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Sonja's MCAT Flashcards > Psych-soc > Flashcards

Psych-soc Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 stages of Selye’s general adaptation syndrome?

A

alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

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2
Q

According to Selye’s general adaptation syndrome, is our response to stress specific or nonspecific?

A

nonspecific, our body will response to all perceived stressors with alarm, resistance and exhaustion the same (including eustress and distress

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3
Q

What is the difference between conformity and group polarization?

A

conformity- shifting behavior

group polarization- a process of decision making, often followed by conformity but not neccesarily

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4
Q

What is social facilitation?

A

The improvement of a task in the presence of others vs alone

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5
Q

What is the difference between obedience, compliance, and conformity?

A

Obedience- change in behavior by authority
Compliance- individuals change behavior based on request of another (could be peer)
Conformity- change in beliefs in order to fit in

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6
Q

What is the difference between validity and reliability in research?

A

Validity- measures accuracy of study

Reliability- the consistence of a measure.

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7
Q

Sapir–Whorf hypothesis is also known as what? What is it?

A

linguistic relativity, describes out perception of life and cognition is relative to our spoken language

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8
Q

What is priming in pschology?

A

How the introduction of one stimulus influence how one perceives subsequent stimuli. Part of IMPLICIT memory

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9
Q

Which type of group is considered more stable, dyads or triads?

A

The larger group, triads, is considered more stable but less intimate, than the dyad

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10
Q

What governs society according to conflict theory?

A

competition between groups. In conflict theory, power/authority are unequally distributed across a society, and groups attempt to maintain their advantages.

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11
Q

According to cognitive dissonance theory, what happens when an individual is presented with information incongruent with their behavior?

A

can change attitudes or behavior as result of new info in order to eliminate cognitive dissonance, however individuals are more likely to adjust attitude than behavior

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12
Q

What is a reference group in psychology?

A

any group individuals use as a standard for eval themselves and their behavior

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13
Q

What is the difference between fixed ratio and variable ratio?

A

in fixed ratio, reward is given for specific # of responses (ie if youre right, you get rewarded). in variable ratio, the number of correct responses needed for reward varies (ie could be after 1 correct response or 4)

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14
Q

What is the dependency ratio?

A

the number of people NOT in labor force: number of people who are (ie kids and oldies vs adults)

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15
Q

what is the life course perspective?

A

approach that incorporated life stage and life span into overall health

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16
Q

What is source monitoring error?

A

not remembering where certain memories come from (such as remembering a dream as reality)

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17
Q

What is the difference between absolute and relative poverty?

A

absolute poverty- being unable to afford basic needs

relative poverty- compared to other people, you are poor

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18
Q

What is the difference between affective and cognitive components of attitude?

A

affective- emotional reaction

cognitive-beliefs and ideas (stereotypes happen here)

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19
Q

Eriksons stages of cog development

A 
0-1 trust vs mistrust
1-3  autonomy vs shame
3-7 initiative vs guilt
7-11 inductry vs inferiorirty
11-20 identity versus role conufsion
20-40 isolation vs intimacy
40-60 generativity vs stagnation
60+ integrity vs despair
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20
Q

left cerebral hemisphere vs right cerebral hemisphere

A

vocabulary/lanuage skills tend to be lateralized to the left hemisphere, whereas visuospatial skills, music perception, and emotion, attention processing tend to be lateralized to the right hemisphere.

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21
Q

What is base rate fallacy?

A

Using stereotype or bias instead of actual data

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22
Q

What is the difference between automatic and controlled processing?

A

Controlled processing requires active attention, automatic processing does NOT require active attention to a task

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23
Q

What is Maslov’s hierarchy of needs theory?

A

a pyramid of needs where lower needs must be met before higher needs are able to be met. IN order: physiological needs, safety, love, esteem, self actualization

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24
Q

What is the difference between dispositional and situational attributions?

A

dispositional attributions are internal, situational attributions are external

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25
Q

Describe the 4 stages of the demographic transition model:

A

Stage 1- high birth rates and high mortality rates, stable population
Stage 2-high birth rates but low mortality rates, due to modern medicine. Population increases.
Stage 3-birth rates decrease, due to birth control, feminism, children needing more education. population decreases
Stage 4-low mortality and low birth rates, population stabilized

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26
Q

What is Darwin’s theory of emotion?

