Psych + Soc Flashcards

1
Q

What is Weber’s Law?

A

It describes the linear relationship b/w stimulus intensity and noticing the difference b/w it

JND: smallest difference b/w intensity that can be detected 50% of the time

Absolute Threshold: minimum intensity of stimulus to detect it 50% of the time

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2
Q

What is associated with the vestibular system?

A

Balance and spatial orientation, operates in the inner ear

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3
Q

What is signal detection theory?

A

How we make decisions under conditions of uncertainty, discerning important stimuli vs. noise

Also includes consideration of individual’s psychological state

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4
Q

Bottom-up vs. top-down processing?

A

Bottom-up: stimulus/sensory info influences perception

Top-down: background knowledge/context influences perception

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5
Q

What are the Gestalt principles?

A

Similarity: similar items (by characteristics) are grouped together

Proximity: close together items are grouped together

Continuity:

Closure: gaps between lines are closed, object is seen as a whole

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6
Q

What is the structure of the eye?

A

Conjunctiva: outmermost layer that light hits first
Cornea: transparent sheet of tissue
Pupil: mini-hole
Lens: bends light onto the retina
Vitreous: jelly substance that maintains pressure
Retina: photoreceptors (made up of fovea/cones and macula)
Sclera: white of the eye, muscle attachment
Choroid: blood vessels
Optic disc: blind spot

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7
Q

What is the mechanism of vision?

A

Light enters the eye through the pupil then is bent onto the retina by the lens, photoreceptor cells in the retina sends a neural impulse to the brain

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8
Q

What are the photoreceptor cells? Fields of vision?

A

Rods: responsible for low-light vision
Cones: responsible for color vision (trichromatic theory)

Central field: high in cones so high color and detail acuity

Peripheral field: high in rods so low light and motion detection

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9
Q

What side is vision processed in the brain from the eye?

A

Left visual field corresponds to right side of the brain and vice versa

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10
Q

What is parallel processing?

A

Refers to the simultaneous processing of color and motion so we see it all at once

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11
Q

What is the mechanism of sound?

A

1) sound hits the pinna (outer ear) and enters the auditory canal
2) then hits the tympanic membrane (eardrum) which vibrates the malleus, incus, and stapes
3) which then interacts with fluid and cochlea that propagates signal to brain

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12
Q

What is deafness characterized by?

A

A problem in the conduction of sound waves to the cochlea then brain

Solved by a cochlear implant that has a microphone and a transmitter to a receiver that stimulates the cochlea

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13
Q

What are the types of somatosensation? And receptors?

A

Temperature (thermoception), thermoreceptor (hot, cold)

Pressure (mechanoception), mechanoreceptor (sound waves, touch)

Pain (noiception)

Position (proprioception)/balance

Photoreceptor and chemoreceptor

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14
Q

How are smell (olfactory) and taste (gustatory) signals sent to the brain?

A

The nose contains bundles of nerves that a molecule binds to a specific receptor on that sends a signal

The tongue contains bundles of specific receptors that when bound sends a signal

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15
Q

What are the sleep stages? How long? What are they controlled by? Measurable?

A

N1 –> N2 –> N3 –> N2 –> REM (dreaming)

In 90 minute cycles
N2 sleep spindles

Controlled by circadian rhythms associated with melatonin (pineal gland)

Sleep debt can be paid back

Measures include cortisol, melatonin, and core body temp

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16
Q

What are some examples of depressants? Opiates? Stimulants? Hallucinogens? How does the brain function with continued use?

A

Depressants: suppress neural activity (GABA is inhibitory)

  • alcohol
  • barbituates (lower anxiety and make you sleepy)
  • benzos (lower anxiety and make you sleepy)

Opiates: act on endorphin receptors to simulate euphoria

  • heroine
  • morphine

Stimulants: intensify neural activity (Glutamate is excitatory)

  • caffeine
  • nicotine
  • cocaine
  • amphetamines

Hallucinogens

  • ecstacy
  • LSD
  • weed

Brain starts to anticipate drug use and compensates to try to maintain homeostasis

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17
Q

What are the routes of drug use?

A
Oral -- Slower
Inhalation -- Faster
IV -- FAST (more addictive)
IM
Transdermal -- SLOW
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18
Q

What is the reward pathway in the brain?

