Psych/Soc Flashcards
How does the peg-word system of memory encoding work?
Mental associations between words and numbers, using rhyming
How does the method of loci aid in encoding memories?
Items/ concepts to be remembered are placed around the room
Maintenance rehearsal is effective in
Maintaining information in working memory
Elaborate rehearsal is different from maintenance rehearsal in that it
Focuses on meaning, purpose, relationship to previously known concepts
The most enduring type of memory encoding is
Semantic- encoding of meaning/understanding
Desirable difficulties are called the expensive memory principle because
More difficult learning processes are more difficult to forget
Semantic processing creates a web of concepts, each called a
Node
In a memory study, students more quickly affirmed that dogs were a mammal than deny that the sun is not a planet. This is an example of
True- false effect: true statements verified more quickly (Malcolm Gladwell- default to the truth)
In a study, participants were able to recall all the names of their homeroom or verify that someone belonged to their homeroom more quickly than the people in their graduating class. This is an example of
Category size effect- recall/verification rates increase if the category has few members
Proactive and retroactive memory interference differ in that
Proactive interference affects new memory formation, retroactive interference affects old memories
When the primer of a memory is a category and the target of a memory is an example within that category, this type of activation occurs
Automatic spreading activation
While a memory is being used, it exists in which memory system?
Working memory- even long term memories are transferred to working memory while in use (long term memory is just a long term storage unit)
The type of memory with the sharpest age-related decline is
Episodic memory (autobiographical- the when and where of memory)
What physiological changes are likely to be seen with Alzheimer’s disease?
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) aggregate to form Beta-amyloid plaques outside of the cell
Microtubule-associated Tau protein is hyperphosphorylated and aggregate into neurofibrillary tangled inside the cell
Brain size (temporal, frontal, hippocampus) decreases Ventricle size increase
A patient is noted to have increased brain ventricle size and neurofibrillary tangles within CNS neurons. Lab test shows hyperphosphorylation of the Tau protein. This patient most likely has
Alzheimer’s disease
A patient with a history of alcoholism presents with severe thiamine deficiency. This patient is most at risk for developing
Korsakoff’s syndrome- severe thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency resulting in brain disorder
Susanne reminds herself in the morning that she needs to stop at the postal office later in the day. This is an example of what kind of memory
Prospective memory- ability to remember to do something at a future time
How do the number of neurons, synapses, and glial cells of an infant compare to those of an adult?
Infants have the same number of neurons, but fewer glial cells and more synapses
After being offered several bowls of food, Pavlov’s dogs stopped salivating. This is an example of
Habituation: decreased response to innate (unconscious) behavior- attention shifted elsewhere
If Pavlov’s dogs stop salivating to the sound of the bell, this would be an example of
Extinction: conditioned stimulus no longer exhibits conditioned response
True or false: punishment ALWAYS decreases the frequency of a behavior
True
Positive- give negative stimulus
Negative- take away positive stimulus
True or false: rule based processing supports the applicability of associative learning
FALSE: rule base processing is built on reasoning/ cognition, while associative learning is built in automatic learned behaviors
How does latent learning limit the applicability of associative learning?
Latent learning can occur without presentation of a reward, but is spontaneously demonstrated with reward presentation
Don’t necessarily need conditioning to learn
True or false: biological predispositions enhance associative learning
FALSE: biological predispositions decrease the likelihood that conditioned responses contrary to those predispositions will endure
Can’t teach a fish to fly
When Richie cries, I feel sad and cry, thanks to these neurons
Mirror neurons
Fire when one acts and when one observes another act the same
What does Weber’s law implicate about the just noticeable difference is sensation?
The just noticeable difference for a stimulus is directly proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus- ratio stays the same for a given stimulus type
How do sensory adaptation and habitation differ?
Sensory adaptation is physiological
Habitation is psychological
True or false: the cones in our eyes are ubiquitous
FALSE: our cones are only in our fovea
There are way more rods
What type of image does the lens of the human eye create?
The lens is a converging lens, and it produces a positive, real, inverted image
(Light rays are bent by cornea, adjusted by lens)
Explain the relationship between the cornea and the lens of the eye
The cornea bends light rays, the lens adjusts them
Which is the correct order of the visual transmission pathway?
a) cones, optic chiasm, optic nerve, lateral geniculate nucleus, visual cortex
b) cones, optic nerve, optic chiasm, lateral geniculate nucleus, visual cortex
B. Cones -> optic nerve -> optic chiasm -> lateral geniculate nucleus (thalamus) -> visual cortex (occipital lobe)
The part of the thalamus responsible for auditory processing is
Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN processes Music)
Describe the functions of the hindbrain
Balance and motor coordination
A patient presents with abnormally aggressive and high arousal behavior. Lab tests show the patient is unable to reabsorb water in the collecting duct. This patient most likely has a tumor in which part of the brain?
Hypothalamus
Finding your way through town would be a use of which brain hemisphere?
Right hemisphere- sense of direction is non-dominant
After being late to work several times, Bancroft starts charging you a fee. This is an example of
Positive punishment- want to reduce the incident of being late
You went to the cages for a few extra hours because you wanted to pitch better than your teammates. This type of motivation is an example of
Extrinsic motivation (competition)
The ought self revolves around what concept of ourselves
The ought self has to do with how others see us- NOT considered a part of a person’s self- concept
The ought self is most analogous to which selves of impression management?
The tactical self, for adhering to expectations, is most similar to the ought self (who others think we should be)
What is a type 1 study error?
False positive, or rejecting null hypothesis (that there is no relationship or difference)
What does a true experiment require?
Experimental and random groups
Random subject assignment
Research manipulated variables
What theory of society states that social stratification is necessary by rewarding the hardest workers or biggest contributors?
Structural functional theory
What does study validity deal with?
Validity: meeting all aspects of scientific method
What causes glucocorticoid release from adrenal cortex?
Anterior pituitary releases ACTH —> adrenal cortex releases glucocorticoid
What does Robert Merton’s strain theory say?
Not everyone has means to achieve cultural goals in legitimate ways. Creates several types of deviance (innovation, conformity, ritualism, retreatism)
What is innovation by Robert Merton’s strain theory?
Innovation-using rejected, unconventional means to achieve culturally approved goals
Ex- sell drugs to buy car
What are taboos
Taboos- most deeply held norms in society
How do folkways compare to mores?
Folkways- casual/informal norms
Mores- common, formal norms, govern everyday behavior
What type of theory of society is feminism?
Conflict theory- society is characterized by inequalities
You step on a nail, you cognitively label it as painful. This makes you angry. What theory of emotion is this?
Schacter-Singer theory: physiological arousal + cognitive label = emotion
You hug Richie and it makes you happy. This is what theory of emotion?
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion: physiological arousal and emotion are simultaneous
A women diagnosed with borderline personality disorder would likely score low on which of these: Introversion Conscientiousness Neuroticism Agreeableness
Agreeableness- people with borderline personality disorder have difficulty relating and cooperating with others
Anne can’t seem to remember who she is. What kind of mental state is she in?
Fugue state- dissociate disorder, loss of memory of own identify
What schedule of reinforcement are lottery tickets?
Variable ratio- highest rate of response
Which schedule of reinforcement has highest rate of response?
Variable ratio (slots, lottery tix)
What are Eysenck’s dimensions of personality (3)?
Introversion vs extroversion
Neuroticism vs stability
Psychoticism vs socialization
According to Erikson’s stages, when will you experience ego integrity vs despair?
Old age
Child is visibly upset when mother leaves the room but is not comforted when she comes back. What type of attachment is this?
Ambivalent attachment
Disorganized attachment- mixture of erratic or unclear attachment, child seems confused or dazed
Avoidant attachment- no preference of caregiver vs stranger
Secure attachment- prefers caregiver
In Mead’s theory of self, agents of socialization create expectations that become part of the “me” but must be approved by the “I”. What is the “me” and the “I”?
“Me”- social self
“I”- more creative and independent self
What is the symbolic interactionism theory of society?
Sees society as product of everyday interactions between individual members of society
Peer pressure to lose weight is an example of what theory of society?
Symbolic interaction- society as product of everyday interactions between individual members of society
How does social exchange theory differ from symbolic interactionism?
Social exchange- individuals make cost/benefit calculations
Symbolic interactionism- society is made of interactions between individual members
What is an algorithm and how does it differ from heuristics?
