psych study card AMH

Question 1

manifest content

Answer 1

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream

Question 2

Dreams

Answer 2

A sequence of images, Emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping persons mind. Dreams are notible for their hallucinatory imagery, incongruities, discontinuities and for dreamer’s delusional acceptance of content - later difficulty remembering it.

Question 3

sleep apnea

Answer 3

Sleep disorder- temporary cessation of breathing during sleep. Repeated momentary awakenings. overweight, large necked men, NO Slow wave sleep

Question 4

Insomnia

Answer 4

Sleep Disorder, Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep. worry too much,
Sleeping pills- Alcohol= bad (dependance)
Exercise = Good

Question 5

1 sin of Intrusion

Answer 5

persistent - Unwanted memories ( Being haunted by images of sexual assault)

Question 6

positive transfer

Answer 6

When Phenomenon , where old & new info helps .

Latin helps learn french

Question 7

Cross Sectional Studies

Answer 7

A study where people of different ages are compared with one another

Question 8

Longitudinally

Answer 8

research in which the same people are retested over a long period of time.

Question 9

Delta Waves

Answer 9

Large slow brain waves associated with deep sleep (Stage 4)

Wet Bed, Sleepwalking, Hard to wake

Question 10

Psychoactive drugs

Answer 10

A chemical substance that alters perception and Mood

Question 11

Consciousness

Answer 11

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

Question 12

Dual Processing

Answer 12

The principal that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

Question 13

Selective Attention

Answer 13

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.

Question 14

Irrational blindness

Answer 14

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.

Question 15

Change blindness

Answer 15

Failure to notice changes in the environment.

Change, deafness, choice blindness

Question 16

Alpha waves

Answer 16

Relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed awake state.

Question 17

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 17

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for it’s own sake.

Question 18

cognitive map

Answer 18

A mental representative of the layout of one’s environment.

Question 19

Primary reinforcers

Answer 19

an innately reinforcing stimulus

Biological needs

Question 20

Modeling

Answer 20

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.

Question 21

Negative reinforcement

Answer 21

Increases behavior by stopping or reducing negative stimuli

Question 22

Observational Learning

Answer 22

Learning by observing others

Question 23

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 23

reinforcing the desired behavior every time it occurs.

Question 24

Reinforcer

Answer 24

increases behavior by presenting positive stimuli.

Question 25

Learning

Answer 25

Relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience.

Question 26

Audition

Answer 26

The sense or act of hearing.

Question 27

Pitch

Answer 27

A tone's experienced highness of Lowness; depends of frequency of the tone.

Question 28

Grouping

Answer 28

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.

Question 29

Binocular cues

Answer 29

Depth cues, such as retinal disparity that depends on the use of the eyes.

Question 30

Massed Practice

Answer 30

Cramming!

Question 31

Retrieval

Answer 31

The process of getting information out of memory storage.

Question 32

Storage

Answer 32

The retention of encoded information over time.

Question 33

Encoding

Answer 33

The processing of information into the memory system - ex = by extracting meaning.

Question 34

memory

Answer 34

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Question 35

Effortful Processing

Answer 35

encoding that requires attention and conscience effort.

Question 36

Serial Position Effect`

Answer 36

Our tendency to recall best the last & First items in a list.

Question 37

Rosy Retrospection

Answer 37

recalling high points wile forgetting the mundane points.

Question 38

Primacy effect

Answer 38

after attention shift, recall is best for 1st items.

Question 39

Subliminal

Answer 39

below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

Question 40

Assimilation

Answer 40

interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas.

Question 41

Schema

Answer 41

a conce or framework that organizes and interprets information.

Question 42

Proximity (illusion)

Answer 42

We group nearby figures together. | II II II

Question 43

Similarity | illusion

Answer 43

We group similar figures together. | ^^^ 000 ^^^

Question 44

Continuity | ( illusion )

Answer 44

We perceive smooth continuos patterns rather than discontinuous ones.

Question 45

Parapsychology

Answer 45

The study of paranormal phenomena including ESP and psychokinesis ( the ability to read minds / move objects with our mind)

Question 46

menarche / spermarche

Answer 46

1st period / ejaculation

Question 47

Explicit memory

Answer 47

-Processed in the hippocampus- | Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciencely know and "declare"

Question 48

Regency effect

Answer 48

ability to recall working memory quickly & well

Question 49

Hippocampus

Answer 49

a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.

Question 50

Pshychodynamics

Answer 50

unconscious thoughts & feelings with behavior | Dreams

Question 51

cognitive

Answer 51

all behavior is dictated by conscious thinking

Question 52

Social - cultural

Answer 52

Society & culture dictate thinking & behavior.

Question 53

neuroscience

Answer 53

biological aspect of brain indicates behavior

Question 54

Humanistic

Answer 54

choices can change behavior

Question 55

evolutionary

Answer 55

behavior is dictated by generations of DNA

Question 56

behavioral

Answer 56

every behavior is taught / learned

Question 57

Kinesthesis

Answer 57

The system for sensing movement and position of body parts. (Webster's def) - the sensation of movement or strain in muscles, tendons and joints.

Question 58

psychophysics

Answer 58

The branch of psychology that deals with the relationship between physical stimuli and resulting sensations and mental states.

Question 59

vestibular sense

Answer 59

the sense of body movement and position, including sense of balance

Question 60

Difference Threshold

Answer 60

The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. "Just noticeable difference"

Question 61

retroactive interference

Answer 61

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info

Question 62

memory trace

Answer 62

study of synaptic meeting places where neurons communicate

Question 63

ESP

Answer 63

Extra Sensory perception The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input, this includes telepathy ( mind to mind ) clairvoyance ( remote events ) precognition ( future events )

Question 64

inerposition | illusion

Answer 64

if one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer.

Question 65

proactive interference

Answer 65

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Question 66

feature detectors

Answer 66

nerve cells n the brain that responds to specific features of the stimulus such as shape, angle, or movement.

Question 67

perceptual constancy

Answer 67

perceiving objects as unchanging (Having consistent shapes, sizes, lightness, and color) even as illuminations and retinal images change.

Question 68

Relative size | illusion

Answer 68

when two similar objects are viewed the smaller one is perceived as being farther away

Question 69

relative hight | illusion

Answer 69

An object higher in our field of view is perceived as being farther away

Question 70

Linear perspective | illusion

Answer 70

paralel lines, such as rail road tracks, appear to converge, the greater their perceived distance.

Question 71

monoculare cues

Answer 71

depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone

Question 72

Closure | illusion

Answer 72

the filling in of gaps to create a complete, whole object

Question 73

Frequency theory

Answer 73

the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus pitch

Question 74

place theory

Answer 74

The theory that links pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated

Question 75

Gestalt

Answer 75

a organized whole, | emphasized tendency to integrate pieces of information into a meaningful wholes.