A

VTA in the midbrain (dopamineee)

With the amygdala, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens

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19
Q

Tolerance vs. withdrawal? Dependence?

A

Tolerance: continued use leads to getting used to it so need more to achieve same effect

Withdrawal: a period of not having drug leads to experience opposite/negative symptoms

Combine those with neurochemical changes = dependence

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20
Q

What are the treatment methods for substance abuse?

A

CBT: focuses on recognizing a problem then developing more positive behaviors and coping strategies

Motivational interviewing: trying to create intrinsic motivation change

Group meetings: AA, NA

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21
Q

What makes it harder to multi-task?

A

Similar tasks, complex tasks,

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22
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

Iconic (visual) or echoic (auditory) that only lasts seconds

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23
Q

What is working memory? How many things can be stored?

A

Visuospatial sketchpad (reading a map), phonological loop (reading/listening), episodic buffer (timeline), and central executive (attention, task switching)

7 +/- 2 pieces of information

Subject to serial position effects (primacy and recency)

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24
Q

What is long-term memory?

A

Explicit (declarative): facts/events (episodic) or semantic (language)

Implicit (non-declarative): procedural memory (negative priming is associated)

Unlimited storage

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25
What is memory encoding?
Sensory information --> memory Many strategies like rote rehearsal, chunking, mnemonic devices, self-referencing, spacing
26
What is memory retrieval? What can influence it?
Memory --> use Can be influences by priming (unconscious exposure) or contextual cues (environment) Free recall is the hardest, recognition is the easiest
27
What is memory reconstructive bias? Confabulation?
Every retrieval is changed in small and not perfect so the brain fills gaps in with potentially wrong information (confabulation)
28
What is source monitoring error?
A misattribution of a memory to its source
29
What is flashbulb memory?
Highly vivid emotional memories
30
What is memory long-term potentiation?
Basically neuroplasticity in how new cells aren't grown but neuronal connections are just strengthened
31
What is memory decay and interference?
Decay: when memories aren't encoded well or retrieved for a while those connections fade Retroactive interference: new learning impairs old memories Proactive interference: old memories impairs new learning
32
What is the effect of aging on memory? Intelligence?
Stable: implicit/non-declarative/procedural memory Improves: semantic memory, crystallized IQ (accumulated knowledge and verbal skills), and emotional reasoning Declines: recall, episodic memory, formation of new memories, fluid IQ (abstract and quick reasoning)
33
What is Alzheimer's?
An extreme form of dementia characterized by forgetting to the point of interfering with ADL's progressively worsening brain atrophy from amyloid plaques and neuro-tangles
34
What is Korsakoff's?
Memory disorder caused by a Thiamine deficiency and characterized by either retrograde amnesia: can't recall previous memories or by anterograde amnesia: can't encode new memories
35
What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor (0-2) - sensory perception - object permanence Pre-operational (2-7) - symbolic thinking - egocentric (only think about self) Concrete-operational (7-12) - develop conservation - and empathy Formal-operational (12+) - abstract thinking
36
What are decision making heuristics? Availability? Representativeness? Confirmation bias? Belief Perseverance?
Mental shortcuts taken Availability: based on using examples that readily come to mind, knowledge/info we have Representativeness: judge something in relation to a stereotype Confirmation bias: seeking facts that confirm own position, stronger for emotional things Belief perseverance: still holding belief even when there is strong evidence to the contrary
37
What is spreading activation?
A relational way to organize concepts so the activation of one concept pulls all related concepts together too
38
General intelligence? 8 intelligence? Hereditary genius? Mental age?
General intelligence: there is one intelligence that underlies all cognitive tasks 8 intelligences: 8 different modalities/types of intelligence Hereditary genius: Some people just have higher human ability that is inherited Mental age: a comparison of someone's mental age to their physical/biological age
39
What is the behaviorist theory of language? Nativist? Materialist? Interactionist? Relativity?
Behaviorist: Skinner, language is learned and conditioned behavior (not born with it) Nativist: Chomsky, language is innate with a critical period Materialist: looks at what happens in the brain Interactionist: Vygotsky, its the interaction between biology and the social to learn language, nature vs. nurture Relativity: cognition is determined by the structure of a language