Algorithm- systematic process by which one is guaranteed to arrive at a solution
Heuristics are more efficient but solution is not guaranteed
The earliest portion of neuron depolarization is due to what ion?
Sodium influx
Other than potassium, what ion is associated with repolarization?
Chloride (slight contributor)
Which is a potential consequence of ADHD diagnosis that directly relates to concept of internal vs external locus of control?
- perceived need for a drug
- biological explanation for behavior
Biological explanation for behavior (something outside of your control- external locus of control)
Is a married medical student with a child experiencing role strain or role conflict?
Role conflict- conflict among roles connected to 2+ statuses
Role strain- tension among roles connected to single status
What’s the gist of the Asch conformity study?
Length of lines
Vision perception study/ social conformity
You realize you’ve been acting like mom. What is this process called?
Identification- incorporating characteristics of others
A member in your group for a group project doesn’t want to tell you that the other groups said your project idea sucks. How does this contribute to groupthink and what’s this called?
Mind guards- shield group from dissenting information
Your group project sucks but you all choose to believe it’s great and you’re gonna get an A. What aspect of group think is this?
Illusion of invulnerability- heightened optimism
What are mores? How do they compare to taboos?
Mores- norms with moral significance (casual)
Taboos- really really important and morally significant
What is lack of social norms and the breakdown in normal social bonding between individuals and society known as? How do individuals feel in this state?
Anomie
Coined by Emile Durkheim
Individuals feel lack of purpose, sense of futility because acceptable goals and ideals are unclear
What does functional theory say about deviance?
Deviance helps clarify boundaries of social norms, initiates social change
What does differential association theory say about deviant behavior?
People learn values, attitudes, and techniques for deviant behavior (especially criminal behavior) through interactions with others
How does a believer of labeling theory see deviance?
Deviance is relative
Labeling theory is about symbolic interactions and how you respond to others actions rather than what their actions where
What does Robert Merton say about deviance in his strain theory?
Not everyone has means to achieve- society promotes deviance
Compare rebellion and innovation from Robert Merton’s strain theory
Innovation- reject conventional means to achieve culturally approved goals (like selling drugs to buy car)
Rebellion- counter culture, reject institutional means and culturally accepted goals
Building a house is complicated. You decide to think of it like building a gingerbread house. What kind of attributional process is this?
Attribution substitution- when faced with complex task, you substitute actual scenario with simpler problem
Mental substitutions like visual shortcuts that cause optical illusions
What does the just world hypothesis say?
Karma- people get what they deserve
Contrast role conflict and role strain
Role conflict- roles associated with 2+ statuses
Role strain- roles associated with 1 status
As a varsity athlete, you’ve gotta stay on top of practice, school, eating right, and sleep! That all causes a lot of stress. What is this called?
Role strain- stresses associated with 1 status (varsity athlete)
You argue that your emotional responses are no biologically predetermined, but depend on context and experience. What theory are you supporting?
Social construction model
You get angry at Chris for eating your banana! What brain regions just lit up?
Amygdala (limbic system) and hypothalamus
When the caregiver leaves, the child is upset. When they come back, they child is not comforted. Is this avoidant, ambivalent, or disorganized?
Ambivalent
Causes reluctance to form relationships in adulthood
You can’t even tell if the child likes their caregiver. Child seems dazed in their presence. Is this avoidant, ambivalent, or disorganized?
Disorganized
Child may assume caregiver role at early age (caregiver is erratic, possibly abusive)
What’s the gist of the prisoners dilemma?
2 individuals might not cooperative even if it would benefit them both because they don’t know what the other person will do. They’re both given the chance to betray one another.
Simultaneous, non-zero sum (ones gain in winning is not balanced by losses of others- loss is not equal in magnitude to gain) game
You’re talking to Richie at a party but then you hear someone say your name, now you’re not paying attention to your conversation anymore. What is this phenomenon called?
Cocktail party effect (ooh, so fun)
What part of your brain helps you learn to pitch?
Cerebellum- automated motor learning
What’s a possible negative consequence of mental schemas?
Create stereotypes by ignoring information that doesn’t fit into schema
In Jean Piget’s stages of cognitive development, what stage is associated with attaching concepts to concrete situations?
Concrete operational (age 7-11)
Other stages- Sensorimotor Pre operational Concrete operational Formal operational
Representative heuristics rely on what as shortcuts to make decisions or judgments?
Prototypes or stereotypes
Which is top-down and which is bottom-up processing?
Inductive and deductive reasoning
Top-down = deductive reasoning. Conclusions based on assumed premises
Bottom-up = inductive reasoning. Generalizations based on specific observations
What kind of intelligence did Galton believe in?
Genetic
Introduced nature vs nurture, but believes in nature argument
Which brain waves are associated with awake and alert?
Beta, alpha, theta, delta
Beta
What neural pathway is involved in alertness?
Reticular formation (in medulla oblongata) stimulates prefrontal cortex
In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles and K complexes occur?
Stage 2
Which sleep waves are associated with deep sleep?
Delta
True or false: Narcolepsy is an autoimmune disease and an hormone deficiency
True. Attack of neurons that release hypocretin- hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycle
What is cataplexy?
Sudden, transient periods of muscle weakness or paralysis during which patient is fully conscious and aware
In the activation-synthesis theory of sleep, what brain system is active during sleep?
Limbic system is active, cerebral cortex attempts to interpret random stimuli
What neurotransmitter do depressants agonize?
GABA
What brain regions are involved in drug addiction And the dopamine based reward pathway (4)?
Frontal cortex
Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
Nucleus accumbens (NA)
Hippocampus
What is pragmatics?
Ability to comprehend language appropriately in given social context
Which has to do with simultaneous physiological arousal and emotion?
James Lange
Cannon bard
Schacter singer
Cannon bard
How does the ERG theory relate to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Basically sums it up shorter
Existence
Relatedness
Growth
But individuals can be motivated by these simultaneously
What does self-determination theory emphasize? (Hint: SDT)
Self-made (autonomy)
Doable-ness (competence)
Togetherness (relatedness)
What perspective is most relevant for showing relationship between lack of money and urgent motivation to get a job?
Maslow’s hierarchy
Drive reduction
Drive reduction- to reduce discomfort of lack of money
What are the 3 components of attitude (hint: ABC). What are the 3 functions of attitude?
Affective. Behavioral. Cognitive.
KNOW how your EGO ADAPTS
Knowledge, ego-expressive, adaptive
How does the looking glass self affect self concept?
Self concept is determined by how we believe others see us
Which would most likely result in avoidant attachment? Caregiver is:
Inconsistant in responding
Unresponsive to child’s needs
Unresponsive to child’s needs
A jury debates for awhile (most supporting acquittal, one fiercely for guilty), then they change their mind to end deliberating (ignoring evidence of defense). Which explains this?
Group polarization
Illusion of unanimity
Groupthink
Groupthink
Group polarization causes a more extreme decision to be made
Illusion of unanimity is about group shifting to majority opinion, not minority opinion as here
Which is an example of social facilitation?
- this morning you tested out a new changeup. In scrimmage in the afternoon, you strike everyone out with it.
- coach asks you to throw your favorite changeup in front of the campers for demo, and you nail it
coach asks you to throw your favorite changeup in front of the campers for demo, and you nail it
Social facilitation predicts that newly learned tasks will be performed poorly under social pressure (but easy tasks will be done well)
You hide Dash’s toy under a pillow, and he’s so smart he reaches under the pillow to get it! Which of Piaget’s developmental stages has he mastered?
Sensorimotor stage- object permanence
Preoperational stage- pretending
Concrete operational- logic, adding and subtracting
Formal operational- abstract, oh you smart now
Okay, let’s get this straight- which one is simultaneous arousal and emotion?
Canon bard
James Lange
Canon bard
What is the drive reduction theory?
Reducing unpleasant internal subjective feelings of stress and bolstering self esteem with therapeutic intervention
Does sensory memory last long
No. Very short term
What is eidetic memory?
Very detailed memory of a given visual display
Compare shaping and generalization
Shaping- reinforcement of successive approximations of behavior
Generalization- broadening conditioned response to similar stimuli
Compare self image and self esteem
Self image- physical traits
Self esteem- value
Self concept includes both
Compare role models and reference groups
Role models- individuals
Reference groups- groups of people
What does health psychology emphasize?