A

emotional expressions are part of evolution, therefore they are hereditary

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27
Q

How does learned helplessness develop?

A

as a result of uncontrollable exposure to an aggressive stimulus

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28
Q

What does the variable ratio schedule result in?

A

High response, no predictable pauses (best option)

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29
Q

What is the difference between proactive and retroactive interference?

A

Proactive interference- old information preventing learning new info
Retroactive interference- new info makes you forget old

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30
Q

What is the difference between retrograde memory and anterograde memory?

A

Retrograde memory- recalling past events

anterograde memory- forming new memories

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31
Q

What is reciprocal exchange?

A

its social, exchanging help from others

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32
Q

What is symbolic interactionism?

A

a theory that focuses on small scale perspectives and small interactions between individuals, can be expanded to understand how larger groups interact and create change.

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33
Q

What is a meritocracy?

A

a society where people move into power, earn things, etc based off of MERIT and deservedness.

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34
Q

How does the humanist perspective explain human behavior?

A

as a function of self concept and incongruence

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35
Q

What stage of cognitive development is egocentrism associated with?

A

Preoperational (2-7). They can only view the world from their perspective.

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36
Q

What does neuroticism measure?

A

tendency toward negative traits– people high in neuroticism get frustrated easily, give up easily. one of the five factor trasits of personality (OCEAN)

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37
Q

What is flashbulb memory?

A

a vivid enduring memory associated with a personally significant and emotional event

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38
Q

What is reproductive memory?

A

remembering something EXACTLY (we dont really do this)

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39
Q

What is prospective memory?

A

remembering to perform a planned action

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40
Q

What is eidetic memory?

A

photographic memory

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41
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

long term memory where you store facts (not your experiences)

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42
Q

What is iconic memory?

A

short term visual memories after seeing something, stored as an image

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43
Q

What is REM rebound?

A

increasing freq and depth of REM sleep after a period of sleep deprivation

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44
Q

What imaging technique is best suited for localizing brain areas?

A

PET - locates where in the brain neural firing is taking place (uses glucose)

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45
Q

What is groupthink?

A

a practice of thinking in a group that discourages individuality

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46
Q

What is self serving bias?

A

taking credit for the good things that happen, blaming outside world for negative outcomes

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47
Q

What is self verification?

A

The tendency to seek out (and agree with) information that is consistent with one’s self concept

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48
Q

What are latent functions?

A

aspects of a social institution that service unacknowledged purposes

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49
Q

What is sensory interaction?

A

the idea that one sensory modality may influence another

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50
Q

what is motion parallax?

A

objects that are closer appear faster than those that are farther

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51
Q

What is perception mal-adaption?

A

a trait more harmful than helpful

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52
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

the process of judging another culture based off of ones own culture

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53
Q

What is the hidden curriculum? which sociology theory is it associated with?

A

The hidden curriculum is the expected social and cultural norms that are taught informally. It is a latent function in functionalism

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54
Q

What is the mean in an IQ test?

A

100, standard deviation of 15

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55
Q

What is instinctual drift?

A

the phenomenon where established habits, learned via operant techniques, are replaced by innate food-related behaviors

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56
Q

What does NOT diminish with age?

A

retrieval of general info (semantic memory, crystalized intelligence)

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57
Q

What is incentive theory of motivation?

A

how outside factors of individuals, including community values and other aspects of cultures, can motivate behavior

58
Q

What is incentive theory of motivation?

A

how outside factors of individuals, including community values and other aspects of cultures, can motivate behavior

59
Q

What is drive theory of motivation?

A

people are driven to take action to reduce internal tensions due to unmet needs (often instinctual such as thirst)

60
Q

What is the difference between social capital and cultural capital?

A

social capital is Who You Know vs cultural capital is your educational/academic credentials or knowledge

61
Q

What are the three components of attitude?

A

Affective (emotional– prejudicce), behavioral (discrimination), and cognitive (believes and stereotypes)

62
Q

What is the difference between punishment and reinforcement?

A

punishment aims to decrease the behavior, reinforcement aims to increase the behavior

63
Q

What is a p-value?

A

between 0 and 1, the probability that a test statistic was found by random chance. typically less than 0.05 (alpha) means its significant and can reject null. if p value not significant, fail to reject null

64
Q

What is the James langer theory of emotion?

A

physiological response –> emotion. James loves to power pose.

65
Q

What is the Schatcher singer theory of emotion?