40
How is language lateralized in split-brains?
Language is lateralized to the left so in split brain cases where information is sent to the right it can't access the left to process the language
41
What is broca's area? Wernicke's area?
Broca: frontal lobe, speech Wernicke's: temporal lobe, comprehension
42
What is the limbic system? Associated structures?
It is responsible for the storage/retrieval of emotional memories and is the emotion/drive center HIPPO HAT Hippocampus (memory formation), hypothalamus (endocrine regulation), amygdala (emotional center), thalamus (sensory relay center, except smell)
43
What is the prefrontal cortex? Where are emotions lateralized?
It is responsible for executive functioning and control Positive emotions are lateralized to the left Negative emotions are lateralized to the right
44
What are emotions made up of? Six universal emotions?
Subjective experiences accompanied by physiological and behavioral (expressive displays) changes Cognitive component in some theories Happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust
45
What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?
Emotional experiences are a result of physiological responses Stimulus --> physio response --> emotion
46
What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
Emotional experiences and physiological changes occur independently and simultaneously
47
What is the Schacter-Singer/Two-Factor theory of emotion?
Emotional experiences are a result of the cognitive interpretation of physiological changes Stimulus --> physio response --> cognitive interp --> emotion
48
What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?
Optimal performance comes from a state of moderate arousal (not too low or high)
49
What is stress? Examples?
A strain experienced from a disruption in equilibrium, stressor --> stress reaction Significant life changes (divorce), catastrophic events (earthquake), daily hassles, ambient stressors (environmental)
50
What is the appraisal theory of stress?
That stress results less from events and more from the cognitive interpretation of that event Primary appraisal: presence of a threat/stressor Secondary appraisal: capability to cope w/
51
What is the general adaptation syndrome to stress?
1) alarm: stress response activated (low resistance) 2) resistance: too much sustained cortisol release (high resistance) 3) exhaustion: damage from sustained cortisol (low resistance)
52
What are physical effects of cortisol? Cardiac? Metabolism? Reproductive? Immune?
Increased BP, vascular disease, CAD Also raises BG so can exacerbate diabetes Stress response diverts away from reproductive system Acute inflammation but chronically can suppress immune system
53
What are the behavioral effects of stress/cortisol?
Can be wide ranging because cortisol receptors on many body structures Can include anhedonia (lack of pleasure) --> depression, anger, anxiety, addiction Learned helplessness: results in inability to identify coping mechanisms b/c constant helpless feeling
54
Afferent vs. efferent neurons?
Afferent neurons are ascending for stimulus Efferent neurons are descending for response/reflex
55
White vs. gray matter?
White matter represents myelinated neurons Grey matter represents the cell body/soma
56
What are the functions of the frontal lobe? Parietal lobe? Occipital lobe? Temporal lobe? Cerebellum? Brain stem? Cerebrum?
Frontal lobe: includes motor, prefrontal, broca's area Parietal lobe: somatosensory Occipital lobe: vision Temporal lobe: sound, wernicke's area Cerebellum: movement and position coordination Brain stem: vital functions from midbrain, pons, medulla Cerebrum: includes thalamus and hypothalamus
57
What are the important neurotransmitters?
GABA: inhibitory Glutamate: excitatory Acetylcholine: muscle contraction Seretonin: mood regulation Dopamine: pleasure/reward
58
What are the different brain "imaging" techniques?
Structural: CT and MRI Functional: EEG (this is less so imaging) Both: fMRI (oxygenation), PET (glucose metabolism/radioactive)
59
What are twin/adoption studies used to study?
Gene-environment interaction b/c with twins (identical: 100%, fraternal: 50%) genetic information is controlled for so if studied in different environments it can yield information
60
What is the drive-reduction theory to motivation?
That humans seek to maintain homeostasis in drives of warmth, hunger, thirst, arousal etc.
61
What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
Top Self-actualization: maximizing potential Self-esteem: confidence, achievement Love: and belonging Safety: health, shelter, employment etc. Physiological needs: food, water, sleep etc. Bottom
62
What is incentive theory of motivation?
Humans seek to maximize external rewards, minimize punishments It can be associated with community acceptance vs. displeasure
63
What is the expectancy theory of motivation?
Involves combination of belief in self capability, outcome control, and desirability
64
What are attitudes? Components?
Learned tendency to evaluate things in a certain way Affective: emotional Behavioral: towards people and things Cognitive: thoughts/beliefs
65
What is the elaboration-likelihood persuasion model?