How stressors influence health and well-being
What is the name for psychology of human flourishing?
Positive psychology
After encountering a large spider, you will enter primary appraisal phase of stress, and categorize the stressor as either:
Irrelevant
Benign- positive
Stressful
What is the emic research approach?
Takes interpretations of situations by individuals as fact
Basically your senior project. HA
A dyadic relationship is like:
Parent and child
Or
Employee and supervisor
Employee and supervisor
Involves 2 people only
What is anhedonia?
Inability to feel pleasure
What is the goal of applied research
Solve practical problems
What does the Lazarus theory of emotion say?
Interpretation of event happens before arousal or emotion, which happen simultaneously
Like Cannon-Bard, which supports simultaneous arousal and perception of emotion, but interpretation happens beforehand
Galton’s intelligence test measures intelligence on which kind of tasks
Cognitive
What does Binet’s mental age test measure?
Performance in cognitive tests compared to standards at given shes
What does Thorndikes intelligence test measure
Tests social, mechanical, and abstract intelligence
What is Spearman’s g factor test
G factor is general intelligence
Measures human intelligence in psychometric and cognitive tasks
Socialization
Process by which people learn things that prepare them to participate in social systems in socially acceptable ways
What is hallmark of participation observation studies
Requires researcher to directly participate in social phenomena being studied
Symbolic racism vs Jim Crow racism
Symbolic- belief that racism is wrong but is not a significant institutional problem
Jim Crow = institutional racism
Prejudice theory says this about why people are prejudice
Due to outgroup competition
The term “second shift” comes from what branch of sociological theory
Social conflict theory
Explains unequal divisions of labor in household between men and women
Depressive realism
Hypothesis that depressed individuals make more realistic inferences
Paradoxical sleep
REM
Histrionic personality disorder
Attention seeking And excessive or inappropriate public displays
Desire for others to witness outbursts
Term for mob mentality
Deindividuation
People lose sense of individual responsibility
Intersectionality
Interconnected nature of social catégorisations such as race, class, gender create overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage
Miscegenation
Mixing of racial and ethnic groups in intimate relationships
What kind of neurotransmitter is glycine
Inhibitory
What do hairs of semicircular canals do
Transducer vestibular information regarding balance and orientation
What’s endolymph in the semicircular canals for
Vestibular system, balance and spatial orientation
In inner ear
What are otolithic organs do
Utricle and saccule
Detect linear acceleration and head positioning
Calcium carbonate crystals move around in viscous gel
What is the pragnanz gestalt principle
Reality organized into simplest form
Ex- seeing Olympic Rings as rings and not some weird shape
First part of eye light hits
Cornea
Where are the muscles in the eye that constrict/ relax to change size of pupil
Iris
Does the fovea have rods
No, only cones
Choroid
Blood vessels that nourish retina
Bipolar cell vs retinal ganglion cell
Bipolar- turned on by light, send visual signals from rods/cones to ganglion cells
Bipolar-> ganglion -> optic nerve
The proteins rhodopsin and photopsin are found on the optic disks- which one is in cones which is in rods
Rods- Rhodopsin
Cones- Photopsin
Phototransduction cascade turns rods off. Light hits rhodopsin, ans retinal within changes from cis to trans, causing rhodopsin to change shape. The protein transducin, normally bound to rhodopsin, breaks off and binds to ___?
Binds phosphodiesterase (PDE)
PDE converts cGMP to GMP, which causes sodium channels in rods to close- rods turned off
Contrast photopic, mesopic, and scotopic vision
Photopic- high light
Mesopic- rods and cones
Scotopic- low light
Are rods or cones more abundant? Which is more sensitive?
RODS to both
Where is the blind spot
Optic nerve connects to retina
Parvocellular pathway vs magnocellular pathway
Parvocellular- shape and color
Magnocellular- motion
Name the ossicles in order (middle ear)
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
T/F: taste and smell receptors synapse on the thalamus
FALSE. oribofrontal cortex is first place of integration
Which brain waves would you expect to see in someone in a coma?
Delta- deep sleep or coma
Beta is awake/concentration
Alpha is daydreaming
Theta is light sleep
Which component of the sleep cycle suppresses cortical arousal to keep you asleep and helps in memory consolidation?
K complexes
Occur at state 2 (theta waves) with sleep spindles (bursts of rapid activity)
Note- REM is most important for memory consolidation and formation of episodic memories
Compare the dissociation and social influence theories of hypnotism
Dissociation- hypnotism is extreme form of divided consciousness
Social influence- people do what’s expected of them, like actors caught up in role
Effect of barbiturates
Induce sleep or reduce anxiety
Form of depressant
Anesthesia or anticonvulsant
Aka tranquilizer
Benzodiazepines
Type of depressant
Subscribed for same thing as barbiturates- sleep aids, anti anxiety, anticonvulsants
Enhance neural response to GABA (open GABA activated Cl- channels)
Where is dopamine produced
Ventral tegmental area (VTA) in midbrain
Sends dopamine to amygdala, NA, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus
Cross tolerance
Reduced responsiveness to novel drug due to common CNS target
Cocktail party effect is endogenous/internal or exogenous/external cue?
Endogenous/internal
Requires internal knowledge to understand the cue and intention to follow it
Top down processing
(Exogenous is bottom up processing)
Distal vs proximal stimuli
Distal- objects and events in world around you
Proximal- patterns of stimuli from the objects and events around you that actually reach senses
Major cholinergic output of CNS
Basal forebrain
Includes NA, nucleus basalis, medial septal nuclei
Information processing model
Brain follows serial processing
Input -> process -> output
(Although brain does have capacity for parallel processing)
Operational span testing
Subjects perform skill or math, then read a word, then do recall test after a few rounds
Max number of words that can be recalled is operation span
Rote rehearsal
Repeating over and over
Least effective technique
What do children achieve during Piaget’s sensorimotor stage? What do they achieve during concrete operational?
Sensorimotor (stage 1)- object permanence Concrete operational (stage 3)- conservation
What stage of Piaget’s has to do with playing and being egocentric?
Stage 2- Preoperational (6/7 years old)
Type I vs Type II error
Type I: false positive
Type II: false negative
Conjunction fallacy
Belief that co-occurrence of 2 instances is more likely than a single one (thinking probability of 2 events occurring together higher than just one)
Availability vs representativeness heuristic
Availability- actual memories come to mind
Representativeness- not thinking of exact memories but rather prototype of idea (general typical concept)
Which of these does not improve with age: Semantic Divided attention Crystallized intelligence Emotional reasoning
Divided attention- gets worse
Note: implicit memory and recognition is stable, but doesn’t improve
Patient presents with speech that doesn’t make sense and seems not to understand what you’re saying. What is it and where is the damage
Wernicke’s aphasia
Aka fluent aphasia/ receptive aphasia
Temporal lobe damaged
Fill in the achievements regarding language acquisition for each age: 9-12 months: 12-18 months: 18-20 months: 2-3 years: 5 years:
9-12 months: babbling
12-18 months: about one word per month
18-20 months: explosion of
language
2-3 years: longer sentences (3+ words)
5 years: grammar
Kluver-Bucy syndrome occurs from damage to the amygdala making it nonfunctional. What is your patient with Kluver-Bucy likely to present with?
Mellowed out
Hyperorality
Hypersexuality
Disinhibited behavior
Not by coincidence, these are drunken behaviors
What regulates autonomic nervous system
Hypothalamus
In response to stress, adrenal medulla releases ____, a ____ hormone
Adrenal cortex releases ___, a ____ hormone
Medulla- catecholamines, epinephrine/ norepinephrine, tyrosine derivatives
Cortex- glucocorticoid (cortisol), steroid hormone. CORTisol is released by CORTex
Match:
Adrenal medulla and cortex
Endoderm and ectoderm
Medulla- ectoderm
Cortex- endoderm
Which of these is NOT an example of maladaptive coping strategies?
Dissociation, sensitization, safety behaviors, anxious avoidance, anticipation, escape
Anticipation- adaptive coping mechanism. Preparing how to cope
Dissociation- compartmentalizations bad stuff in head (part of PTSD)
Sensitization- trying to anticipating fearful events to prevent them by learning about them/ rehearsing
Safety behaviors- reliant on something/someone as means of coping
Anxious avoidance- most common
Escape- can be self medication
Aggression, excessive self assertion, recognition/status seeking, manipulation/ exploitation, rebellions, obsessionality arre examples of what
Overcompensation
Type of maladaptive coping mechanism
Overcompensation, surrender, avoidance are examples of what
Maladaptive coping mechanism
What does low effort syndrome/ coping refer to?