Question 76

Gate - control theory

Answer 76

the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signal or allows them to pass into the brain. The gate is opened by intensity of pain signals...small nerve fibers opened... large nerve fibers or brain

Question 77

parallel processing

Answer 77

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information precessing for many functions

Question 78

intensity

Answer 78

``` Short = blue Great = bright long = red small = dull ``` the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness as determined by the wave's amplitude

Question 79

inner ear

Answer 79

innermost parts of the ear. | The cochlea, semicircular canals & vestibular sacs

Question 80

Hue

Answer 80

the gradation or variety of color that is determined by wavelength of light

Question 81

weber's law

Answer 81

the principal that, to be a perceived as different, a stimuli must differ by a constant minimum %

Question 82

Signal detection theory

Answer 82

Theory of how & when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation. Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's....

Question 83

priming

Answer 83

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations

Question 84

3 sins of forgetting

Answer 84

Absent mindedness: inattention to details leads to encoding failure ( mind is elsewhere hen you put down your keys ) Transience : storage decay over time ( unused info ) Blocking : inaccessibility of stored info (on the tip of your tongue, can't remember the actors name when you see him in a movie )

Question 85

3 sins of distortion (memory distortion)

Answer 85

misattribution : confusing the source of info ( remembering a dream as reality) Suggestibility: The lingering effect of misinformation ( leading ? = child's false memory ) Bias: belief- colored recollection ( current feelings muddle with initial feelings.

Question 86

transduce

Answer 86

conversion of one form of energy into another stimulus energizes - sights & sounds

Question 87

fovea

Answer 87

the central focal point in the retina around which the eye's cones (color receptors) cluster

Question 88

volley principle

Answer 88

neurons alternate firing- - combined frequency- + 1000 waves per second

Question 89

posthypnotic suggestion

Answer 89

a suggestion made durring a hypnosis session to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized. used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms & behaviors.

Question 90

Watson

Answer 90

founded behaviorism | NOT- Sherlock Holmes side kick Dr. Watson

Question 91

Maslow

Answer 91

Humanist approach

Question 92

Rogers

Answer 92

Humanistic therapy

Question 93

Locke

Answer 93

British philosopher, empiricist

Question 94

Wundt

Answer 94

1st psychology labratory

Question 95

B. F. Skinner

Answer 95

American psychologist, behaviorist, | STUDIED REINFORCEMENT

Question 96

Washburn

Answer 96

1st woman PhD.

Question 97

Pavlov

Answer 97

``` Discovered conditioning (famous dog conditioning experiments) ```

Question 98

Titchener

Answer 98

used introspection

Question 99

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 99

repressed / false memories, suggestibility in children Can't trust hypnosis / therapy & cases of abuse. Wrong eyewitness accounts

Question 100

Calkins

Answer 100

1st woman president of APA

Question 101

Descartes

Answer 101

French philosopher nativist, and dualist

Question 102

Hall

Answer 102

1st Lab in USA

Question 103

Freud

Answer 103

Sigmund Freud considered the 1st psychotherapist. Father of psychoanalysis

Question 104

Chomsky

Answer 104

Studied language

Question 105

Thorndike

Answer 105

studied learning in cat's

Question 106

Darwin

Answer 106

British biologist

Question 107

Ebbinghaus

Answer 107

studied memory

Question 108

Piaget

Answer 108

studied children's intelligence

Question 109

james

Answer 109

1st comprehensive textbook

Question 110

Plato

Answer 110

Greek philosopher, nativist

Question 111

Aristotle

Answer 111

Greek philosopher, empiricist

Question 112

Helmholtz

Answer 112

Herman Helmholtz German physiologist ( In physiology and psychology he is known for mathematics of the eye, theories of vision, ideas on visual perception of space, color vision research, ad on the sensation of tone, perception of sound and empiricism.)

Question 113

Middle ear

Answer 113

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing 3 tiny bones ( hammer, anvil, stirrup ) that concentrate vibrations

Question 114

near death experience

Answer 114

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death ( such as after a cardiac arrest ) similar to drug induced hallucinations. Changes people - geometric light forms - meaningful images - separation from body experiences - floating

Question 115

prospective memory

Answer 115

("Remember to...") events help trigger ("pick up milk!") | remains strong?

Question 116

causes of drug use

Answer 116

INFLUENCES: BIOLOGICAL genetic predisposition, variations in neuro-transmitter systems PSYCHOLOGICAL lacking sense of purpose, significant stress,psychological disorders such as depression. SOCIAL-CULTURAL urban environment, cultural attitude towards drugs use, peer influences

Question 117

perceptual set

Answer 117

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

Question 118

States of consciousness

Answer 118

SPONTANEOUSLY INDUCED daydreaming, drowsiness, dreaming PHYSIOLOGICALLY INDUCED hallucinations, orgasm, food, oxygen starvation PSYCHOLOGICALLY INDUCED sensory deprivation, hypnosis, meditation

Question 119

Hallucinogens

Answer 119

psychedelic ("mind manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distorts perception and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

Question 120

Caffeine

Answer 120

Mild dose 3-4 hours tolerance impairs sleep most abused not treated

Question 121

methamphetamine

Answer 121

- Powerful addictive, stimulates central nervous system, speeds up body functions, energy / mood changes - Permanently depressed when not on drugs (crystal meth, cocaine, heroin are among the most dangerous)

Question 122

amphetamines

Answer 122

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speed up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

Question 123

Stimulants

Answer 123

drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. Stay awake, lose weight, boost mood, boost athletic performance.

Question 124

Barbiturates

Answer 124

- Depresses activity, central nervous system, impairs memory & judgement - tranquilizer - effects simular to drinking - can be lethal when mixed with alcohol.

Question 125

Alcohol ( ETOH )

Answer 125

- alcohol -- sex - expectancy effects - reduced self awareness & control - memory disruption (stimulates brain) - Slowed neural processing - disinhibits

Question 126

Depressants

Answer 126

drugs that reduce neural activity & show body functions

Question 127

Addiction

Answer 127

compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences

Question 128

psychological dependance

Answer 128

a psychological need to use a drug | relieve negative emotions

Question 129

physical dependence

Answer 129

A physical need for the drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when drug is discontinued.

Question 130

Withdrawal

Answer 130

discomfort & distress that follows discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.