Central route: quality of argument, good when people are willing and able to pay attention Peripheral route: superficial characteristics of persuader, good when not paying close attention
66
What is role-playing in attitude? Foot in the door persuasion?
That people tend to behave consistently with their role Start with something easy to agree to then increase ask
67
What is cognitive-dissonance theory?
People strive for harmony b/w their thoughts and actions so when there are conflicting cognitions that leads to discomfort which is relieved by changing attitudes/behaviors
68
What is Freudian psychoanalytic personality theory? Coping mechanisms?
Personality is shaped by unconscious thoughts, feelings, childhood experiences Id: the subconcious, more primal desires Ego: the regulation b/w id and supergo Siperego: the moral conscience Projection: of own feelings onto others Reaction Formation: doing opposite of what they actually feel Regression: to position of child Sublimation: diverting impulses to something more productive
69
What is Carl Rodger's humanistic theory?
Focus on the inherently good nature of humans with a basic motive to self-actualize with continued growth and congruency b/w self-concept and actions
70
What is the behaviorist personality theory?
Personality is a result of learned behavior patterns Operant: rewards/punishments Classical: stimulus/response
71
What is the trait personality theory?
Traits are a stable characteristic and predisposition towards a certain behavior Cardinal: direct all activities and behavior Central: less dominant and more related to personality Secondary: situational
72
What is the Big 5 Model of personality?
``` Openness to experience Conscientiousness (careful, organized, discipline) Extraversion Agreeableness (kind, appreciative) Neuroticism ```
73
What is observational learning? Social cognitive theory?
Social learning, vicarious learning by watching others and modeling their actions (mirror neurons are active in observing and performing behavior) Social cognitive theory refers to the interaction b/w behavior, self, environment to learn through others Bandura
74
What is anxiety? Panic disorder?
Abnormal worry or fear that is either generalized or to some specific stimulus Panic disorder features attacks with more acute physiological responses
75
What is somatic symptom disorder?
Excessive anxiety over bodily symptoms
76
What is bipolar disorder?
A cycling of abnormal moods, usually mania and depression
77
What are schizoaffective disorders? Neuroleptics?
Results in psychosis from delusions, hallucinations which can cause distress, disability, disorganized thinking/speech/motor behavior, negative symptoms (lack of ability to function normally) Is associated with reduced cerebral cortex, dopamine, meso-cortical-limbic abnormality Neuroleptics treat positive symptoms but can enhance negative symptoms like cognitive dulling
78
What is depressive disorder?
Sense of hopelessness, loss of interest in activities Is associated with decreased frontal lobe and increased limbic system abnormality Monoamine hypothesis: multiple neurotransmitters are involved
79
What is Alzheimer's?
Progressively worsening memory/motor ability to point of impairing ADL's Overall cognitive dysfunction Is associated with brain atrophy, amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, acetylcholine abnormality
80
What is Parkinson's?
Neural and motor abnormalities, tremors Is associated with loss of dopamine and basal ganglia
81
What is conformity? Informative influence? Normative influence? Public? Private? What study?
"peer pressure" tendency to bring behavior in line with group norms Informative influence: when look to group for guidance when unsure Normative influence: when do what group does out of fear of social rejection Public: Outwardly change/conform while maintaining core beliefs Private: Full on change with core beliefs to fit group Asch study on conformity with the lines Zimbardo prison experiment on conformity
82
What is group polarization? Groupthink?
Group polarization: when in groups decision making becomes more extreme Groupthink: when groups are more concerned w/ harmony than they are of careful analysis
83
What is obedience? Compliance? Study?
Perform behavior instructed to by authority figure Compliance is obedience for rewards/punishments Milgram shock study
84
What is anomie?
A breakdown of social bonds in an individual with community
85
What are experimental demand characteristics/experimenter effects?
When the participant behaves how they believe the experimenter wants them to behave in the study
86
What is deindivuation?
A loss of sense of self often in a crowd that cancels self-identity
87
What is the bystander effect?
The more people there are the less likely someone is to help b/c of diffusion of responsibility
88
What is social facilitation?
Refers to how the presence of others can increase arousal and affect performance on tasks Improves performance on simple tasks, hinders performance of complex tasks
89
What is social loafing?
Refers to how people put forth less effort when in a group versus individually
90
What is socialization?
The process of learning how to interact w/ others, the world, norms etc. Agents include family, school, peers, media etc.