Coping responses of minority groups to fit into dominant culture
Learning to put in minimal effort as they believe they are being discriminated against by the dominant culture
Which has its ganglia close to the CNS, SNS or PNS?
SNS synapses close to CNS
Match for thé CNS:
Grey and white matter
Neuron somas and myelinated axons
Grey (outside)- soma
White (inside)- myelinated axons
Reversed in spinal cord
Grey (inside)- myelinated axons
White (outside)- soma
Upper motor neurons: Corticospinal tract vs corticobulbar tract
Corticospinal- axons go to spinal cord
Corticobulbar- axons go to brainstem (Bulbar goes to Brainstem)
What is clonus symptom
Rhythmic contractions of antagonistic muscles
Due to hyperreflexia
What lobe is somatosensory cortex part of
Parietal lobe
What lobe is Broca’s area a part of
Frontal lobe (muscles of speech)
Parts of the brain stem?
Pavlov’s Really Fricken Mad
Pons
Reticular Formation
Medulla (aka medulla oblongata)
Pons- wakefulness/ restfulness
Reticular formation- alertness
Medulla- ANS of heart and lungs
You’re taking the MCAT and your brain is runnin fast. Which of these is likely to be found in high concentrations?
GABA
Glycine
Glutamate
Glutamate- excitatory neurotransmitter
GABA (brain) and glycine (spinal cord) are inhibitory
Which would be most useful for studying brain activity? (2) CAT scan (CT) MRI EEG fMRI PET
fMRI And PET only
fMRI- image and activity, by measuring relative amounts of oxygenated blood
PET- no structure, but see sites of glucose utilization
At what stage in development does implantation occur
Blastocyst stage
Compare incentive theory and drive reduction theory in terms of reinforcement
Incentive theory- about positive reinforcement
Drive reduction theory- about negative reinforcement (remove unpleasant stimuli)
The ABCs of attitude?
Affective (emotional)
Behavioral
Cognitive
Explain the three parts of external attribution: consistency, distinctiveness, consensus
Consistency- is that how they usually act?
Distinctiveness- do they act differently in different situations?
Consensus- do other people act like that in this situation?
A child who can’t wait for the researcher to come back with the second marshmallow eats the one sitting in front of them. Which is acting here?
Id
Ego
Superego
Id- the unconscious, seeks immediate gratification
Ego- conscious and unconscious, seeks long term gratification
Superego- moral conscious
Carl Rogers developed this theory that focuses on personality development, in which people are inherently good and our most basic motive is self actualisation. We have free will
Humanistic theory
Imagining you’ve got abdominal pain when you’re stressed when there’s no reason physiologically to have symptoms is what
Somatic syndrome
Name some positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Positive- hallucinations, delusions, catatonic (extremes of behavior symptoms)
Negative- lack of emotion (affective flattening), lack of interest (avolition), speech difficulties (alogia)
Somatic syndrome vs conversion disorder
Somatic- mental disorders manifesting in physical symptoms
Conversions- neurological symptoms only that are unexplained by physiological evidence
How do you go from hypomanic to manic episode?
Hypomanic- abnormal optimism and energy for 4 days in a row
Manic- 7 days in a row and severe enough to cause impairment in functioning
A patient presents with a history of 2 manic episodes, but no major depressive disorder. Is this likely to be bipolar I or II?
Bipolar I: hypomania becomes manic, may or may not have depressive disorder
Bipolar II: stays hypomanic, and at least 1 major depressive disorder
Compare informative and normative influence
Informative- look to group for guidance and assume they’re right
Normative- even though you know what’s right you conform to group to avoid social rejection
Social anomie
Breakdown of social bonds between individual and community
Society lacks firm collective consciousness
Social normals must be strengthened and groups reformed to be resolved
You see Meg thrift from the laundry room for clothes, and it makes you want to start doing it. What theory of deviance does this represent?
Theory of differential association
Deviance is learned behavior from continuous exposure to others who violate norms and law
Relationship to person is important- stronger relationships make you more likely to learn deviance from them
In deep Tennessee, racism is pretty normal. But when they come up north east, there’s hell to pay (as there should be). What theory or deviance explains this?
Labeling theory
Behavior is deviant if people have judged it/ labeled it to be- depends on what’s acceptable
Secondary deviance more serious than primary deviance
What’s a great strategy for dealing with your fear of the dark?
systematic desensitization
Type of classical conditioning
You like softball and are motivated to be the best so you join the best team and you’re surrounded by the best players who further motivate you to be the best and practice a lot and you play in the best tournaments. What’s this an example of?
Reciprocal determinism
Interaction of persons behaviors, personal factors (motivation/ cognition), environment all determined by one another
Carl Rogers had this idea that self concept is made of self image, self esteem, and ideal self, which he wrapped up into which theory?
Humanistic theory
A person who shows mistrust in their loved ones likely had crisis in which stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development? What virtue are they probably lacking?
Stage 1, 0-1 years
Trust vs mistrust
Virtue is hope
A person who lacks self esteem likely had crisis in which stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development? What virtue are they probably lacking?
Stage 2, 1-3 years
Autonomy vs shame/ doubt
Virtue is will/ independence
Fill in the Erikson stages:
- 0-1 years:
- 1-3 years:
- 3-6 years:
- 6-12 years:
- 12-20 years:
- 20-40 years:
- 40-65 years:
- 65+ years:
- 0-1 years: trust vs mistrust, virtue is hope
- 1-3 years: autonomy vs shame/ doubt, virtue is independence/ will
- 3-6 years: initiative vs guilt, virtue is purpose
- 6-12 years: industry vs inferiority, virtue is competence
- 12-20 years: identity vs role confusion, virtue is fidelity (seeing oneself as unique)
- 20-40 years: intimacy vs isolation, virtue is love (relationships)
- 40-65 years: generatively vs stagnation, virtue is feeling of contribution
- 65+ years: integrity vs despair, virtue is wisdom
You assume that everyone at Crossfit is a democrat. What’s this an example of?
Projection bias- assuming others share same beliefs as you
What kind of organization is a softball team?
Normative organization- unified in goal
Utilitarian organization- rewarded for efforts (jobs)
Coercive organization- no choice in membership (prison)
Max Weber’s 5 characteristics of ideal bureaucracy:
I ROLE
Impersonality- acting unbiased
Regulation
Organization
Labour (division of labor, people trained for specific tasks)
Employment (based on technical qualifications)
Which of these is not an example of macro sociology?
Conflict theory
Social Interactionism
Functionalism
Social Interactionism- micro sociology, focus on individuals
Compare Malthusian theorem to anti-Malthusian theorem
Malthusian theorem- we won’t be able to maintain natural resources for everyone on planet—> high mortality rate
Anti-Malthusian theorem- couples will want to have less children or have children later in life—> low birth rate
Non financial social assets can promote social mobility beyond economic means, such as education. What is this an example of?
Cultural capital
Karl Marx says that the working class doesn’t realize they’re being exploited and oppressed by capitalism. What develops when they do?
Class consciousness- gain solidarity
Temporal confounds
Time related confounding variables
Self reported information is always susceptible to this type of bias
Subjective bias
Also reconstructive bias- memory bias (memories not as accurate as we think)
Fusiform gyrus
Part of visual system, role in high level visual processing and recognition
Prosopagnosia- neurological disorder, can’t recognize faces
Flynn effect
Observation of IQ grow from one generation to the next
When you walk into a bright room, does down regulation or up regulation of light happen?
Down regulation. Pupils constrict
Rods/ cones desensitized
Macula
High density of cones in eye
Part of retina
What do amacrine and horizontal cells help with
Edge detection and contrast in eye
Receive input from multiple retinal cells from same area before it’s passed onto ganglion cells
What lobes are the olfactory bulbs in
Temporal
Fluid intelligence vs crystallized intelligence
Raymond Cattell
Fluid- think on feet
Crystallized- recall and apply
Who had the theory of multiple intelligences
Howard Gardner
Who said there are 3 types of intelligence, social, mechanical, and abstract?
Edward Thorndike
First to consider social intelligence
Robert Sternberg developed a triarchic theory of intelligence which included what
Analytical
Creative
Practical
All influence each other
What type of NT is GABA, structurally?
