Psych/Soc Psychological Disorders (2)

Question 1

Psychological disorder

Answer 1

a characteristic set of feelings, thoughts or behaviors that differ from the cultural norm and can cause distress to the individual suffering from them

Question 2

Biomedical approach

Answer 2

views the root of psychological disorders as a biomedical imbalance/disturbance; treatment focuses solely on medication

Question 3

Biopsychosocial approach

Answer 3

broader view of psychological disorders that considers biomedical, psychological and social factors when defining the origin of a disorder

Question 4

Direct therapy

Answer 4

helping an individual resolve their psychological disorder with medication or period talk therapy

Question 5

Indirect therapy

Answer 5

increasing support for the individual with help from family, friends or other components of the individual’s social network

Question 6

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

Answer 6

standardized resource to assist clinician in classifying and diagnosing psychological disorders

Question 7

Psychotic disorders

Answer 7

a group of disorders that result in at least one of the following: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized though/behavior, catatonia or negative symptoms

Question 8

Schizophrenia

Answer 8

prototypical psychotic disorder, involves prodrome period before the onset of psychotic symptoms (which may include positive OR negative symptoms)

Question 9

Prodromal phase (prodrome)

Answer 9

phase prior to the diagnosis of a disorder

Question 10

Prodromal phase of schizophrenia

Answer 10

often includes social withdrawal, deteriorations, peculiar behavior

Question 11

Positive symptoms

Answer 11

thoughts/behaviors in addition to normal behavior

EX: hallucinations

Question 12

Negative symptoms

Answer 12

the absence of normal behavior

EX: inability to eat, lack of emotion

Question 13

Delusions

Answer 13

false beliefs not observed to be reality and not share by another individual’s culture; can include delusions of reference, persecution or grandeur

Question 14

Hallucinations

Answer 14

false observations that are not based in reality but are perceived as reality; auditory hallucinations are more common than visual

Question 15

Disorganized thought

Answer 15

positive symptom; refers to expressed words or thoughts strung together in a way that is difficult to understand

Question 16

Catatonia

Answer 16

abnormal movements as a result of a disturbed mental state; can include both spontaneous movements of the inability to move

Question 17

Flat affect

Answer 17

virtually no evidence of emotion

Question 18

Inappropriate affect

Answer 18

emotional presentation discordant with the individual’s speech/behavior

Question 19

Avolition

Answer 19

lack of engagement or participation in goal-driven activities

Question 20

Downward drift hypothesis

Answer 20

postulates that schizophrenia leads to a decline in socioeconomic status - which in turn can lead to worsening schizophrenic symptoms; ultimately causes a cycling of decreased socioeconomic status and worsening of symptoms

Question 21

Major depressive disorder

Answer 21

mood disorder characterized by at least one major depressive episode that lasts at least 2 weeks along with presentation of at least 5 depressive symptoms

Question 22

Anhedonia

Answer 22

loss of interest in activities that used to be interesting

Question 23

Dysthymia

Answer 23

depressed mood not severe enough to be classified as a major depressive episode

Question 24

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Answer 24

a major depressive episode with a seasonal onset, typically during winter months

Question 25

Manic episodes

Answer 25

episodes of extremely elevated mood last at least one week and affecting an individual's normal routine

Question 26

Hypomania

Answer 26

increased level of energy/optimism; distinguished from mania as is does not impair functioning and does not involve psychotic features

Question 27

Bipolar I disorder

Answer 27

alternating episodes of mania that may or may not include depressive episodes

Question 28

Bipolar II disorder

Answer 28

hypomania with at least one major depressive episode

Question 29

Cyclothymic disorder

Answer 29

combination of hypomania and periods of dysthymia

Question 30

Monoamine/catecholamine theory of depression

Answer 30

states that too much norepinephrine or serotonin can lead to mania and not enough leads to depression

Question 31

Generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 31

persistent worry about many different environmental factors

Question 32

Specific phobias

Answer 32

Irrational fears associated with specific objects or situations

Question 33

Social anxiety disorder

Answer 33

anxiety in social situations that could lead to embarrassment

Question 34

Panic disorder

Answer 34

consists of repeated panic attacks characterized by fear, sweating and hyperventilation

Question 35

Obsessive compulsive disorder

Answer 35

characterized by obsessions (repetitive thoughts) and compulsions (behaviors that relieve the tensions brought on by obsessions)

Question 36

Body dysmorphic disorder

Answer 36

an individual with unrealistically negative perception of their personal appearance

Question 37

Anorexia nervosa

Answer 37

body-weight disorder where individuals are overly concerned with being thin; appear unhealthily thin and have dangerously low BMI

Question 38

Bulimia

Answer 38

body-weight disorder where individuals are overly concerned with being thin; appear normal in weight and have normal BMI

Question 39

Binging and purging

Answer 39

cycle of eating large quantities of food and then self-inducing vomiting to rid the body of the food eaten

Question 40

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 40

onset after experiencing a traumatic experience; individuals experience intrusive thoughts, avoidance symptoms and arousal symptoms

Question 41

Dissociative disorders

Answer 41

"escape from reality" to avoid environmental stressors

Question 42

Dissociative amnesia

Answer 42

inability to recall past events; dissociation from reality by presenting with amnesia

Question 43

Dissociative fugue

Answer 43

sudden departure from normal daily activities; individuals may forget or even assume a new identity

Question 44

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Answer 44

also known as multiple personality disorder; individual appears to have 2+ personalities that share control of the individual

Question 45

Depersonalization

Answer 45

an individual appears separated from their own body; "out of body experience"

Question 46

Derealization

Answer 46

individual feels separated from their surroundings and the world appears dreamlike

Question 47

Somatic symptoms disorder

Answer 47

diagnosed when an individual has a somatic symptom that is not necessarily linked to an underlying medical condition

Question 48

Conversion disorder

Answer 48

individuals present with an unexplained somatic symptom following a traumatic event (witnessed or experienced)

Question 49

Illness anxiety disorder

Answer 49

a person consumed with the thought of having an illness/disease; also known as hypochondriasis

Question 50

Cluster A disorders

Answer 50

includes paranoid, schizotypal and schizoid personality disorders; "weird" disorders

Question 51

Cluster B disorders

Answer 51

includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic and narcissistic personality disorders; "wild" disorders

Question 52

Cluster C disorders

Answer 52

includes antisocial, dependent and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders; "worries" disorders

Question 53

Stress-diathesis theory

Answer 53

postulates that genetics provide a biological disposition for schizophrenia but environmental stressors elicit the onset of the disease

Question 54

Narcoleptics

Answer 54

dopamine receptor antagonists; used to treat schizophrenia

Question 55

Dementia

Answer 55

severe cognitive loss beyond what can be attributed to normal aging

Question 56

Beta-amyloid plaques

Answer 56

abnormal clusters of proteins found in the brain; hallmark of Alzheimer's Disease

Question 57

Neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins

Answer 57

abnormal clusters of proteins found in the brain; hallmark of Alzheimer's Disease

Question 58

Parkinson's Disease

Answer 58

characterized by tremors or poor control of fine motor movements; seemingly caused by decreased dopamine production in the substantia nigra

Question 59

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Answer 59

commonly used to treat behavior psychological disorder; a therapist or trained medical professional works with the patient to investigate the patterns of negative thinking or reevaluated trigger events that may have led to the psychological disorder

Question 60

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's)

Answer 60

common therapy for depressive disorders; slow down the process of resorbing serotonin from the synaptic clefts in the brain