91
What are norms? The four types/levels?
Standards for what behaviors are acceptable and not Least bad: Folkways: common rules/manners to follow Mores: based on moral value/belief, some reaction if violated Law: have more formal consequences Taboos: completely wrong, has legal and social consequences Most bad
92
What is deviance? Differential association theory? Labeling theory? Strain theory?
When a norm is violated (not necessarily bad, there can be positive deviance) Differential association: deviance is a learned behavior that results from continuous exposure, stronger the relationship to deviant person more learned it is Labeling: behavior is deviant if it has been labeled as so by community, primary: no big consequence, secondary: big consequence Strain theory: if a person is blocked from attaining a culturally accepted goal then they may turn to deviant behavior, often a disconnect b/w goal and means to achieve that goal
93
What is habituation? Dishabituation? Sensitization? Desensitization?
Habituation: decreased response to stimulus over time Dishabituation: renewed response to previously habituated stimulus Sensitization: increased response to repeated stimulus Desensitization: decreased response to sensitized stimulus
94
What is classical conditioning? Unconditioned stimulus? Unconditioned response? Neutral stimuli?
The pairing of stimulus/response An unconditioned stimulus is innate/not learned which can cause an unconditioned or innate response to that stimulus A neutral stimuli is one that causes no response on its own Conditioning is when a neutral stimuli is paired w/ an unconditioned stimuli to elicit a conditioned response (neutral stimuli is now conditioned)
95
What is classical conditioning generalization? Discrimination? Extinction? Spontaneous recovery?
Generalization: ability of something similar to conditioned stimuli to elicit the conditioned response Discrimination: ability to discern stimulus from others, so responding to some stimulus but not others Extinction: no more conditioned response to a stimulus Spontaneous recovery: of previously extinct stimulus to elicit a response
96
What is operant conditioning? Positive/negative reinforcement/punishment? Token economy? Instinctive drift?
The pairing on rewards/punishments to influence behavior Positive reinforcement: desirable stimulus added Negative reinforcement: undesirable stimulus removed Positive punishment: undesirable stimulus added Negative punishment: desirable stimulus removed A token economy is where things, often reinforcers, can be exchanged for other things Instinctive drift: reverting back to innate animal behavior despite conditioning
97
What are the different reinforcement schedules? Effectiveness?
Most effective: Variable-ratio: reinforcement comes after a changing number of responses Variable-interval: reinforcement comes after a changing amount of time Fixed-ratio: reinforcement comes after a fixed number of responses Fixed-interval: reinforcement comes after a fixed amount of time Least effective
98
Escape vs. avoidance learning?
Behavior is motivated by the threat of something unpleasant Escape learning when you are already in unpleasant situation and have to find way out Avoidance learning is to prevent the unpleasant situation before it occurs
99
Internal vs. external locus of control? What intelligence is self control?
Internal: responsible for self, control own fate/destiny External: outside forces are responsible for fate Emotional intelligence associated with delaying gratification
100
What are Freud's-Psychosexual stages of development?
Oral (0-1): sticking things in an using mouth Anal (1-3): butt stuff, toilet training Phallic (3-6): oedipus (boy to mother)/electra (girl to father) complex Latent (6-12): socialize w/ same sex peers, cooties Genital (12+): attracted to opposite sex peers
101
What are Erikson's-Psychosocial stages of development?
``` 0-1: trust vs. mistrust 1-3: autonomy vs. shame/doubt 3-6: initiative vs. guilt 6-12: industry vs. inferiority 12-20: identity vs. role confusion 20-40: intimacy vs. isolation 40-65: generativity vs. stagnation 65+: ego integrity vs. despair ```
102
What are Kohlberg's stages of moral development?
Pre-conventional: more concern for rewards vs. punishments Conventional: more concern for social order/rules/laws Post-conventional: more concern for morality/overall good
103
What are Mead's I vs. me? Stages?
I: individual response to the attitude of others, understanding of self, spontaneous and less socialized Me: society's/generalized other's view of me, more socialized/rational Prep Stage: imitation Play Stage: role play (I developed) Game Stage: understanding of generalized other (Me developed)
104
What is the looking glass self?
I am who I think you think I am
105
What is attribution theory? Internal? External? Consistency? Consensus?
Internal attributions: dispositional/about personality External attributions: situational/about environment Consistency: if the behavior is consistent it's likely an internal attribution Consensus: if a lot of people perform the behavior it's likely an external attribution
106
What is the fundamental attribution error? Actor-observer bias?