Amino acid
What type of NT are NE, dopamine, and serotonin, structurally?
Biogenic amines (monoamines)
What NT does the raphe nuclei produce
Serotonin
Think: RALPHE was very DEPRESSED when he didn’t get his BB gun (loss of serotonin = depression)
Where are the soma of somatic motor neurons? What about sensory neurons?
Motor soma- brain stem/ ventral spinal cord
Sensory soma- first synapse in CNS, long dendrites, soma in dorsal root ganglion
In autonomic PNS anatomy, preganglionic neurons have cell body ____
Brainstem or spinal cord
Synapse with postganglionic neurons in ganglion
Sympathetic PNS preganglionic neurons have cell bodies in ____ while parasympathetic PNS preganglionic neurons have cell bodies in ___
Sympathetic- thoracic or lumbar regions of spinal cord. Short preganglionic, long postganglionic
Parasympathetic- sacral portion. Long preganglionic, short postganglionic
What do the superior and inferior colliculus of the midbrain do, respectively?
Superior- visual info
Inferior- auditory info
What do the trophoblasts (surrounding the blastocoel of inner cell mass) develop into?
Chorion and placenta
The neural tube of embryo has alar and basal plate, which become what?
Alar- sensory neurons
Basal- motor neurons
Patient presents with a major manic episode and symptoms of schizophrenia for at least one month. What is it likely to be
Schizoaffective disorder
1 month of schizophrenia symptoms and a major depressive/manic/ mixed episode
Paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder (little interest in forming relationships), and schizotypal personality disorder are in what cluster
Cluster A
A = Abnormal
Antisocial personality disorder (aggressive), borderline personality disorder (unstable impulses), histrionic personality disorder, and narcissist personality disorder are in what cluster?
Cluster B
B = Barbaric
Someone (likely a man) who is very aggressive and shows little disregard for rights of others likely has what personality disorder?
Antisocial
Someone (likely a woman) who has unstable impulses and is terrified of abandonment likely has what personality disorder
Borderline
Avoidance personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, and OCD are in what cluster
Cluster C
C = Concerned
The locus coeruleus releases what NT
Norepinephrine
What neurodegenerative disease presents with Lewy bodies which contain protein alpha synuclein?
Parkinson’s
Cultural imperialism
Imposition of ones own cultural values onto another culture
What does an index of dissimilarity of 0 mean in spatial inequality?
0 = total segregation
1 = perfect distribution
Hawthorne effect
Children tend to change behavior when they know they’re being watched
Size of your brain as you age
Shrinks
Group think is more likely to:
- make group more moderate
- make group change their mind
More likely a group will become more moderate than it is they will entirely change their mind
What region of the brain contains inferior and superior colliculi, and what do these process?
Midbrain
Inferior colliculi- receives auditory system input
Superior colliculi- receives visual sensory input (Superman has Superior vision)
The telencephalon and diencephalon of embryonic brain become what part of brain in adult?
Prosencephalon- forebrain
You’re 6. What state of Piaget’s are you in?
Preoperational - 2-7 years
Lack conservation
A therapist treating someone with agoraphobia takes them to a mall and challenges their belief that they will be trapped. What model is this therapist following?
Cognitive behavioral
Sees disorder as stemming from interactions between thoughts and behaviors
What happens in operant conditioning when the reinforcement stops?
Extinction
Shaping
In operant conditioning, creating increasingly more specific behaviors
Self fulfilling prophecy
Making judgment without reason, but based on prior expectation
Social constructivism
Knowledge/ meaning is CONSTRUCTED through SOCIAL interactions
Mediating variable
Helps explain relationship between the two other variables
Primary vs secondary circular reactions
Circulations- repetitive behaviors of babies
Primary- soothing for child, like infant repeatedly vocalizing same syllable
Secondary- involves their environment, like banging fist on wall
Logarithmic relationship vs curvilinear
Logarithmic- relationship increases steadily but the rate of increase tapers off and approaches max value (think Vmax)
Curvilinear- increase linearly to max value before beginning to decrease linearly (think effect of temp on enzymes)
What do quadratic graphs look like
U shape
functionalism- what is it, and micro or macro?
macro- society is made of interdependent institutions that work together to provide stability. change = dysfunction
is conflict theory micro or macro
macro- society is inequality and competing for resources
social constructionism vs symbolic interactionism
social constructionism (micro)- individuals assign meaning to experiences through interactions. construction of reality leads to consequences (ex- fake news, form of constructed reality)
symbolic interactionism (micro)- society is everyday interpersonal interactions. Reality shaped by interactions, changes from person/situation to person/situation
exchange theory vs rational choice thoery
exchange theory (macro)- people act rationally to get what they need (relationships are cost/benefit)
rational choice (micro)- all actions are fundamentally rational. centered on Individualism, maximize goals, self-interest
one student scores 80 and teacher says “you can do better”. another student scores 80 and teacher says “great job”. this is an example of ___
teacher expectancy- impact of teacher’s expectations on student performance
your great aunt is an example of
primary kin
secondary kin
tertiary kin
tertiary- your family’s (mom’s) family’s (her mom) family (her mom’s sister)
T/F: older and longer-married couples are divorcing at a higher rate
TRUE :(
church vs sect vs cult
church- formal, organized, trained leaders, mainstream
sect- less stable, rigid convictions, lacks mainstream appeal, charismatic leaders
cult- deviant, outside of cultural traditions
which of these is often a direct reaction to social change?
secularization
modernization
fundamentalism
fundamentalism- “returning to pure roots”, reaction to modernization and secularization
stronger levels of commitment, less tolerant of opposition
compare capitalism to socialism
capitalism (US)- private ownership, competition
socialism- collective ownership, government control
compare authoritarian and totalitarian governments
authoritarian- denies people participation in government, no freedom of speech
totalitarian- most extreme control, controls all aspects of life (North Korea)
explain Robert Michel’s Iron Law of Oligarchy. Include what an oligarchy is
oligarchy- small elite control society
Iron Law: all large/ complex societies become oligarchies because:
-people prefer other people to make decisions for them
-system is too complex for normal people
-those in power tend to stay in power
(US can be considered oligarchy)
egalitarian society
ideal, equality throughout
incidence vs prevalence
incidence- newly diagnosed
prevalence- likelihood of having a disease
medical model of disability vs social model of disability
medical model- illness is problem to be cured, favors extra health care (sometimes superfluous)
social model- structures in society are the problem, favors prevention/ integration, team approach
what are the “rights” and “obligations” of a sick person according to the sick role perspective
sick role- being sick is temporary form of deviance, prevents person from contributing to society
“rights”- not responsible for blame, exempt from normal expectations
“obligations”- try to get better, seek help and cooperate
does not explain chronic illness
material vs symbolic culture
material- artifacts
symbolic- ideas
stem cell technology evolved faster than its legislation. this is an example of what?
cultural lag- some aspects of culture change faster than others
what explains the phenomenon that second generation immigrants are less likely to speak their native language fluently?
assimilation- minorities gradually adopt practices of majority culture
marathon runners and cults are examples of what, respectively (regarding society)
marathon runners- subculture
cult- counterculture
what is the cause for the melting pot of words in the English language
cultural diffusion- spread of culture from one group to the next
the idea that a spike in reproduction leads to resource deprivation is explained by what theory
Malthusian Theory
compare the fertility and mortality rates of pre-industrial and industrial societies
pre-industrial- high fertility, high mortality
industrial- low fertility, low mortality
how are population growth and industrialization/ modernization related
inversely
compare these perspectives of globalization:
hyperglobalization
skeptical
transformational
hyperglobalization- economic cause of globalization, national boundaries will be dissolved
skeptical- nationalism is on the rise, globalization is a myth
transformational- globalization is undetermined, no caues known
knowing what utensils to use at dinner is an example of what?
being a part of Greek life is an example of what?
utensils- cultural capital
Greek life- social capital
attached honor, distributed by possessions, qualities, performance
prestige
what are the 3 embryological brain regions, and what do they further differentiate into?
