal development and cause harm
FAS (fetal alcohol syndrom)
amnesia
ANTEROGRADE
after losing he hippocampus in surgery, remembered everything before the operation but cannot make a new memory
RETROGRADE
can’t remember anything from before but can make new memories
(memory web) loss of memory
mood congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood
automatic processing
an unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space time and frequency, and of well - learned information, such as word meanings
( visual, acoustic, semantic) –encoding
visual- the encoding of picture mages
Semantic- the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
acoustic- the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli: a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3-4 seconds
repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from conscience anxiety – arousing thoughts, feeling and memories
short term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone # while dialing. before the information is stored of forgotten
long term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system, includes knowledge, skills & experiences
working memory
a newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory & visual - spatial information retrieved from long term memory
rehearsal
the conscience repetition of info either to maintain it in conscience or to encode it for storage
mnemonics
CHUNKING
organizing items into manageable units
HIERARCHIES
a few broad concepts divided into narrower concepts
memory devices/ aids, especially these techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
(acronyms, one/bun two/shoes)