FAE: tendency to overemphasize dispositional attribution and underemphasize situational attribution Actor-observer bias is when I attribute my own actions to external things but the actions of others to internal attributes
107
Western vs. eastern cultural difference in attributions?
Western: success is internal, failure is external Eastern: success and failure is external
108
What is the self-serving bias?
To preserve self-esteem successes are internal and failures are external
109
What is the just-world bias?
Belief that world is fair and good things happen to hard-workers and bad things happen to lazy people
110
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
An original belief comes to reality whether we consciously or unconsciously bring it to be
111
What is the optimism bias?
Underestimating the probability that bad things will happen to us
112
What is the overconfidence bias?
The degree of being sure in a belief is greater than the actual accuracy of that belief
113
What is stereotype threat/boost?
When exposure to a negative/positive stereotype before a task can threaten/improve performance on that task
114
Prejudice vs. discrimination?
Prejudice is an attitude versus discrimination is more an action
115
What are serial position effects? Primacy? Recency?
Primacy is remembering the early/first things better Recency is remembering the later things better
116
What is the halo effect?
The tendency to evaluate people as inherently overall good w/o actually looking at their specific characteristics
117
Ethnocentrism vs. cultural relavitism?
Ethnocentrism: judging another culture from the position of your own and typically seeing own culture as superior (negative actions) Cultural Relativism: judging and understanding cultural actions from within that culture
118
What four things govern attraction/friendship?
Proximity/mere exposure: repeated exposure to people increases our liking of them and the closer they are the more likely exposure Physical attraction: yes Similarity: in attitudes, values, beliefs, likes Reciprocity: yes
119
What did Harlow's monkey study show?
That attachment is less out of food and more out of comfort/security
120
Secure vs. insecure attachment?
Secure: caregiver is sensitive and responsible, child explores when caregiver is near, child is distressed when caregiver leaves and comforted when they return, long-term is healthy Insecure: non-sensitive and non-responsible caregiver, child is apathetic and clingy to caregiver, long term is unhealthy
121
Ascribed vs. achieved status?
Ascribed: given from birth and can't be changed Achieved: earned from working for it
122
What is role strain? Conflict? Exit?
Strain: tension w/ in a role from competing responsibilities Conflict: tension b/w two separate roles Exit: disengage from role
123
What is power vs. authority?
Power: the ability to influence and control others Authority: when someone's power is perceived as legit
124
What are primary vs. secondary groups?
Primary: closest members to you (family/close friends) Secondary: more formal/business related, associated with a purpose (co-workers)
125
What is the dramaturgical approach? Front stage? Back stage? Impression management?
Front stage: behavior in a social setting Backstage: behavior in a private setting Impression management: an attempt to control how others see us in front stage
126
What is an organization? Normative? Utilitarian? Coercive?
Institutions designed for a specific purpose Normative: shared goals, sense of unity/purpose Utilitarian: compensated for efforts Coercive: don't have choice in membership
127
What are features of a bureacracy?
A specialized division in labor, hierarchical with supervision, rules and regulations, impersonality of activity, technical qualifications
128
What is the functional perspective/theory? Manifest? Latent?
How all institutions have a function in keeping society stable, social solidarity Manifest: intended consequence Latent: indirect consequence
129
What is conflict theory? False conciousness?
Examines social control, social inequality, and power differences (rich vs. poor) in allocation of resources False consciousness: hoodwinking the oppressed and saying just do better, people don't see they are oppressed
130
What is symbolic interactionism?
The individual significance and meaning given to objects, events, symbols Focuses on individual interactions and how experience influences perceptions (illness experience)
131
What are the different levels of kinship? Primary? Secondary? Tertiary?
Primary: first degree family member (mom) Secondary: primary of first degree (uncle) Tertiary: secondary of first degree (mom's uncle)
132
What are the different kinship relations? Consanguineal? Affinal? Fictive?
Consanguineal: genetic relationship Affinal: marriage Fictive: social ties, adopted children
133
What is medicalization?
Process where previously "normal" conditions are now defined as a medical condition and subject to medical treatments
134
What is the sick role?
Expectation that those sick are allowed a temporary break from responsibilities but also that the sick have an obligation to make an effort to get well
135
What is social constructionism?
How people actively shape reality through social interactions, constructs are not real and are only given reality b/c of social agreement