- prosencephalon-> telencephalon + diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- rhombencephalon -> metencephalon + myelencephalon
the hypothalamus, thalamus, and pineal gland develop from:
diencephalon
mesencephalon
myelencephalon
diencephalon, which develops from prosencephalon
the olfactory bulbs, cerebral cortex, and basal ganglia develop from:
mesencephalon
metencephalon
telencephalon
telencephalon, which develops from prosencephalon
the pons, cerebellum, and reticular formation develop from:
prosencephalon
telencephalon
metencephalon
metencephalon, which develops from rhombencephalon
the medulla oblongata develops from
myelencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon, which develops from rhombencephalon
which of these does NOT develop from rhombencephalon? pons reticular formation cerebellum hypothalamus
hypothalamus- develops from diencephalon (prosencephalon)
pons, reticular formation, cerebellum all develop from metencephalon (from rhombencephalon)
which of these does NOT develop from prosencephalon? olfactory bulb basal ganglia pineal gland medulla oblongata
medulla oblongata- myelencephalon from rhombencephalon
olfactory bulb- telencephalon (prosencephalon)
basal ganglia- diencephalon (prosencephalon)
pineal gland- diencephalon (prosencephalon)
what brain lobe is the hippocampus in
temporal
this brain structure, arising from the prosencephalon (superior neural tube), controls voluntary motor movement and procedural memory. What is __?
what is the Basal Ganglia
what do the superior and inferior colliculi do, respectively, and what embryonic brain region do they both develop from?
superior colliculi- visual motor reflexes
inferior colliculi- auditory reflexes
both develop from mesencephalon (midbrain, medial neural tube)
what embryological layer do the anterior and posterior pituitary develop from, respectively?
pituitary develops from ectoderm.
anterior- diencephalon
posterior- oral ectoderm (not from neural tube)
a right-handed person is likely dominant in what hemisphere?
left (contralateral) dominant side (usually left)- linguistics nondominant (usually right)- visuospatial processing
this NT is dysregulated in Parkinson’s, Tourette’s, Huntington’s, and Schizophrenia. What is
dopamine
compare the speed of effect of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides
NT- faster, short lived
neuropeptides- slower, long lasting
dysthymia characterizes what mood disorder?
depressive symptoms that are not severe enough to qualify as major depressive disorder, but persist most of the time for at least 2 years
characterizes persistent depressive disorder
prodromal phase
early onset of Schizophrenia
blunted affect vs flat affect of Schizophrenia
blunted- blunted emotions
flat- no emotions
catatonia is sometimes a symptom of schizophrenia. what is it
remaining very still for a long time
most common psychological disorder in US
anxiety disorders. include: generalized anxiety social anxiety phobia agoraphobia
what are the cluster A personality disorders?
(A = abnormal)
Paranoid
Schizotypal (magical thinking)
Schizoid (uninterested)
what are the cluster B personality disorders?
(B = barbaric) antisocial (disregard, aggressive- if really bad, sociopath/ psychopath) borderline (instable) histrionic (attention seeking) narcissistic
compare schizotypal and schizoid personality disorder
both type A (abnormal)
schizotypal- magical thinking
schizoid- uninterested
compare sociopath and psychopath, and what personality disorder are they both extremes of?
sociopath- severe deficit of conscience
psychopath- complete lack of conscience
extremes of antisocial personality disorder (cluster B, barbaric)
what are the cluster C personality disorders?
(C = concerned)
avoidant
dependent
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (inflexible)
compare OCD and OCPD
OCD- anxiety disorder, obsessive thoughts cause compulsions (behaviors) to relieve them
OCPD- personality disorder, inflexible/rigid/ preoccupation with perfection, won’t seek help because they see their way as right
compare somatic symptom disorder with illness anxiety disorder with conversion disorder
somatic symptom- have verifiable physical symptoms with unknown cause
illness anxiety- no measurable symptoms
conversion- psychological stress turns into actual neurological deficits (numbness, paralysis, blindness)
what are the biological markers of depression
increased cortisol and glucose metabolism in amygdala
patient presents with decreased stimulation of the motor cortex by the basal ganglia due to decreased dopamine production by the substantia nigra. what is it likely to be?
Parkinson’s
Sigmund Freud (gross) described personality in terms of the id, ego, and superego. In terms of the id, Freud said this of what he called the primary process and wish fulfilment:
the primary process is how the id (100% unconscious) deals with frustration of delayed gratification- serves as memory of object needed for gratification until real gratification can be realized
wish fulfillment- dreams that occur when ego/superego suppresses id (seeks to satisfy demands unconsciously)
in terms of personality, what is the secondary process and reality principle, according to Freud (gross)
secondary process is the ego’s (which helps desires of Id be realized in acceptable ways) attempt to satisfy Id desires
operates on reality principle, delays Id’s gratification until appropriate time
this aspect of personality, according to Freud (ew), has two components: the conscience and the ego ideal. What is _? Compare conscience and ego ideal
superego
conscience- rules against bad behavior
ego ideal- high standards to follow
A man forms a belief that is wife is bored with their relationship and becomes angry with her, when in reality he is the one bored of their relationship. What type of defense mechanism is this?
projection- attributing negative feelings to someone else in a kind of role reversal
A man is yelled at by his boss, so starts a fight with his wife when he gets home. What type of defense mechanism is this?
displacement- diverting unacceptable feelings, taking it out on someone/thing else
a secretly homosexual politician heavily supports legislation against homosexual marriage. what type of defense mechanism is this?
reaction formation- acting contrary to how you feel
an aggressive person takes up boxing to channel their anger. What type of defense mechanism is this?
sublimation- channel unacceptable feelings into something acceptable
thematic apperception test
come up with dramatic story about series of vague pictures
explain carl jung’s concepts of personal and collective unconscious
personal- parts of our minds we’re not aware of, but affect behavior and can be revealed in dreams. allows us to be creative/ original (individuals)
collective- inherited, contains universal themes. shared experience of humans
compare what Freud and Carl Jung considered the cause of behavior
Freud- repressed desires from childhood, Libido (sexual energy) drives everything (ew what a perv)
Jung- past experiences and future aspirations
Jung’s dichotomies, extroverted vs introverted, sensing vs intuiting, thinking vs feeling, became the basis of this personality test still used today
Myers-Briggs Type Inventory
Alfred Adler was more optimistic in his psychoanalytic personality theory. What did he say drives behavior and personality?
behavior driven by self-improvement. inferiority complex develops if someone doesn’t use self-improvement as motivation (overwhelmed and powerless)
personality forged through choices (creative self)
Karen Horney rejected Freud’s disgusting penis obsession and instead took a more humanistic approach to her psychoanalytic personality theory, which cited neurosis as a negative outcome- explain what it is
neurosis- trouble in childhood manifests in trouble in relationships later, causing anxiety–> people cope with neurotic needs (need for approval, power, etc)
gestalt therapy
type of humanistic therapy (self-actualization, people are inherently good)
emphasizes treating individual as a whole, rather than sum of parts
explain Kurt Lewin’s Field Theory
focus on state of mind of the patient as sum of interactions between their individual personality and “total field” (enviornment)
personal construct thoery
personality is composed of mental constructs through which each person views reality
a therapist sits back and allows client to lead the session, and listens to any wrongdoing they admit to without judgement. what kind of therapy does this therapist adhere to?
Carl Roger’s client centered therapy
clients direct discussion
unconditional positive regard
what is the hierarchy of needs Maslow developed
self actualization -> esteem -> love/belonging -> safety -> physiological needs
compare how trait personality theories differ from psychoanalytic and humanistic perspectives
trait personality theories- focus on unique differences
psychoanalytic and humanistic- both focus on commonalities among all people
compare type and trait theorist view
type- people fit into discrete/ fixed categories
trait- personality is larger continuum
what are cardinal, central, and secondary traits (Gordon Allport, trait personality theorist)
cardinal- dominate entire personality
central- present to varying degrees in everyone
secondary- present in everyone but dependent on context
Hans and Sybil Eysenck thought up the PEN model of personality (trait theorists), which stands for:
psychoticism
extraversion
neuroticism
T/F: according to social cognitive personality theory, people always apply what they have learned to make choices
FALSE. while observational learning (Bobo doll) is important and people are most likely to model those they identify with, people do not always apply what they have learned. Perceived and actual consequences influence decisions
describe Albert Bandura’s reciprocal determinism. what does it suggest about individual development
individual, behavior, and environment interact to influence behavior
suggests people can mold environment that influences their development
When answering surveys about exercise, participants tend to inflate the time spent per week. this is known as?