Question 131

Tolerance

Answer 131

The diminishing effect with regular use of some dose of drug requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drugs effect. ( Neural adaptation )

Question 132

Dissociation

Answer 132

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts & behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

Question 133

Divided - consciousness theory

Answer 133

Hypnosis changes brain waves, "see colors' - actually see colors ( hallucinations ) split in awareness from hypnosis ( selective attention )

Question 134

social- influence theory

Answer 134

hypnotic phenomenon is and extension of everyday social behavior, not something unique to hypnosis. Hypnosis - ignore (pain) - caught up in role of hypnosis

Question 135

Hypnosis

Answer 135

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (subject) that certain perceptions feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Question 136

REM rebound

Answer 136

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation ( created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

Question 137

latent content

Answer 137

according to Freud the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from manifest meaning) was sexual

Question 138

Forgetting curve

Answer 138

``` I I __ I ___ I (% remembered) I ______ I ________________plateau I -------------------------------------------------- Time ```

Question 139

generalization

Answer 139

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Question 140

Albert Bandura

Answer 140

studied importance of modeling in childhood (bobo doll experiment)

Question 141

Piaget's stages

Answer 141

SENSORMOTOR 0-2 yrs experiences the world through senses PRE-OPERATIONAL 2-6/7 years Representing things with words / images, intuitive vs. logical thinking CONCRETE OP 7-11 years thinking logically, grasps concrete analogies, grasps mathematic operations, FORMAL OP 12 TO ADULT Abstract reasoning, mature moral reasoning.

Question 142

Freud's Stages

Answer 142

ORAL 0 - 18 months Pleasure centers around the mouth ANAL 18 - 36 months pleasure focuses on bowl and bladder elimination, demand for control. LATENCY 6 yrs to puberty Dormant sexual feelings GENITAL PUBERTY maturation of sexual interests

Question 143

Lawrence Kohlberg's theory

Answer 143

Morality PRE- CONVENTIONAL - 9 self interests, egocentric, follows rules to avoid punishment, gain results CONVENTIONAL / by early adolescence upholding laws, care for others, follow rules "because" they are rules POST CONVENTIONAL / "MAYBE" abstract reasoning, basic ethic principles, self defined, what's" right"

Question 144

sleep cycle

Answer 144

Sleep cycle from REM to NREM sleep. dreaming takes place in REM sleep more hrs = more rem, less stage 4 ``` REM = Rapid eye movement NREM = non rapid eye movement ```

Question 145

Halucinations

Answer 145

false sensory experiences such as seeing something. in the absence of external visual stimulus (Stage 1)

Question 146

Circadian rhythm

Answer 146

- Biological clock | - Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) controls production of melatonin through the pineal gland

Question 147

Cognitive neuroscience

Answer 147

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition, Including perception, thinking, memory and languages

Question 148

Sleep

Answer 148

periodic natural reversible loss of consciousness - as distinct form unconsciousness resulting from coma, general anesthesia or hibernation

Question 149

REM sleep

Answer 149

rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep state during which vivid dreams commonly occur. (paradoxical sleep- muscles relaxed while other body systems are active.)

Question 150

opiates

Answer 150

Morphine, Heroin... depresses neural activity temporairily lessening pain & anxiety Lethargy, pleasure, slow breathing reduced pain / anxiety = crave for fix repeated dose = stop of endorphin production - death

Question 151

Cocaine

Answer 151

Fast talk euphoria - crash 15 to 30 min later - crack - depletes brain's supply of neurotransmitters - heightened reactions - emotional disturbance, suspiciousness - convulsions, cardiac arrest, respiratory failure

Question 152

ecstasy MDMA

Answer 152

- synthetic stimulant mild hallucinogen - euphoria, connectedness - dopamine release - long term effect - 3-4 hrs - dehydrating ! ( deadly when dancing)

Question 153

LSD

Answer 153

- Hallucinogenic drug - lysergic acid diethylamide - expectation affects effects - accident discovered by Albert Hofmann in 1943

Question 154

marijuana

Answer 154

- hemp plant - the content - mild hallucinogen - 7 seconds to effect brain, lingers in body - like drunk - shrinkage of the brain - canabinoid receptors - the like molecules - pain - medical uses are - decrease pain, stops nausea, allows patients to eat and gain weight. (as in aids & cancer patients)

Question 155

Narcolepsy

Answer 155

Sleep disorder-uncontrollable sleep "attacks" (lapse into REM sleep directly at inopportune times) A genetic sleep disorder where the person falls asleep without warning at any time lack of hypothalamic center-producs orexin (hypocretin)=alertness

Question 156

Night terrors

Answer 156

Sleep disorder - high arousal & appearance of being terrified - stage 4 sleep, seldom remembered - change in heart & breathing rates - children - sleep walking

Question 157

function of dreams

Answer 157

- file away memories - meaningful to subconsciousness - develop and preserve neural pathways - make sense of neural state - activation - synthesis theory - cognitive development (growth Hormones)

Question 158

sleep functions

Answer 158

1 protects when not out with predators 2 helps recuperate and repair/restore brain function 3 helps make memories go from short to long term 4 helps with creative thinking- inspires 5 growth process - pituitary gland releases growth hormone only during sleep

Question 159

nicotine

Answer 159

highly addictive - kills 5.4 million users 1. 3 billion - 7 sec release of drug to brain when smoked 1. increased alertness 2. at higher levels - relaxes muscles, releases neurotransmitters reducing stress 3. reduces circulation in extremities 4. Suppresses appetite 5. Increases heart rate and blood pressure.

Question 160

parenting styles

Answer 160

AUTHORITARIAN parents impose rules & expect obedience PERMISSIVE parents submit to their children's desires. They make few demands & use little punishment AUTHORITATIVE parents are both demanding and responsive. they exert control by setting rules & enforcing them but they also explain reasons for rules, encourage discussion & allow exceptions.

Question 161

Conservation

Answer 161

the principle which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning that properties such as mass volume and numbers remain despite changes in the form of objects.

Question 162

Stability change

Answer 162

do our early personality traits persist through life or do we become different persons as we age.

Question 163

spacing effect

Answer 163

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. ie: studying a little each night is better than studying it all at one time the night before the exam.

Question 164

LTP Long term potentiation

Answer 164

an increase in synapse's firing potential after a brief, rapid stimulation, believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

Question 165

Implicit memory

Answer 165

Processed by other brain area, cerebellum retention of / independent of conscience recollection (non-declarative) Skills / motor & cognitive classical conditioning

Question 166

conditioned reinforcers

Answer 166

a stimulus that gains it's reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer (secondary reinforcer)

Question 167

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 167

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.

Question 168

operant behavior

Answer 168

behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences.

Question 169

respondent behavior

Answer 169

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.

Question 170

sensory interaction

Answer 170

the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences it's taste

Question 171

top down processing

Answer 171

info. processing guided by high level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

Question 172

perception

Answer 172

INFLUENCES BIOLOGICAL - sensory analysis - critical period for sensory PSYCHOLOGICAL - selective attention - schemas - gestalt principles - context effect - perceptual set SOCIAL - CULTURAL - cultural assumptions & expectations

Question 173

Color Consistency

Answer 173

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by object.

Question 174

absolute thresholds

Answer 174

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

Question 175

botom up processing

Answer 175

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory info

Question 176

Relative motion (Illusion)

Answer 176

as we move, object that are actually stable may appear to move

Question 177

Light and shadow (Illusion)

Answer 177

nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes, assumption that light come from above

Question 178

Depth perception

Answer 178

the ability to see objects in 3D although the images that strike the retina are 2D; allows us to judge distance

Question 179

connectedness (Illusion)

Answer 179

because they are uniform & linked, we perceive each set of 2 dots & the lines between as a single unit.

Question 180

human factors psychologists

Answer 180

a branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machine and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

Question 181

perceptual adaptation

Answer 181

in vision the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

Question 182

stroboscopic movement

Answer 182

movement from different slightly varying pictures (as in animation)

Question 183

phi phenomenon

Answer 183

Illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession.

Question 184

Retinal disparity

Answer 184

a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance- The greater the disparity (difference) between the two images the closer the object

Question 185

Young- Helmholtz trichromatic (three color) Theory

Answer 185

the theory that there are red green and blue color receptors in the eye and when stimulated they produce the perception of any color

Question 186

blind spot

Answer 186

the point where the optic nerve exits the back of the eye creating a blind spot because there are no receptor cells at that point

Question 187

opponent - process theory

Answer 187

the theory that opposing retinal processes | RED - GREEN, YELLOW - BLUE, BLACK - WHITE enable color vision

Question 188

optic nerve

Answer 188

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

Question 189

cones

Answer 189

retinal receptors concentrated in the center of the retina that function best in daytime or well lit conditions. produce fine detail and color sensations. 6 million

Question 190

rods

Answer 190

retinal receptors that detect black and white and grey. provides for peripheral vision as well as low light (night time) vision 120 million

Question 191

retina

Answer 191

the light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptors, rods & cones + layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual info

Question 192

lens

Answer 192

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

Question 193

Iris

Answer 193

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

Question 194

pupil

Answer 194

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

Question 195

wavelength

Answer 195

the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next, electromagnetic wavelengths

Question 196

crystalized intelligence

Answer 196

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skill; tends to increase with age

Question 197

fluid intelligence

Answer 197

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly, tends to decrease during late adulthood.

Question 198

emerging adulthood

Answer 198

for some people in modern cultures or period from the late teens to early twenties, bridging the gap between adolescence & responsible adulthood puberty -- marrage...

Question 199

theory of the mind

Answer 199

people's ideas about their own and others mental states about their feelings, perception, and thoughts, and behaviors these might predict

Question 200

egocentric

Answer 200

in Piaget's theory , pre-operational children have a hard time taking another's point of view.

Question 201

Nature vs Nurture

Answer 201

how do genetic inheritance (nature) and life experiences (nurture) influence our development?

Question 202

accommodation

Answer 202

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

Question 203

continuity / stages

Answer 203

is development a gradual continuos process like riding an escalator or does it proceed through stages like climbing rungs on a ladder

Question 204

figure - ground

Answer 204

NEEDED The organization of the visual field into objects (The figure) that stand out from their surroundings (the Grounds)

Question 205

cochlear implant

Answer 205

a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

Question 206

conduction hearing loss

Answer 206

hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

Question 207

sensorial hearing loss

Answer 207

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or the auditory nerves (nerve deafness)

Question 208

cochlea

Answer 208

a coiled boney fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses

Question 209

connectionism

Answer 209

views memories as emerging from interconnected neural works; specific memories arise from particular activation pattern within these networks

Question 210

frequency

Answer 210

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

Question 211

prosocial behavior

Answer 211

positive, constructive ,helpful behavior | opposite of antisocial behavior

Question 212

associative learning

Answer 212

learning that certain events occur together, the events may be two stimuli, or a response and it's consequences

Question 213

UR

Answer 213

unconditioned response in classical conditioning, the unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 214

CR

Answer 214

Conditioned Response In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus.

Question 215

CS

Answer 215

conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with and unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Question 216

US

Answer 216

Unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically triggers a response

Question 217

High order conditioning

Answer 217

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a 2nd stimulus

Question 218

extinction

Answer 218

the diminishing of a conditioned response, occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) doesn't follow a conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 219

spontaneous recovery

Answer 219

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Question 220

operant chamber

Answer 220

in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforcer, attached devices record the animals rate of response (pressing the bar)

Question 221

partial (Intermittent) reinforcement

Answer 221

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement

Question 222

fixed - ratio schedules

Answer 222

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Question 223

teratogens

Answer 223

agents such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during pernatal development and cause harm FAS (fetal alcohol syndrom)

Question 224

amnesia

Answer 224

ANTEROGRADE after losing he hippocampus in surgery, remembered everything before the operation but cannot make a new memory RETROGRADE can't remember anything from before but can make new memories (memory web) loss of memory

Question 225

mood congruent memory

Answer 225

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

Question 226

automatic processing

Answer 226

an unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space time and frequency, and of well - learned information, such as word meanings

Question 227

( visual, acoustic, semantic) --encoding

Answer 227

visual- the encoding of picture mages Semantic- the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words acoustic- the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words

Question 228

iconic memory

Answer 228

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli: a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Question 229

echoic memory

Answer 229

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3-4 seconds

Question 230

repression

Answer 230

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from conscience anxiety -- arousing thoughts, feeling and memories

Question 231

short term memory

Answer 231

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone # while dialing. before the information is stored of forgotten

Question 232

long term memory

Answer 232

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system, includes knowledge, skills & experiences

Question 233

working memory

Answer 233

a newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory & visual - spatial information retrieved from long term memory

Question 234

rehearsal

Answer 234

the conscience repetition of info either to maintain it in conscience or to encode it for storage

Question 235

mnemonics

Answer 235

CHUNKING organizing items into manageable units HIERARCHIES a few broad concepts divided into narrower concepts memory devices/ aids, especially these techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices (acronyms, one/bun two/shoes)

Question 236

flash bulb memory

Answer 236

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 237

recall

Answer 237

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier as on a fill in the blank test

Question 238

recognition

Answer 238

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned as on a multi choice test

Question 239

relearning

Answer 239

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

Question 240

priming

Answer 240

the activation, often subconsciously of particular associations in memory See/hear "rabbit" picture rabbit primes memory for " Hare"

Question 241

De ja vu

Answer 241

the sense that and event has happened before. cues from the current event may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience of event.

Question 242

Sensory Memory

Answer 242

The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Question 243

variable - ratio schedules

Answer 243

in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable # of responses

Question 244

fixed interval schedules

Answer 244

in operan conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Question 245

variable interval schedules

Answer 245

in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Question 246

punishment

Answer 246

an event that decreases the behavior it follows ``` + = administer adverse stimuli (spanking) - = withdraw a desirable stimulus ( take away cell phone) ```

Question 247

mirror neurons

Answer 247

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so

Question 248

behaviorism

Answer 248

the view that psychology 1 should be an objective science that 2 studies behavior without reference to mental processes. most agree with # 1 but not #2

Question 249

operant conditioning

Answer 249

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punishment or negative reinforcer.

Question 250

classical conditioning

Answer 250

a type of learning in which one learns to link 2 or more stimuli and anticipate events

Question 251

law of effect

Answer 251

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences became less likely.

Question 252

latent learning

Answer 252

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 253

acquisition

Answer 253

in classical conditioning the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning the strengthening of a reinforced response.

Question 254

discrimination

Answer 254

in classical conditioning the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and a stimuli that doesn't signal an unconditioned stimulus

Question 255

shaping

Answer 255

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards closer and closer approximation of the desired behavior

Question 256

fixation

Answer 256

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set

Question 257

Erikson's stages

Answer 257

TRUST V. MISTRUST: 0-1, basic trust AUTONOMY V. SHAME/DOUBT: 1-3, own will or doubt abilities INITIATIVE V. GUILT: 3-6, guilt efforts to independence INDUSTRY V. INFERIORITY: 6- puberty, pleasure applying to self or feel inferior IDENTITY V. ROLE CONFUSION: teens-20s, testing roles or confused INTIMACY V. ISOLATION: 20s-40s, form close relations (love) or socially isolated GENERATIVELY V. STAGNATION: 40s-60s, sense of contribution or lack of purpose INTEGRITY V. DESPAIR: 60s+, reflection of life

Question 258

discrimination

Answer 258

in classical conditioing, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and a stimuli that doesn't signal an US

Question 259

linguistic determinism

Answer 259

worf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Question 260

connectionism

Answer 260

views memories as emerging form interconnected neural works; specific memories arise from particular activation patterns within these networks

Question 261

representative heuristic

Answer 261

judging likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

Question 262

insight

Answer 262

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions

Question 263

algorithms

Answer 263

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem; contrasts with the usually speedier-but also more error-prone- use of heuristics

Question 264

prototype

Answer 264

a mental image or best example of a category matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories ( as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin)

Question 265

concept

Answer 265

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Question 266

belief perseverance

Answer 266

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Question 267

intuition

Answer 267

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Question 268

heuristic

Answer 268

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms

Question 269

confirmation bas

Answer 269

a tenancy to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Question 270

availability heuristic

Answer 270

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

Question 271

morphemes

Answer 271

in a language, the smallest unit that caries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)

Question 272

grammar

Answer 272

(semantics and syntax) in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Question 273

babbling stage

Answer 273

beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

Question 274

two-word stage

Answer 274

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements

Question 275

telegraphic speech

Answer 275

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-"go car"- using mostly nouns and verbs

Question 276

framing

Answer 276

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

Question 277

language

Answer 277

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Question 278

aphasia

Answer 278

impairment of language, usually cause by left hemisphere damage either to brocca's area (impairing speaking) or to wernicke's area (impairing understanding)

Question 279

semantics

Answer 279

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning

Question 280

phonemes

Answer 280

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Question 281

functional fixedness

Answer 281

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their unusual functions; an impediment to problem solving

Question 282

cognition

Answer 282

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Question 283

one word-stage

Answer 283

the stage in speech development, from about age 1-2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Question 284

overconfidence

Answer 284

the tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

Question 285

mental set

Answer 285

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Question 286

syntax

Answer 286

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

Question 287

Thurstone ( 7 cluster of intelligence)

Answer 287

word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory

Question 288

Robert Sternberg triarchic theory)

Answer 288

1) analytical (academic problem solving) intelligence 2) creative intelligence 3) practical intelligence

Question 289

Howard Gardner (8 intelligences)

Answer 289

1) linguistic 2) logical-mathematical 3) muscial 4) spatial 5) bodily-kinesthetic 6) intrapersonal (self) 7) interpersonal (other people) 8) naturalist

Question 290

creativity and five components

Answer 290

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas | 1)expertise 2) imaginative-thinking 3) adventuresome personality 4) intrinsic motivation 5) creative environment

Question 291

stereotype threat

Answer 291

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

Question 292

factor analysis

Answer 292

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score

Question 293

predictive validity

Answer 293

the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior

Question 294

reliability

Answer 294

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of score on two halve of the test, or on retesting

Question 295

heritability

Answer 295

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. the heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied

Question 296

down syndrome

Answer 296

a condition of retardation and associated physical disorders cause by an extra copy of chromosome 21

Question 297

mental retardation

Answer 297

(intellectual disability) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound (only about 1% of population 50% of which=males)

Question 298

intelligence test

Answer 298

a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others using numerical scores

Question 299

intelligence

Answer 299

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Question 300

Alfred Binet

Answer 300

1857-1911, IQ test (france, to help teach kids)

Question 301

mental age

Answer 301

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically correspond to a given level of performance

Question 302

general intelligence

Answer 302

(Charles Spearman), "g-factor", a general intelligence factor that according to spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

Question 303

Stanford-Binet

Answer 303

the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford university) of Binet's original intelligence test

Question 304

intelligence quotient

Answer 304

IQ = mental age multiplied by chronological age, divided by 100 (original ratio) on contemporary intelligence test, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

Question 305

achievement tests

Answer 305

a test designed to assess what a person has learned

Question 306

aptitude test

Answer 306

a test designed to predict a person's future performance,; aptitude is the capacity to learn

Question 307

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Answer 307

WAIS (WISC=children's' test) | most widely used both verbal and nonverbal performance subtests

Question 308

standardization

Answer 308

defining meaningful score by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

Question 309

normal curve

Answer 309

the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. most score fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

Question 310

content validity

Answer 310

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

Question 311

validity

Answer 311

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Question 312

savant syndrome

Answer 312

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in meltability has an exceptional specific skill, such as computation or drawing

Question 313

emotional intelligence

Answer 313

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

Question 314

Lewis Terman

Answer 314

1877-1956 | created the Stanford-Binet IQ test

Question 315

sleep cycle

Answer 315

awake REM stage 1 stage 1 stage 1 stage 2 stage 2 etc. stage 3 stage 3 stage 4 more hours= more REM, less stage 4

Question 316

Motivation

Answer 316

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Question 317

process to forgetting

Answer 317

blocked from encoding into longterm memory or blocked from retrieval

Question 318

Instinct

Answer 318

A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Question 319

Drive-reduction theory

Answer 319

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy need

Question 320

Homeostasis

Answer 320

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Question 321

Incentives

Answer 321

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Question 322

Hierarchy of needs

Answer 322

``` Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active Self-transcendence needs Self-actualization needs Esteem needs Belongingness and love needs Safety needs Physiological needs ```

Question 323

Glucose

Answer 323

The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When it's level is low, we feel hunger

Question 324

Set point

Answer 324

The point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight

Question 325

Basal metabolic rate

Answer 325

The body's resting rate of energy expenditure

Question 326

Anorexia nervosa

Answer 326

An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15% or more) underweight, yet still feeling fat, continues to starve

Question 327

Bulimia nervosa

Answer 327

An eating disorder in which is characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting,nor excessive exercise

Question 328

Binge-eating disorder

Answer 328

Significant binge-eating episodes, follow by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

Question 329

Sexual response cycle

Answer 329

The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson--excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution 1) excitement: genital areas engorged with blood, woman's vagina expands and lubricates and breasts/nipples enlarge 2) plateau: excitement peaks, breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates increase 3) orgasm: muscle contractions, further increase in breathing rates etc., facilitates conception 4) resolution: gradual return to uncrossed state

Question 330

Refractory period

Answer 330

A resting period after organism, during which a man cannot achieve another organism

Question 331

Sexual disorders

Answer 331

A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

Question 332

Estrogens

Answer 332

Sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity

Question 333

Testosterone

Answer 333

The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male six characteristics during puberty

Question 334

Sexual orientation

Answer 334

An enduring sexual attraction towards members of either one's own sex (homosexual) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)

Question 335

Gunter Dorner

Answer 335

Prenatal hormones effect gays/lesbians falls in-between straight guys and gals?