136
What is feminist theory?
Origins are from conflict theory and inequality but focuses on inequalities b/w men and women
137
What is rational choice/exchange theory?
People are fundamentally rational beings and perform cost/benefit analysis to actions and interactions
138
What is the dependency ratio?
Ratio between dependents (children and elderly who don't work) and those who work
139
What is life-course theory?
Aging is a social, psychological, biological process and there's different changes as you progress through life
140
Race vs. ethnicity?
Race: socially defined categories by physical difference b/w groups (skin color) Ethnicity: socially defined categories by shared language, religion, nationality, history etc.
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Assimilation vs. separation vs. marginalization vs. integration?
Assimilation: accept new culture, reject native culture Separation: rejection of new culture, maintenance of native culture Marginalization: rejection of both new and native culture Integration: acceptance of both new and native culture
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What is world-systems theory?
Core: strong economy and central government, exports goods (US and Western Europe) Semi-periphery: In between (India and Brazil) Periphery: weak economy and central government, exports resources so are dependent on and exploited by core countries (Latin America and Africa)
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Relative vs. absolute poverty?
Relative: A % of poverty level, used in core countries Absolute: $ a day, used in periphery countries
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What is relative deprivation?
How oppressed groups/deprived of rights organize to respond
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What are the demographic transition stages?
1) pre-industrial: high birth + high death = slow pop. growth 2) industrial: high birth + low death (food/medicine) = rapid pop. growth 3) urbanization: lower birth (contraception) + low death = slower pop. growth 4) developed: low birth + low death = slow pop. growth 5) highly developed: low low birth + low death = possible pop. decline
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What is Malthusian Theory? Preventative checks? Positive checks? Catastrophe?
Preventative checks: reduce birth rate Positive checks: increase death rate Catastrophe: Large scale positive check to slow or stop pop. growth
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What is a subculture? Counterculture? Microculture?
Subculture: different but not in opposition to dominant culture Counterculture: in opposition to dominant culture Microculture: A group/organization that exists for a limited time during one's life (girl scouts)
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What does the glass-ceiling refer to?
Refers to gender pay-gap and females being poorly represented in higher positions
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Intra vs. inter?
Intra: within one's own generation Inter: b/w generations
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What is social reproduction? Social capital? Cultural capital?
The replication of inequality across generations Social capital: connections, who you know Cultural capital: education, what you know
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What is spatial inequality?
The uneven distribution of resources across a geographic area (low-income projects housing)
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What is the activity theory of aging? Continuity? Disengagement? Life course?
Activity: remain physically and socially active improves quality of life Continuity: older adults attempt to maintain habits and behaviors from youth Disengagement: withdrawal from social relationships/society Life-Course: holistic
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Proximal vs. distal stimulus?
Proximal: the stimulus registered by our sensory receptors Distal: what is causing the stimulus (if we saw a tree then the tree itself would be the distal stimulus)
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What is cultural lag? cultural transmission?
Lag: cultural catch-up to modern technology Transmission: passing down from generation to generation
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Extrinsic vs. intrinsic motivation?
Extrinsic: motivated by external conditions or anything associated with incentives (reinforcers or punishers) Intrinsic: self-drive to do better
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Binocular vs. monocular depth cues?
Binocular: - retinal disparity and convergence: depth/how far something is Monocular: - motion parallax: things closer to me moves faster (road vs. clouds) - relative size: things closer to me appear bigger - light shade: gives sense of distance - interposition: partially objects covered are behind
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What is place theory?
Associated with sound
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What is the Thomas theorem?
When a belief leads to behavior but the belief is in fact not real