social desirability- tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in a matter that will be viewed favorably
when researchers see a pattern or trend as stronger or more regular than it is
overgeneralization
positive symptoms of schizophrenia are due to __
increased dopamine
a patient presents with high blood pressure but after running tests, there is no determinable cause. the patient is sure they have a blockage in their artery. this patient most likely has
somatic symptom disorder- verifiable symptoms
a patient presents saying they have severe intestinal pain and fear they have cancer. upon testing, there is no sign of inflammation or anything that would cause their pain. this patient most likely has
illness anxiety disorder- no measurable symptoms
a person is so stressed that they enter a coma of unknown cause. this patient most likely has
conversion disorder- psychological stressor converted to physical symptoms with no underlying medical cause
a true experiment requires what
random assignment to groups and independent variable
part of brain involved in working memory and attention
both of these are executive functions- frontal lobe
hippocampus is episodic memory formation
you see a lot of softball players wear bows, so you hypothesize that peer pressure on teams causes girls to play with bows. what kind of reasoning is this?
inductive- uses observations to develop hypothesis
deductive reasoning
uses general premise to draw conclusions about narrow/more specific examples
the social habit of people ignoring when other people fart is an example of what
tactful blindness- individuals purposefully ignore mistakes/ blunders of others to save their face
stigma extension
tendency to impute limitations on a person’s abilities beyond those of the disability itself
affirmative action
preferential hiring of racial minorities/ underserved groups
epistemic authority
only people with certain experiences can claim knowledge about it
common fate (gestalt principle)
things that move together are more likely to be grouped
idea that social systems perpetuate poverty and people in poverty are trapped
culture of poverty
patient A presents with magical thinking, patient B presents with aloofness. what do they likely have
schizotypal personality disorder- magical thinking
schizoid personality disorder- aloofness
person is emotionally unstable, impulsive, and often threatens self-harm. what do they likely have
borderline personality disorder
person is dramatic and manipulative, but not likely to threaten self-harm for attention. what do they likely have
histrionic personality disorder
researchers needing to simulate upregulated reticular formation activity would treat lab mice with: oxycodone heroin barbiturate amphetamines
amphetamines
family psychologist advising patients to change behavior in hopes of altering children’s behavior would likely be proponent of:
social cognitive theory
humanism
type-type identity theory
social cognitive (includes observational learning as influencer of behavior)
a society with high fertility rates and low mortality rates is likely:
pre-industrial
agricultural
industrial
industrial
later in industrial phase fertility will go down
which is NOT peaceful tactic for social change:
benefit concert
mass demonstration
sit in
sit in considered non-peaceful
social exchange theory and symbolic interaction theory are:
both micro
both macro
one of each (specify)
both micro
assumption that previous experience will predict future experience
representativeness heuristic
androgyny
person who displays both traditional masculine and feminine characteristics at the same time
during modernization, which decreases first, birth or death rate?
death rate decreases first
technology brings down death rate before culture changes to decrease birth rate
component of working memory that processes visual information
visual-spatial sketchpad
different from iconic memory in that iconic memory is very short-lived
illusory correlation
perceiving a relationship between variables that doesn’t really exist
psychomotor stimulants are agonists for __
dopamine
used to treat ADHD
anxiolytics
drug to reduce anxiety. GABA agonist, NE antagonist
antidepressants act on these two NT
serotonin and NE
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis includes adrenal cortex or medulla?
cortex (produces cortisol and aldosterone)
highest density of cones in eye are in macula densa, which is where?
fovea, in center of retina
control theory and its relation to deviance
social ties are important in helping people resist temptations to break the law
you learned to J-walk in the city from Richie. This is an example of what theory of deviant behavior?
differential association theory- people learn deviant behavior/ attitudes from others in a group
theory that crime results less from what people do than how others respond to the behavior is what concept of deviant behavior?
labeling theory
in what theory of emotion is physiological arousal independent from emotion?
cannon-bard
simultaneous but independent
compare glass escalator to glass ceiling
glass escalator- men quicker to be promoted in female-dominated profession
glass ceiling- about hidden barriers women face in workplace
how long must depressive symptoms persist to be considered major depressive disorder?
2 weeks
continuity theory of aging vs disengagement theory of aging
continuity theory- older adults maintain same activities, behaviors, relationships
disengagement- claims it’s natural/acceptable for oldr adults to withdraw
syncretism
cultural practice that results from blending of 2 cultural traditions
what brain structure will chronic anxiety affect, and what NT will be upregualted?
hippocampus- regulates anxiety and stress
glutamate upregulated with anxiety (increases activity in brain’s alarm center)
compare roles of glutamate and acetycholine as NT
glutamate- increases activity in brain’s alarm center (high in anxiety)
acetylcholine- memory and learning (low in Alzheimer’s)
four types of social support
emotional
instrumental/ tangible
informational
appraisal
self-schemas
pre-conceived personal schemas (to process information) that is not entirely based on reality or facts
self selection bias causes what problem
certain groups of people may be more willing than others to participate in a study, so sample might not accurately reflect population
idea that various forms of discrimination (racism, sexism, ageism) interact to make it worse
intersectionality
which is more stable, dyad or triad group?
triad- stability/ longevity increase with size
consider extremes- 1 person or 100 person revolution
simultaneous physiological arousal and emotion
Cannon-bard
simultaneous like a cannon going over and the noise it makes
physiological arousal followed by emotion
James Lange
second-order conditioning
a conditioned-conditioned response
ex- dog is first-ordered conditioned to sound of bell, then second-order conditioned to sound of cabinet opening that signals a bell for food will be rung soon
cohort vs cross-sectional vs case-control
cohort- sorted into groups and assessed at various intervals
cross-sectional- different groups at single point in time
case-control- look backwards to see which subjects had exposure
a physician who screens obese patients for hypertension more often than healthy patients, thus inflating the true value, displays what kind of bias
detection bias- using knowledge in inconsistent way (since physician knows HTN is more common in obese patients)
hawthorne effect
observation bias- subjects act differently because they know they’re being watched
cross-sectional study in which current smoking status and cancer history are assessed cannot satisfy which of Hill's criteria? strength coherence plausibility temporality
temporality- exposure and outcome cannot be measured at the same time
T/F: a negatively skewed distribution has a mean lower than the medium
TRUE (thing negative and lower)–> tail of curve is pointed lower
positively skewed- mean is higher than median–> tail of curve is pointed higher
which of these is NOT a universal emotion?
happy, sad, disgust, excitement, fear, anger, surprise
excitement is NOT
rumination compared to coping
continuously thinking about something upsetting
like listening to sad song on repeat after breakup
coping is about problem-solving in some way (action oriented)
high psychoticism score vs high neuroticism score
psychoticism = STUBBORN neuroticism = ANXIOUS (NERvous)
knowing the right people to get into college is example of what kind of asset
cultural capital- non-financial social assets
social stratification
GENERAL term explaining social conditions leading to inequality (not just about money)
what does r^2 tell you
r^2 is correlation value
compare to p value, probability of null hypothesis
tact
how people cope with embarrassing things
sociologists say parents of high SES families, but not low SES families, teach their kids this:
high SES: independent thinking
low SES: obedience
stigma
being discredited in the eyes of others (being labeled a criminal is a good example)
ethnophaulism
racial slur
self-censorship vs mindgaurds
self-censorship: individuals in group choose not to voice concern/ contrary information
mindgaurds: members protect group or leader from problematic information
person displays severe detachment from others, little or no desire to form relationships, indifference to praise, avoidance of pleasurable activities
schizoid PD
compare how Karl Marx and Max Weber measured social class
Karl Marx: income and wealth
Max Weber: more than one type of measurement
telegraphic speech, and does it come early or late in young language learning?
cooing -> babbling -> one word sentences -> telegraphic speech (severely abbreviated speech)
self fulfilling prophecy vs stereotype threat
self-fulfilling prophecy: IDEA that a label can influence behavior
stereotype threat: FEAR of confirming negative steretotype
what part of your eye adjusts to intensity of incoming light?
