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MCAT Prep > Psych/Soc Psychological Disorders (2) > Flashcards

Psych/Soc Psychological Disorders (2) Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Psychological disorder

A

a characteristic set of feelings, thoughts or behaviors that differ from the cultural norm and can cause distress to the individual suffering from them

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2
Q

Biomedical approach

A

views the root of psychological disorders as a biomedical imbalance/disturbance; treatment focuses solely on medication

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3
Q

Biopsychosocial approach

A

broader view of psychological disorders that considers biomedical, psychological and social factors when defining the origin of a disorder

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4
Q

Direct therapy

A

helping an individual resolve their psychological disorder with medication or period talk therapy

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5
Q

Indirect therapy

A

increasing support for the individual with help from family, friends or other components of the individual’s social network

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6
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

A

standardized resource to assist clinician in classifying and diagnosing psychological disorders

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7
Q

Psychotic disorders

A

a group of disorders that result in at least one of the following: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized though/behavior, catatonia or negative symptoms

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8
Q

Schizophrenia

A

prototypical psychotic disorder, involves prodrome period before the onset of psychotic symptoms (which may include positive OR negative symptoms)

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9
Q

Prodromal phase (prodrome)

A

phase prior to the diagnosis of a disorder

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10
Q

Prodromal phase of schizophrenia

A

often includes social withdrawal, deteriorations, peculiar behavior

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11
Q

Positive symptoms

A

thoughts/behaviors in addition to normal behavior

EX: hallucinations

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12
Q

Negative symptoms

A

the absence of normal behavior

EX: inability to eat, lack of emotion

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13
Q

Delusions

A

false beliefs not observed to be reality and not share by another individual’s culture; can include delusions of reference, persecution or grandeur

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14
Q

Hallucinations

A

false observations that are not based in reality but are perceived as reality; auditory hallucinations are more common than visual

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15
Q

Disorganized thought

A

positive symptom; refers to expressed words or thoughts strung together in a way that is difficult to understand

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16
Q

Catatonia

A

abnormal movements as a result of a disturbed mental state; can include both spontaneous movements of the inability to move

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17
Q

Flat affect

A

virtually no evidence of emotion

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18
Q

Inappropriate affect

A

emotional presentation discordant with the individual’s speech/behavior

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19
Q

Avolition

A

lack of engagement or participation in goal-driven activities

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20
Q

Downward drift hypothesis

A

postulates that schizophrenia leads to a decline in socioeconomic status - which in turn can lead to worsening schizophrenic symptoms; ultimately causes a cycling of decreased socioeconomic status and worsening of symptoms

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21
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

mood disorder characterized by at least one major depressive episode that lasts at least 2 weeks along with presentation of at least 5 depressive symptoms

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22
Q

Anhedonia

A

loss of interest in activities that used to be interesting

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23
Q

Dysthymia

A

depressed mood not severe enough to be classified as a major depressive episode

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24
Q

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A

a major depressive episode with a seasonal onset, typically during winter months

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25
Q

Manic episodes

A

episodes of extremely elevated mood last at least one week and affecting an individual’s normal routine

26
Q

Hypomania

A

increased level of energy/optimism; distinguished from mania as is does not impair functioning and does not involve psychotic features

27
Q

Bipolar I disorder

A

alternating episodes of mania that may or may not include depressive episodes

28
Q

Bipolar II disorder

A

hypomania with at least one major depressive episode

29
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A

combination of hypomania and periods of dysthymia

30
Q

Monoamine/catecholamine theory of depression

A

states that too much norepinephrine or serotonin can lead to mania and not enough leads to depression

31
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

persistent worry about many different environmental factors

32
Q

Specific phobias

A

Irrational fears associated with specific objects or situations

33
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

anxiety in social situations that could lead to embarrassment

34
Q

Panic disorder

A

consists of repeated panic attacks characterized by fear, sweating and hyperventilation

35
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorder

A

characterized by obsessions (repetitive thoughts) and compulsions (behaviors that relieve the tensions brought on by obsessions)

36
Q

Body dysmorphic disorder

A

an individual with unrealistically negative perception of their personal appearance

37
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

body-weight disorder where individuals are overly concerned with being thin; appear unhealthily thin and have dangerously low BMI

38
Q

Bulimia

A

body-weight disorder where individuals are overly concerned with being thin; appear normal in weight and have normal BMI

39
Q

Binging and purging

A

cycle of eating large quantities of food and then self-inducing vomiting to rid the body of the food eaten

40
Q

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

onset after experiencing a traumatic experience; individuals experience intrusive thoughts, avoidance symptoms and arousal symptoms

41
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

“escape from reality” to avoid environmental stressors

42
Q

Dissociative amnesia

A

inability to recall past events; dissociation from reality by presenting with amnesia

43
Q

Dissociative fugue

A

sudden departure from normal daily activities; individuals may forget or even assume a new identity

44
Q

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A

also known as multiple personality disorder; individual appears to have 2+ personalities that share control of the individual

45
Q

Depersonalization

A

an individual appears separated from their own body; “out of body experience”

46
Q

Derealization

A

individual feels separated from their surroundings and the world appears dreamlike

47
Q

Somatic symptoms disorder

A

diagnosed when an individual has a somatic symptom that is not necessarily linked to an underlying medical condition

48
Q

Conversion disorder

A

individuals present with an unexplained somatic symptom following a traumatic event (witnessed or experienced)

49
Q

Illness anxiety disorder

A

a person consumed with the thought of having an illness/disease; also known as hypochondriasis

50
Q

Cluster A disorders

A

includes paranoid, schizotypal and schizoid personality disorders; “weird” disorders

51
Q

Cluster B disorders

A

includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic and narcissistic personality disorders; “wild” disorders

52
Q

Cluster C disorders

A

includes antisocial, dependent and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders; “worries” disorders

53
Q

Stress-diathesis theory

A

postulates that genetics provide a biological disposition for schizophrenia but environmental stressors elicit the onset of the disease

54
Q

Narcoleptics

A

dopamine receptor antagonists; used to treat schizophrenia

55
Q

Dementia

A

severe cognitive loss beyond what can be attributed to normal aging

56
Q

Beta-amyloid plaques

A

abnormal clusters of proteins found in the brain; hallmark of Alzheimer’s Disease

57
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins

A

abnormal clusters of proteins found in the brain; hallmark of Alzheimer’s Disease

58
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

characterized by tremors or poor control of fine motor movements; seemingly caused by decreased dopamine production in the substantia nigra

59
Q

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

A

commonly used to treat behavior psychological disorder; a therapist or trained medical professional works with the patient to investigate the patterns of negative thinking or reevaluated trigger events that may have led to the psychological disorder

60
Q

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s)

A

common therapy for depressive disorders; slow down the process of resorbing serotonin from the synaptic clefts in the brain

MCAT Prep (4 decks)

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