Question 336

Flow

Answer 336

A completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skill

Question 337

Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology

Answer 337

The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

Question 338

Personnel psychology

Answer 338

A sub field of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development

Question 339

Organizational psychology

Answer 339

A sub field of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

Question 340

Structured interviews

Answer 340

Interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions to all applicants, each not whom is rated on established scales

Question 341

Achievement motivation

Answer 341

A desire for significant accomplishments; for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for rapidly attaining high standard (Henry Murray)

Question 342

Herbert Simon

Answer 342

10 year rule for mastery

Question 343

Task leadership

Answer 343

Goal-orientated leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals (Kenneth Tucker)

Question 344

Social leadership

Answer 344

Group-orientated leadership that builds teamwork, medicates conflict, and offers support (Kenneth Tucker)

Question 345

Emotion

Answer 345

A response of the whole organism, involving 1) physiological arousal, 2) expressive behaviors, and 3) conscious experience

Question 346

James-Lange theory

Answer 346

(William James, Carl Lange) the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

Question 347

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 347

(Walter Cannon and Philip Bard) the theory that an Motion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers 1) physiological responses and 2) the subjective experience of emotion

Question 348

Two-factor theory

Answer 348

(Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer) the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must 1) be physically aroused and 2) cognitively label the arousal

Question 349

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 349

(ANS) system that mobilizes body or calms it, unconsciously

Question 350

Sympathetic division of ANS

Answer 350

Adrenal glands secrete hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline, burn sugar, increase breath, digestion slows, pupils dilate, perspire, wounds clot

Question 351

Parasympathetic division of ANS

Answer 351

Inhibited release of stress hormones=gradual diminish

Question 352

Polygraph

Answer 352

Machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes)

Question 353

Carroll Izand

Answer 353

10 basic emotions: joy, interest/ excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, guilt

Question 354

Catharsis

Answer 354

Emotional release. In psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that releasing aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges (not true!)

Question 355

Feel-good, do-good phenomenon

Answer 355

People's tendency be helpful when already In a good mood

Question 356

Subjective well-being

Answer 356

Self perceived happiness or satisfaction with life, used along with measures of objective well-being (physical and economic factors) to evaluate people's quality of life

Question 357

Adaptive-level phenomenon

Answer 357

Our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

Question 358

Relative deprivation

Answer 358

The perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

Question 359

How to be happy?

Answer 359

1) realize that enduring happiness my jot come from financial success 2) take control of your time 3) act happy 4) seek work and leisure that engage your skills 5) join the "movement" movement 6) give your body the sleep it wants 7) give priority to close relationships 8) focus beyond self 9) count your blessings and record your gratitude 10) nurture your spiritual self

Question 360

Behavioral medicine

Answer 360

An interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease

Question 361

Health psychology

Answer 361

A sub field of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine

Question 362

Stress

Answer 362

The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Question 363

Walter Cannon

Answer 363

"Flight of fight" response

Question 364

General adaption syndrome

Answer 364

(GAS) Hans Seyle's concept of the body's adaptive response to stressing three states-alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Question 365

Coronary heart disease

Answer 365

The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; leading cause of death in many developed countries

Question 366

Type A

Answer 366

Freidman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

Question 367

Type B

Answer 367

Freidman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people

Question 368

Psychophysiological illness

Answer 368

Literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches

Question 369

Psychoneuroimmunology

Answer 369

(PNI) the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

Question 370

Lymphocytes

Answer 370

The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: ~B lymphocytes form in bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; ~T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

Question 371

Coping

Answer 371

Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

Question 372

Problem-focused coping

Answer 372

Attempting to alleviate stress directly--by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

Question 373

Emotion-focused coping

Answer 373

Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction

Question 374

Aerobic exercise

Answer 374

Sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety

Question 375

Biofeedback

Answer 375

A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, much as blood pressure or muscle tension (oversold idea, works beat/only for tension headaches)

Question 376

Complementary and alternative medicine

Answer 376

(CAM) as yet unproven health care treatments intended to supplement compliment, or serve as alternatives to conventional medicine, and which typically are not widely taught in medical schools, used in hospitals, or reimburse by insurance companies. When research shows a therapy to be safe and effective, it usually then becomes part of accepted medical practice Five domains: alternative medicine systems, mind-body interventions, biologically based therapies, manipulative and body-based methods, and energy therapies

Question 377

Biological psychology

Answer 377

A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior (some psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavioral geneticists, physiological psychologists, or bio psychologists)

Question 378

Neuron

Answer 378

A nerve cell, the basic building block of the nervous system

Question 379

Sensory neurons

Answer 379

Neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

Question 380

Motor neurons

Answer 380

Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

Question 381

Interneurons

Answer 381

Neurons whiting the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

Question 382

Dendrite

Answer 382

The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receives meshes and conduct impulses toward the cell body

Question 383

Axon

Answer 383

The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

Question 384

Myelin sheath

Answer 384

A layer of fatty tissue segment ally encasing the fibers of may neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next

Question 385

Action potential

Answer 385

A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down a axon

Question 386

Threshold

Answer 386

The level of simulation required to trigger a neural impulse

Question 387

Synapse

Answer 387

The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap of synaptic cleft

Question 388

Neurotransmitters

Answer 388

Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neurons, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the relieving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse

Question 389

Reuptake

Answer 389

A neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron

Question 390

Endorphins

Answer 390

"Morphine with"- natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure

Question 391

Acetylcholine

Answer 391

Enables muscle action, learning and memory

Question 392

Dopamine

Answer 392

Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion

Question 393

Serotonin

Answer 393

Affect moods, hunger, sleep, arousal

Question 394

Norepinephrine

Answer 394

Helps control alertness and arousal

Question 395

GABA

Answer 395

A major inhibitory neurotransmitter

Question 396

Glutamate

Answer 396

A major excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory

Question 397

Nervous system

Answer 397

The body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and canal nervous systems

Question 398

Central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 398

The brain and spinal cord

Question 399

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 399

The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

Question 400

Nerves

Answer 400

Bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs

Question 401

Somatic nervous system

Answer 401

The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system

Question 402

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 402

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs

Question 403

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 403

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

Question 404

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 404

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

Question 405

reflex

Answer 405

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee jerk response

Question 406

endocrine system

Answer 406

the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream

Question 407

hormones

Answer 407

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

Question 408

hypothalamus

Answer 408

brain region controlling the pituitary gland

Question 409

pituitary gland

Answer 409

secretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands (master gland) the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