pupil will constrict/ dilate
hermann grid illusion
illusion of black dots at intersection of white lines on a grid, illustrates the center-surround design of receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells
color constancy
perception that color of object remains same even if light reflected off changes dramatically
ponzo illusion
optical illusion in which participant asked to rate size of two bars that are superimposed on image of railroad tracks, illustrates importance of monocular depth cues in size judgement
optic disc
area of retina where there are no photoreceptors due to exit of optic nerve
responsible for most of refraction to focus image in eye
cornea- forms concave disc over pupil to bend light to focus on retina
lens only does fine tuning of refraction
linguistic determinism
individual’s ability to think limited by available language
lateral inhibition
organization and interconnections between cells or retina, which causes inhibition of some cells when adjacent cells are activated
lateralization of function
certain cognitive functions localized in one brain hemisphere
visual information processed bilaterally T/F?
true! transferred to thalamus or midbrain before being sent to visual cortex in occipital lobe
stereotype lift
improved performance by a person in positively stereotyped group
fugue
rare dissociative disorder, reversible amnesia relative to aspects of personal identity
expectancy theory
individuals make choices based on results they expect
generally, females exhibit less lateralized function (of brain hemisphere) compared to males T/F
TRUE. just think of yourself as more well rounded
Freud said extreme neatness/ rigidness is this kind of fixation
anal fixation- just think of calling someone “anal”
stereo blindness
lack of retinal disparity as cue for depth
long term potentiation initiated by ___ influx
calcium
during action potential, Cl- is associated with ___
hyperpolarization
sleep spindles and K complexes occur during which stage of sleep
stage 2- theta waves
stage 3 is delta waves
as sleep progresses, less time is spent in ___ and more time in ___
less slow wave sleep, more REM
REM rebound
increase in REM during sleep, due to sleep deprivation
neobehaviorism
behavior can be modified by rewards or punishments
the opposite of theory of mind in development is ___
egocentrism (only focus on your own perspective)
theory of mind- ability to see others’ perspectives, develops around 6 or 7 years
which is not a Harlow monkey experiment?
- monkey’s learn sign language
- extreme isolation has irreversible negative effects on monkeys
- baby monkeys prefer cloth mother over nutrient mother
- securely attached monkeys adjust better
these are Harlow monkey experiments:
- extreme isolation has irreversible negative effects on monkeys
- baby monkeys prefer cloth mother over nutrient mother
- securely attached monkeys adjust better
integrative reminiscence
older people take stock of their lives and come to terms with previously unresolved conflicts
depth-of-processing model of memory
information is transferred from STM to LTM when it is processed at deeper level of analysis
pheromones
chemical messengers utilized for communication among members of the same species
factitious disorder
individuals create physical and/ or psychological symptoms to get medical attention. usually self-inflicted, exaggerated or feigned symptoms
how do cortisol levels relate to depression
depression and cortisol are linked- elevated cortisol directly correlated to decreased serotonin
explain how vision is processed, regarding brain hemispheres
right side of visual field of both eyes is processed on left side of each retina. These images are routed by axons to left hemisphere. (and vice versa)
language is produced in which hemisphere
left
biological preparedness vs instinctual drift
biological preparedness- organisms more readily form certain associations than others
instinctual drift- species-appropriate behavioral patterns interfere with operant responses
your friend just won big with a lottery ticket yesterday so today you impulse buy a lottery ticket. which heuristic are you using?
availability heuristic- estimates of likelihood of outcome being influenced by readily available examples of that event occurring (most recent even)
(representativeness heuristic is estimating likelihood of even by comparing it to prototypes) (stereotype)
which part of brain influences feeding behavior
hypothalamus (regulates homeostasis)
social disorganization theory
crime arises from conditions of rapid social change and other factors that breed confusion and disorientation
what did Emile Durkheim say about society
all about social integration and participation, working together makes soceity stable
which psychology approach emphasizes free will
humanistic
what do modern trends say about empty nest syndrome
say it’s not a thing- couples actually experience satisfaction and increased freedom when children leave home
oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH) are what types of NT?
peptide
which embryonic brain structure forms thalamus and hypothalamus
diencephalon
which embryonic brain structure forms forebrain and cerebral cortex
telencephalon
which embryonic brain structure forms pons and cerebellum
metencephalon
apraxia
difficulty planning to perform tasks or movements when asked (motor disorder)
rate of recidivism
frequency with which an individual re-initiates antisocial behavior after period of rehab (symptom of recurring antisocial behavior)
the “I” vs the “me” according to Mead
I = spontaneous, autonomous self me = self that is formed via interaction with others
cognitive appraisal theory
emotional reaction after evaluating a given situation
conduction aphasia
inability to repeat what they hear
anomic aphasia
inability to produce correct words for a topic about which one would like to speak
social cogntitive theory
describes influence of personal experiences/ interactions with others/ environmental factors on behavior
includes observational learning
errorless learning
titration of difficulty level so trial and error is avoided
representative heuristic
attributing to individuals the characteristics of a group to which they belong
which is not affected by aging:
- acquiring new declarative information
- retrieving general information
retrieving general information is not affected by aging
what kind of receptors are hair cells of cochlea
mechanoreceptors
in a study, each trail involves dropping lemon juice on person’s tongue to measure salivation. over trials, salivation declines. then researcher switches to lime juice. what are they testing?
habituation and dishabituation
gentrification
reinvestment in lower income neighborhoods in urban areas, resulting from influx of more affluent groups. housing demands increases, decreasing affordable housing. displaces lower-income residents, expands tax base of local government
linguistic relativity (Sapir-Whorf hypothesis)
structure of language affects perception of its speakers
role strain vs role conflict
role strain- tension from competing demands within context of single role
role conflict- conflict among multiple roles
ethnographic methods
systematic observation of a complete social environment
personality disorders are ego-syntonic or ego-dystonic?
ego-syntonic: people with personality disorders believe their behavior is right (or at least not wrong)
comparative pessimism
believing you’re worse off than other people
interposition vs convergence (in vision)
interposition is monocular depth cue,
convergence is binocular depth cue
function of: organ of corti, semicircular canals, otoliths (utricle and saccula)
organ of corti: hearing
semicircular canals: angular acceleration
otoliths: linear acceleration
George Mead said an individual will exhibit less prejudice against an out-group member if:
the expectations of the generalized other oppose prejudice- Mead says the totality of what we perceive to be the expectations/values of other people in society (in this case, lack of expected prejudice would be social expectation)
Mead is symbolic interactionist, associated with “me” (socialized self) and “I” (autonomous/spontaneous self)
Karl Marx says you’ll be less prejudice towards an out-group member if:
both of you are in same class and share means of production (Marx = economics)
brain area responsible for shutting down arousal signals and causing transition from wake to sleep
hypothalamus
taking surveys of people’s attitude towards religion after a natural disaster is what kind of study
natural experiment- you didn’t cause the experimental manipulation, it naturally happened
situational poverty occurs when?
situational poverty caused by single life event (such as natural disaster)- transitional poverty
reformative vs redemptive vs revolutionary vs alternative social movement
reformative- minor changes affecting many people
redemptive- radical changes for few people
revolutionary- radical changes affecting nearly everyone
alternative- minor changes to few people
retroactive interferences vs retrograde amnesia
retroactive interference- new learning interferes with retrieval of old learning (opposite is proactive interferences)
retrograde amnesia- memory loss due to injury or disease
when is it easiest to learn a new language (age)
3-7 years- critical window
before that child is pre-linguistic
which of these psychologists is NOT credited with creating a standardized intelligence test?
Wechsler, Binet, Stanford, Terman
Stanford is the school where TERMAN worked, and TERMAN created the Stanford-Binet test
Wechsler- WAIS (adult intelligence)
you believe that personality is a summation of all of your lifetime choices. what perspective of human personality do you prescribe to?
humanism- emphasizes role of individual choices in personality development
(not behaviorism because that focuses on being conditioned)
Irving Goffman’s theory of self
individuals have inner/outer self that regulates behavior
C. Wright Mills theory of social stratification
structural impacts of powerful elite
focus on how to better understand/ categorize social problems
Herbet Spencer’s theory of society
social Darwinism- survival of socially fit
how do social scientists use operational definitions (what are they for)
clarify variables that are difficult to quantify
fundamental cause theory of disparity
despite efforts to improve access to healthcare for low SES groups, new barriers emerge as a countervailing force against current efforts
embedded field study
researchers pose as patients
criterion validity
can the variable predict the outcome?
approach-approach conflict vs avoidant-avoidant conflict vs approach-avoidant conflict
approach approach- 2 options are appealing
avoidant avoidant- 2 options are unappealing
approach-avoidant- one option has pros and cons