A

cognitive appraisal + physiological response –> emotion

66
Q

What are key components of bureaucracy?

A

nonelected officials on fixed salary who have rights by making career out of being officials, regular salary increases, rigidity of organization,

67
Q

What is a cross sectional study?

A

a type of observational study that analyzes data from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time

68
Q

Taking an advil to get rid of a HA is what type of operant conditioning?

A

Negative reinforcement

69
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

removing TV time to reduce bad behavior

70
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

hitting your kid to reduce bad behavior

71
Q

What is the concept of diffusion as it pertains to sociology?

A

invention or discovery from one place to another and often involves the spread of ideas across the globe

72
Q

What are the 5 Gestalt principles?

A
  1. Closure
  2. Similarity
  3. Proximity
  4. Continuity
  5. Connectedness/ common fate (birds moving in the same direction)
73
Q

What is the difference between a proximal and a distal stimulus?

A

proximal stimuli actually reach your senses, distal are farther away

74
Q

What is the partial report technique?

A

a memory test where you are asked just for a portion of something shown previously

75
Q

what is context effect?

A

bias of environmental factors on perception in top down processing

76
Q

what are feature detectors?

A

individual neurons in the brain which code for perceptually signfifcant stimuli

77
Q

what are practice effects?

A

change in performance resulting from repeated testing

78
Q

What does fMRI show?

A

monitors blood flow in brain (good spatial resoluation, poor temporal)

79
Q

What does a PET scan measure?

A

glucose metabolism (used to pick up tumors) poor spatial, good temporal resoluation

80
Q

When does stranger anxiety begin in infants?

A

8months of age

81
Q

When does stranger anxiety begin in infants?

A

8months of age

82
Q

What is place theory?

A

place theory is AUDITORY, posits that one is able to hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the choclea’s basilar membrane

83
Q

What is parallel processing?

A

the brain simulatanously processing diff stimuli at once

84
Q

What is interposition?

A

one object partially covering another

85
Q

What is a dependent stressor?

A

a stressor that happens to you that was caused by your OWN behaviour/feeling/attitude

86
Q

What information do we automatically visually process?

A

due to the brains capacity for parallel processing, information about space, time and freq of events is automatically processed, but novel info is not

87
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

introduces an alternative explanation for observed effect

88
Q

What is mass society theory?

A

social movements are bad– dysfuctions of society

89
Q

What is reaction formation?

A

the tendency for a repressed wish to return in its opposite form

90
Q

What are the three stages of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

A

preconventional- avoids punishment
conventional- law and order
post conventional- morals, beyond law and order

91
Q

What is the difference between a periphery nation and a core nation?

A

periphery nations have weak governments and weak economies, rely on core nations.
core nations have strong governments and strong economies

92
Q

In Mead’s theory of identity, what is the difference between I and me?

A

I is our response to the social self, me is the social self (me is who we are outwardly, I is our internal reflection). mead believed both of these together made up identity

93
Q

What is the difference between the ego, superego, and id?

A

superego- ideal self
id- innate urges, brute self
ego- mediator between superego and id

94
Q

What is the Looking glass self via cooley?

A

we are influenced by what we imagine our appearance to others must be (correct and incorrect) and adapt to fit that

95
Q

What does vygotskys theory of dev state?

A

learning takes place through interaction with others- zone of proximal development (what a learning can accomplish with a guide)

96
Q

What is sublimation in psychology?

A

channeling a negative urge into a socially acceptable behaviour

97
Q

what is confounding bias in psychology?

A

the impossibility of differentiating the variable’s effects in isolation from its effects in conjunction with other variables.

98
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

any motivation that results from incentives to perform a behavior that are not inherent to the actual self

99
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

any motivation that results from incentives to perform a behavior that are not inherent to the actual self

100
Q

What is incongruence?

A

the gap between the person’s actual self and the ideal self

101
Q

What is the function of the retina in the eye?

A

the retina contains photoreceptors such as rods/cones which detect light, then the energy becomes an AP and travel to optic nerve then primary visual cortex

102
Q

What is the function of the retina in the eye?

A

the retina contains photoreceptors such as rods/cones which detect light, then the energy becomes an AP and travel to optic nerve then primary visual cortex

103
Q

What is functional fixedness?

A

only thinking of something in terms of its normal use

104
Q

what does labeling theory say?