Question 410

thyroid gland

Answer 410

affects metabolism, among other things

Question 411

parathyroids

Answer 411

help regenerate the level of calcium in the blood

Question 412

adrenal glands

Answer 412

inner part helps trigger the "flight-or-fight" response a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress

Question 413

pancreas

Answer 413

regulates the level of sugar in the blood

Question 414

ovary

Answer 414

secretes female sex hormones

Question 415

testis

Answer 415

secretes male sex hormones

Question 416

lesion

Answer 416

tissue destruction. a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue

Question 417

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Answer 417

an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by the electrodes placed on the scalp

Question 418

(PET) Position emission tomography scan

Answer 418

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

Question 419

(MRI) magnetic resonance imaging

Answer 419

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy

Question 420

(fMRI) functional MRI

Answer 420

a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function

Question 421

brainstem

Answer 421

the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enter the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions

Question 422

medulla

Answer 422

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing | [Pons above medulla, helps coordinate fine-motor movements]

Question 423

reticular formation

Answer 423

a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal

Question 424

thalamus

Answer 424

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

Question 425

cerebellum

Answer 425

the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance

Question 426

limbic system

Answer 426

neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and the hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives

Question 427

amygdala

Answer 427

two lima-bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion

Question 428

hypothalamus

Answer 428

a neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperatures), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward

Question 429

cerebral cortex

Answer 429

the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control gland and information-processing center

Question 430

glial cells (glia)

Answer 430

cells in the nervous system that supports, nourish, and protect neurons

Question 431

frontal lobes

Answer 431

portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements

Question 432

parietal lobes

Answer 432

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear, receives sensory input for touch and body position

Question 433

occipital lobes

Answer 433

portion of the cerebral cotex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receives information from the visual fields

Question 434

temporal lobes

Answer 434

portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily form the opposite ear

Question 435

motor cortex

Answer 435

an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

Question 436

sensory cortex

Answer 436

area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

Question 437

association areas

Answer 437

areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking

Question 438

plasticity

Answer 438

the brain's ability to change especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

Question 439

neurogenesis

Answer 439

the formation of new neurons

Question 440

corpus callosum

Answer 440

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

Question 441

split brains

Answer 441

a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them

Question 442

Personal control

Answer 442

the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling happiness

Question 443

psychosexual stages

Answer 443

(oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) the childhood stages of development during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

Question 444

projection

Answer 444

the defense mechanism the people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Question 445

repression

Answer 445

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxeity-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from the consciousness

Question 446

superego

Answer 446

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

Question 447

Big Five Personality

Answer 447

Conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion

Question 448

Minnesota multipurpose personality inventory (MMPI)

Answer 448

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests, originally developed to identify emotional disorders (most appropriate use) now used for many other screening purposes

Question 449

Personality

Answer 449

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Question 450

Carl Rogers (growth-promoting personality

Answer 450

genuineness, acceptance, empathy | unconditional positive regard

Question 451

Fixate

Answer 451

according to Feurd, lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

Question 452

Identification

Answer 452

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

Question 453

displacement

Answer 453

defense mechanism the shifts sexual or aggressive impulses towards a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

Question 454

self

Answer 454

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings and actions

Question 455

reciprocal determinism

Answer 455

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and the environment 1) different people = choice different environments 2) personalities -> interpret/ react to events 3) personalities -> create situations to do #2

Question 456

Positive psychology

Answer 456

the scientific study of optimal human functioning, aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

Question 457

psychoanalysis

Answer 457

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Question 458

person-situation controversy

Answer 458

behavior= interaction of our inner disposition and our environment

Question 459

thematic apperception test (TAT)

Answer 459

(Henry Murray) a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Question 460

terror-managment theory

Answer 460

(Jeff Greenberg, Sheldon Solomon, Tom Pyszynski) a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.

Question 461

personality inventory

Answer 461

a questionnaire ( often with T/F or agree/disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors used to assess selected personality traits

Question 462

social-cognitive perspective

Answer 462

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking and their social context

Question 463

empirically derived tests

Answer 463

a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

Question 464

trait

Answer 464

a characteristic pattern of behavior or disposition to feel and act, as assessed by the self-report inventories and peer reports

Question 465

Eysenck personality map

Answer 465

unstable (touchy, restless, aggressive, excitable, changeable, impulsive, optimistic, active) Extraverted (sociable, outgoing, talkative, responsive, easygoing, lively, carefree, leadership) Stable (calm, even tempered, reliable, controlled, peaceful, thoughtful, careful, passive) Introverted (quiet, unsociable, reserved, pessimistic, sober, rigid, moody, anxious) unstable

Question 466

external locus of control

Answer 466

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate

Question 467

internal locus of control

Answer 467

the perception that you control your own fate

Question 468

learned helplessness

Answer 468

the hoplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Question 469

spotlight effect

Answer 469

overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

Question 470

self esteem

Answer 470

one's feeling of high or low self esteem

Question 471

self serving bias

Answer 471

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

Question 472

self concept

Answer 472

allow our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "who am I?"

Question 473

unconditional positive regard

Answer 473

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

Question 474

self actualization

Answer 474

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential and self transcendence; meaning, purpose, and communication beyond the self

Question 475

Rorschach inkblot test

Answer 475

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Herman Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

Question 476

projective tests

Answer 476

a personality test, such as the Rorschacher or TAT, that providesd ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

Question 477

Collective unconscious

Answer 477

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our specie's history

Question 478

denial

Answer 478

a defense mechanism where people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities

Question 479

rationalization

Answer 479

a defense mechanism that offers self justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions

Question 480

reaction formation

Answer 480

a defense mechanism where the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety arousing unconscious feelings

Question 481

regression

Answer 481

a defense mechanism that an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

Question 482

defense mechanisms

Answer 482

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Question 483

Oedipus complex

Answer 483

according to Freud, a boys' sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred from the rival father (visa versa with girls= electra complex)

Question 484

ego

Answer 484

the largely conscious, "exectutive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

Question 485

id's/ID

Answer 485

contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

Question 486

unconscious

Answer 486

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing we are unaware of

Question 487

free association

Answer 487

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Question 488

Psychological disorder

Answer 488

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns

Question 489

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Answer 489

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of the three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity

Question 490

medical model

Answer 490

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital

Question 491

DSM-IV-TR

Answer 491

The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fourth edition, with an updated "text version" widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

Question 492

six clusters of strength?