A

labeling theory suggests that people are placed into social categories, including ones that are stimgatized

105
Q

when is group affiliation greatest?

A

when members share similar outlooks, knowledge, preferences, skills, or other aspects of cultural capital

106
Q

what are the 4 criterion of abnormality for psychological disorders?

A

distress- whether the behavior demonstrates unusual levels of stress
maladaptiveness- whether the behavior is negatively impacting the person’s life or poses a threat to others
statistical deviancy-whether the behavior is statistically rare
violation of social normals

107
Q

what are the 4 criterion of abnormality for psychological disorders?

A

distress- whether the behavior demonstrates unusual levels of stress
maladaptiveness- whether the behavior is negatively impacting the person’s life or poses a threat to others
statistical deviancy-whether the behavior is statistically rare
violation of social normals

108
Q

If a curve is skewed right, how does that change the median and mean?

A

skewed right curves will have greater outliers, the mean will be much greater than the median

109
Q

If a graph is skewed left, how does that change the mean and median?

A

skewed left means that the mean will be less than the median

110
Q

If a graph is skewed left, how does that change the mean and median?

A

skewed left means that the mean will be less than the median

111
Q

What is the difference between episodic and semantic memory?

A

episodic memory is past experiences (autobiographical information), semantic memory is general world knowledge

112
Q

What is the difference between episodic and semantic memory?

A

episodic memory is past experiences (autobiographical information), semantic memory is general world knowledge

113
Q

what are the big 5 personality traits?

A

OCEAN- openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

114
Q

What is “overextension” ?

A

applying a term for one class of objects to other objects that bear only a superficial resemblance (ie- child saying doggie for a cow)

115
Q

What is medicalization?

A

the process in which a social problem becomes defined as a disease or disorder

116
Q

what is self efficacy?

A

ones believe in their ability to accomplish tasks

117
Q

what is self efficacy?

A

ones believe in their ability to accomplish tasks

118
Q

How would assimilation affect an immigrant groups life expectancy?

A

it would take on the norm of the group it was assimilated into

119
Q

What is categorical perception?

A

when an acoustic dimension is perceived as having distinct categories with sharp discontinuities at different points ( (e.g., /ba/ versus /da/)

120
Q

What is bootstrapping in language development?

A

children acquiring language (semantic and syntactic hypotheses) by building on innate knowledge (thats the bootstrapping part)

121
Q

What are parvocellular cells

A

DEPTH, texture, color

122
Q

What are magnocellular cells?

A

measure MOVEMENT

123
Q

What is gellenschaft?

A

groups with shared interested SOCIETY

124
Q

What is Gemienschaft?

A

groups unified by similar beliefs, ancestry, geography (community)

125
Q

What is the recognition primed decision model?

A

when experiences in similar situations play a large role in decision making

126
Q

When does “explosion of language” occur?

A

18 months (two word sentences)

127
Q

When does babbling start in lang development?

A

9 to 12 months

128
Q

When do infants start to add one word per month?

A

12 to 18 months

129
Q

When is language largely mastered by?

A

age 5

130
Q

What are the signs of Kosakoff’s syndrome?

A

thymine deficiency and retrograde amnesia (associated with alcohol abuse)

131
Q

What are the signs of alzheimers?

A

beta amyloid plaques and neurofibulary triangles

132
Q

What is incidence in disease?

A

number of NEW cases in the at risk population

133
Q

What is prevalence in disease?

A

number of total cases in population

134
Q

What is dissociative amnesia?

A

dont remember who you are likely from trauma, fugue (take on new identity)

135
Q

what is dissociative personality disorder?

A

multiple personalities

136
Q

Whats the difference between low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins and VERY low density lipoproteins??

A

LDL- low density is bad, moves chloesterl to the tissues
HDL-high density is good, moves cholesterol to the liver for detox from system
VLDL- moves fat from liver to tissues

137
Q

What is avoidant attachment?

A

no response when caregiver leaves or returns- no preference between caregiver and stranger. caused by caregiver with no response to distress

138
Q

What is ambivalent attachment?

A

cry when caregiver leaves but dont care when they come back. caused by caregiver with inconsistent response to distress

139
Q

disorganized attachment?

A

no clear pattern of behavior

140
Q

What is actor-observer bias?

A

ones own actions to external causes, anotehrs to internal

141
Q

What components of attitude are prejudice?

A

affective

Sonja's MCAT Flashcards (4 decks)

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