Answer 492

``` Wisdom and knowledge courage (overcoming opposition) love justice temperance transcendence ```

Question 493

anxiety disorders

Answer 493

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Question 494

generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 494

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

Question 495

panic disorder

Answer 495

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

Question 496

phobias

Answer 496

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific abject or situations (learned helplessness, observations fear conditioning)

Question 497

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Answer 497

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) (checkers, hoarders, cleaners)

Question 498

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 498

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmare, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Question 499

post-traumatic growth

Answer 499

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

Question 500

somatoform disorder

Answer 500

psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause

Question 501

conversion disorder

Answer 501

a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found

Question 502

hypochondriasis

Answer 502

a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

Question 503

dissociative disorders

Answer 503

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

Question 504

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Answer 504

(multiple personality disorder) a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits 2 or more distinct and alternating personalities

Question 505

Multiaxial classification

Answer 505

axis 1-clinical syndrome axis 2-personality disorder/mental retardation axis 3- general medical condition axis 4-psychosocial/ environmental problems axis 5-global assessment

Question 506

mood disorders

Answer 506

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes (major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar disorder)

Question 507

major depressive disorder

Answer 507

a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities lacking neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin cycle: stressful experiences leads to negative explanatory style leads to depressed mood leads to cognitive and behavioral changes leads to stressful experiences

Question 508

mania

Answer 508

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state an abundance of neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin

Question 509

bipolar disorder

Answer 509

a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania (manic-depressive disorder)

Question 510

schizophrenia

Answer 510

("split-mind") a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions Positive symptoms: hallucinations, talk is disorganized, deluded ways, inappropriate laughter, tears, or rage negative symptoms: toneless voices, expressionless faces, mute or rigid bodies

Question 511

delusions

Answer 511

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

Question 512

subtypes of schizophrenia

Answer 512

``` paranoid (delusions/hallucinations) disorganized (speech/behavior, emotions) catatonic (immobility, parrotlike) undifferentiated (many/all and varied symptoms) residual (withdrawal after paranoid) ```

Question 513

warnings of schizophrenia

Answer 513

``` birth complications (low birth weight or oxygen deprivation), separation from parent, short attention span and poor muscle coordination, disruptive or withdrawn behavior, emotional unpredictability, poor peer relations and solo play Brain: shrunk cerebral tissues, enlarged butterfly gap, low frontal activity/decline in brainwaves of synchronized neural firing, impaired glutamate activity ```

Question 514

personality disorder

Answer 514

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

Question 515

antisocial personality disorder

Answer 515

a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

Question 516

Social psychology

Answer 516

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Question 517

attribution theory

Answer 517

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

Question 518

fundamental attribution error

Answer 518

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Question 519

attitudes

Answer 519

feelings often influenced by our beliefs, that predisposes us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

Question 520

central route to persuasion

Answer 520

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

Question 521

peripheral route to persuasion

Answer 521

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

Question 522

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Answer 522

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Question 523

role

Answer 523

a set of explanations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Question 524

cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 524

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

Question 525

conformity

Answer 525

adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Question 526

normative social influence

Answer 526

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Question 527

informational social influence

Answer 527

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality

Question 528

social facilitation

Answer 528

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Question 529

social loafing

Answer 529

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal that when individually accountable

Question 530

de-individuation

Answer 530

the loss of self-awarness and self-resstraint occurring in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity

Question 531

group polarization

Answer 531

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion with the group

Question 532

groupthink

Answer 532

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony is a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Question 533

prejudice

Answer 533

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

Question 534

stereotype

Answer 534

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often over exaggerated) belief about a group of people

Question 535

discrimination

Answer 535

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Question 536

ingroup

Answer 536

"US"- people with whom we share a common identity

Question 537

outgroup

Answer 537

"THEM"- those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

Question 538

ingroup bias

Answer 538

the tendency to favor our own group

Question 539

scapegoat theory

Answer 539

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Question 540

other-race effect

Answer 540

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias

Question 541

just-world phenomenon

Answer 541

the tendency for people to believe the world is a just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Question 542

aggression

Answer 542

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy (reactive or proactive)

Question 543

frustration-aggrasseion principle

Answer 543

the principle that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression

Question 544

mere exposure effect

Answer 544

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increase liking of them

Question 545

passionate love

Answer 545

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

Question 546

Hatfield's two factor love theory

Answer 546

1) emotions=physical arousal and cognitive appraisal | 2) arousal from any source can enhance one emotion or another, depending on how we interpret and label the arousal

Question 547

companionate love

Answer 547

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Question 548

equity

Answer 548

a condition on which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

Question 549

self-disclosure

Answer 549

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Question 550

altruism

Answer 550

unselfish regard fr the welfare of others

Question 551

bystander effect

Answer 551

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Question 552

social exchange theory

Answer 552

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Question 553

reciprocity norm

Answer 553

an exception that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Question 554

social-responsibility norm

Answer 554

an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them

Question 555

conflict

Answer 555

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

Question 556

social trap

Answer 556

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing the self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Question 557

mirror-image perceptions

Answer 557

mutual views, often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

Question 558

superordinate goals

Answer 558

shared goals that override differences among people and require their corporation

Question 559

GRIT

Answer 559

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-reduction-- a strategy designed to decrease international tensions

Question 560

Milgram's experiment

Answer 560

electroshock--teachers (unethically stressed) and students (fake)

Question 561

Solomon Asch's experiment

Answer 561

conformity and lines

Question 562

Zimbardo's experiment

Answer 562

Stanford Prison experiment

Question 563

psychotherapy

Answer 563

a planned, emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained, socially sanctioned healer and a sufferer

Question 564

biomedical therapy

Answer 564

a prescribed medication or medical procedure that acts directly on the patient's nervous system

Question 565

eclectic approach

Answer 565

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Question 566

psychoanalysis

Answer 566

Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences-and the therapist's interpretations of them- released previously repressed feeling, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

Question 567

resistance

Answer 567

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

Question 568

interpretation

Answer 568

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

Question 569

transference

Answer 569

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotion linked with other relationship (such as love or hatred for a parent)

Question 570

client-centered therapy

Answer 570

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques, such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth

Question 571

active listening

Answer 571

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Roger's client centered therapy

Question 572

behavior therapy

Answer 572

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

Question 573

counterconditioning

Answer 573

a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure therapy and aversive conditioning

Question 574

exposure therapies

Answer 574

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people to things they fear and avoid

Question 575

systematic desensitization

Answer 575

a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias

Question 576

virtual reality exposure therapy

Answer 576

an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

Question 577

aversive conditioning

Answer 577

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior

Question 578

token economy

Answer 578

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

Question 579

cognitive therapy

Answer 579

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Question 580

cognitive-behavior therapy

Answer 580

a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Question 581

family therapy

Answer 581

therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationship and improved communication

Question 582

regression toward the mean

Answer 582

the tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average

Question 583

meta-analysis

Answer 583

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

Question 584

psychopharmacology

Answer 584

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

Question 585

tardive Dyskinesia

Answer 585

involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target d2 dopamine receptors

Question 586

electro convulsive therapy (ECT)

Answer 586

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

Question 587

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

Answer 587

the application of repeated pulse of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate o suppress brain activity

Question 588

psychosurgery

Answer 588

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

Question 589

lobotomy

Answer 589

a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cuts the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain