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Psych/Soc Flashcards

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1
Q

How does the peg-word system of memory encoding work?

A

Mental associations between words and numbers, using rhyming

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2
Q

How does the method of loci aid in encoding memories?

A

Items/ concepts to be remembered are placed around the room

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3
Q

Maintenance rehearsal is effective in

A

Maintaining information in working memory

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4
Q

Elaborate rehearsal is different from maintenance rehearsal in that it

A

Focuses on meaning, purpose, relationship to previously known concepts

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5
Q

The most enduring type of memory encoding is

A

Semantic- encoding of meaning/understanding

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6
Q

Desirable difficulties are called the expensive memory principle because

A

More difficult learning processes are more difficult to forget

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7
Q

Semantic processing creates a web of concepts, each called a

A

Node

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8
Q

In a memory study, students more quickly affirmed that dogs were a mammal than deny that the sun is not a planet. This is an example of

A

True- false effect: true statements verified more quickly (Malcolm Gladwell- default to the truth)

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9
Q

In a study, participants were able to recall all the names of their homeroom or verify that someone belonged to their homeroom more quickly than the people in their graduating class. This is an example of

A

Category size effect- recall/verification rates increase if the category has few members

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10
Q

Proactive and retroactive memory interference differ in that

A

Proactive interference affects new memory formation, retroactive interference affects old memories

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11
Q

When the primer of a memory is a category and the target of a memory is an example within that category, this type of activation occurs

A

Automatic spreading activation

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12
Q

While a memory is being used, it exists in which memory system?

A

Working memory- even long term memories are transferred to working memory while in use (long term memory is just a long term storage unit)

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13
Q

The type of memory with the sharpest age-related decline is

A

Episodic memory (autobiographical- the when and where of memory)

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14
Q

What physiological changes are likely to be seen with Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) aggregate to form Beta-amyloid plaques outside of the cell

Microtubule-associated Tau protein is hyperphosphorylated and aggregate into neurofibrillary tangled inside the cell

Brain size (temporal, frontal, hippocampus) decreases 
Ventricle size increase
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15
Q

A patient is noted to have increased brain ventricle size and neurofibrillary tangles within CNS neurons. Lab test shows hyperphosphorylation of the Tau protein. This patient most likely has

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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16
Q

A patient with a history of alcoholism presents with severe thiamine deficiency. This patient is most at risk for developing

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome- severe thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency resulting in brain disorder

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17
Q

Susanne reminds herself in the morning that she needs to stop at the postal office later in the day. This is an example of what kind of memory

A

Prospective memory- ability to remember to do something at a future time

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18
Q

How do the number of neurons, synapses, and glial cells of an infant compare to those of an adult?

A

Infants have the same number of neurons, but fewer glial cells and more synapses

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19
Q

After being offered several bowls of food, Pavlov’s dogs stopped salivating. This is an example of

A

Habituation: decreased response to innate (unconscious) behavior- attention shifted elsewhere

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20
Q

If Pavlov’s dogs stop salivating to the sound of the bell, this would be an example of

A

Extinction: conditioned stimulus no longer exhibits conditioned response

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21
Q

True or false: punishment ALWAYS decreases the frequency of a behavior

A

True

Positive- give negative stimulus
Negative- take away positive stimulus

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22
Q

True or false: rule based processing supports the applicability of associative learning

A

FALSE: rule base processing is built on reasoning/ cognition, while associative learning is built in automatic learned behaviors

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23
Q

How does latent learning limit the applicability of associative learning?

A

Latent learning can occur without presentation of a reward, but is spontaneously demonstrated with reward presentation

Don’t necessarily need conditioning to learn

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24
Q

True or false: biological predispositions enhance associative learning

A

FALSE: biological predispositions decrease the likelihood that conditioned responses contrary to those predispositions will endure

Can’t teach a fish to fly

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25
Q

When Richie cries, I feel sad and cry, thanks to these neurons

A

Mirror neurons

Fire when one acts and when one observes another act the same

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26
Q

What does Weber’s law implicate about the just noticeable difference is sensation?

A

The just noticeable difference for a stimulus is directly proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus- ratio stays the same for a given stimulus type

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27
Q

How do sensory adaptation and habitation differ?

A

Sensory adaptation is physiological

Habitation is psychological

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28
Q

True or false: the cones in our eyes are ubiquitous

A

FALSE: our cones are only in our fovea

There are way more rods

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29
Q

What type of image does the lens of the human eye create?

A

The lens is a converging lens, and it produces a positive, real, inverted image

(Light rays are bent by cornea, adjusted by lens)

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30
Q

Explain the relationship between the cornea and the lens of the eye

A

The cornea bends light rays, the lens adjusts them

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31
Q

Which is the correct order of the visual transmission pathway?

a) cones, optic chiasm, optic nerve, lateral geniculate nucleus, visual cortex
b) cones, optic nerve, optic chiasm, lateral geniculate nucleus, visual cortex

A

B. Cones -> optic nerve -> optic chiasm -> lateral geniculate nucleus (thalamus) -> visual cortex (occipital lobe)

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32
Q

The part of the thalamus responsible for auditory processing is

A

Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN processes Music)

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33
Q

Describe the functions of the hindbrain

A

Balance and motor coordination

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34
Q

A patient presents with abnormally aggressive and high arousal behavior. Lab tests show the patient is unable to reabsorb water in the collecting duct. This patient most likely has a tumor in which part of the brain?

A

Hypothalamus

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35
Q

Finding your way through town would be a use of which brain hemisphere?

A

Right hemisphere- sense of direction is non-dominant

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36
Q

After being late to work several times, Bancroft starts charging you a fee. This is an example of

A

Positive punishment- want to reduce the incident of being late

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37
Q

You went to the cages for a few extra hours because you wanted to pitch better than your teammates. This type of motivation is an example of

A

Extrinsic motivation (competition)

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38
Q

The ought self revolves around what concept of ourselves

A

The ought self has to do with how others see us- NOT considered a part of a person’s self- concept

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39
Q

The ought self is most analogous to which selves of impression management?

A

The tactical self, for adhering to expectations, is most similar to the ought self (who others think we should be)

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40
Q

What is a type 1 study error?

A

False positive, or rejecting null hypothesis (that there is no relationship or difference)

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41
Q

What does a true experiment require?

A

Experimental and random groups

Random subject assignment

Research manipulated variables

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42
Q

What theory of society states that social stratification is necessary by rewarding the hardest workers or biggest contributors?

A

Structural functional theory

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43
Q

What does study validity deal with?

A

Validity: meeting all aspects of scientific method

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44
Q

What causes glucocorticoid release from adrenal cortex?

A

Anterior pituitary releases ACTH —> adrenal cortex releases glucocorticoid

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45
Q

What does Robert Merton’s strain theory say?

A

Not everyone has means to achieve cultural goals in legitimate ways. Creates several types of deviance (innovation, conformity, ritualism, retreatism)

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46
Q

What is innovation by Robert Merton’s strain theory?

A

Innovation-using rejected, unconventional means to achieve culturally approved goals

Ex- sell drugs to buy car

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47
Q

What are taboos

A

Taboos- most deeply held norms in society

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48
Q

How do folkways compare to mores?

A

Folkways- casual/informal norms

Mores- common, formal norms, govern everyday behavior

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49
Q

What type of theory of society is feminism?

A

Conflict theory- society is characterized by inequalities

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50
Q

You step on a nail, you cognitively label it as painful. This makes you angry. What theory of emotion is this?

A

Schacter-Singer theory: physiological arousal + cognitive label = emotion

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51
Q

You hug Richie and it makes you happy. This is what theory of emotion?

A

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion: physiological arousal and emotion are simultaneous

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52
Q 
A women diagnosed with borderline personality disorder would likely score low on which of these:
Introversion 
Conscientiousness 
Neuroticism 
Agreeableness
A

Agreeableness- people with borderline personality disorder have difficulty relating and cooperating with others

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53
Q

Anne can’t seem to remember who she is. What kind of mental state is she in?

A

Fugue state- dissociate disorder, loss of memory of own identify

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54
Q

What schedule of reinforcement are lottery tickets?

A

Variable ratio- highest rate of response

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55
Q

Which schedule of reinforcement has highest rate of response?

A

Variable ratio (slots, lottery tix)

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56
Q

What are Eysenck’s dimensions of personality (3)?

A

Introversion vs extroversion

Neuroticism vs stability

Psychoticism vs socialization

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57
Q

According to Erikson’s stages, when will you experience ego integrity vs despair?

A

Old age

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58
Q

Child is visibly upset when mother leaves the room but is not comforted when she comes back. What type of attachment is this?

A

Ambivalent attachment

Disorganized attachment- mixture of erratic or unclear attachment, child seems confused or dazed
Avoidant attachment- no preference of caregiver vs stranger
Secure attachment- prefers caregiver

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59
Q

In Mead’s theory of self, agents of socialization create expectations that become part of the “me” but must be approved by the “I”. What is the “me” and the “I”?

A

“Me”- social self

“I”- more creative and independent self

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60
Q

What is the symbolic interactionism theory of society?

A

Sees society as product of everyday interactions between individual members of society

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61
Q

Peer pressure to lose weight is an example of what theory of society?

A

Symbolic interaction- society as product of everyday interactions between individual members of society

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62
Q

How does social exchange theory differ from symbolic interactionism?

A

Social exchange- individuals make cost/benefit calculations

Symbolic interactionism- society is made of interactions between individual members

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63
Q

What is an algorithm and how does it differ from heuristics?

A

Algorithm- systematic process by which one is guaranteed to arrive at a solution

Heuristics are more efficient but solution is not guaranteed

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64
Q

The earliest portion of neuron depolarization is due to what ion?

A

Sodium influx

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65
Q

Other than potassium, what ion is associated with repolarization?

A

Chloride (slight contributor)

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66
Q

Which is a potential consequence of ADHD diagnosis that directly relates to concept of internal vs external locus of control?

  • perceived need for a drug
  • biological explanation for behavior
A

Biological explanation for behavior (something outside of your control- external locus of control)

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67
Q

Is a married medical student with a child experiencing role strain or role conflict?

A

Role conflict- conflict among roles connected to 2+ statuses

Role strain- tension among roles connected to single status

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68
Q

What’s the gist of the Asch conformity study?

A

Length of lines

Vision perception study/ social conformity

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69
Q

You realize you’ve been acting like mom. What is this process called?

A

Identification- incorporating characteristics of others

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70
Q

A member in your group for a group project doesn’t want to tell you that the other groups said your project idea sucks. How does this contribute to groupthink and what’s this called?

A

Mind guards- shield group from dissenting information

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71
Q

Your group project sucks but you all choose to believe it’s great and you’re gonna get an A. What aspect of group think is this?

A

Illusion of invulnerability- heightened optimism

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72
Q

What are mores? How do they compare to taboos?

A

Mores- norms with moral significance (casual)

Taboos- really really important and morally significant

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73
Q

What is lack of social norms and the breakdown in normal social bonding between individuals and society known as? How do individuals feel in this state?

A

Anomie

Coined by Emile Durkheim

Individuals feel lack of purpose, sense of futility because acceptable goals and ideals are unclear

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74
Q

What does functional theory say about deviance?

A

Deviance helps clarify boundaries of social norms, initiates social change

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75
Q

What does differential association theory say about deviant behavior?

A

People learn values, attitudes, and techniques for deviant behavior (especially criminal behavior) through interactions with others

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76
Q

How does a believer of labeling theory see deviance?

A

Deviance is relative

Labeling theory is about symbolic interactions and how you respond to others actions rather than what their actions where

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77
Q

What does Robert Merton say about deviance in his strain theory?

A

Not everyone has means to achieve- society promotes deviance

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78
Q

Compare rebellion and innovation from Robert Merton’s strain theory

A

Innovation- reject conventional means to achieve culturally approved goals (like selling drugs to buy car)

Rebellion- counter culture, reject institutional means and culturally accepted goals

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79
Q

Building a house is complicated. You decide to think of it like building a gingerbread house. What kind of attributional process is this?

A

Attribution substitution- when faced with complex task, you substitute actual scenario with simpler problem

Mental substitutions like visual shortcuts that cause optical illusions

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80
Q

What does the just world hypothesis say?

A

Karma- people get what they deserve

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81
Q

Contrast role conflict and role strain

A

Role conflict- roles associated with 2+ statuses

Role strain- roles associated with 1 status

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82
Q

As a varsity athlete, you’ve gotta stay on top of practice, school, eating right, and sleep! That all causes a lot of stress. What is this called?

A

Role strain- stresses associated with 1 status (varsity athlete)

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83
Q

You argue that your emotional responses are no biologically predetermined, but depend on context and experience. What theory are you supporting?

A

Social construction model

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84
Q

You get angry at Chris for eating your banana! What brain regions just lit up?

A

Amygdala (limbic system) and hypothalamus

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85
Q

When the caregiver leaves, the child is upset. When they come back, they child is not comforted. Is this avoidant, ambivalent, or disorganized?

A

Ambivalent

Causes reluctance to form relationships in adulthood

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86
Q

You can’t even tell if the child likes their caregiver. Child seems dazed in their presence. Is this avoidant, ambivalent, or disorganized?

A

Disorganized

Child may assume caregiver role at early age (caregiver is erratic, possibly abusive)

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87
Q

What’s the gist of the prisoners dilemma?

A

2 individuals might not cooperative even if it would benefit them both because they don’t know what the other person will do. They’re both given the chance to betray one another.

Simultaneous, non-zero sum (ones gain in winning is not balanced by losses of others- loss is not equal in magnitude to gain) game

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88
Q

You’re talking to Richie at a party but then you hear someone say your name, now you’re not paying attention to your conversation anymore. What is this phenomenon called?

A

Cocktail party effect (ooh, so fun)

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89
Q

What part of your brain helps you learn to pitch?

A

Cerebellum- automated motor learning

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90
Q

What’s a possible negative consequence of mental schemas?

A

Create stereotypes by ignoring information that doesn’t fit into schema

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91
Q

In Jean Piget’s stages of cognitive development, what stage is associated with attaching concepts to concrete situations?

A

Concrete operational (age 7-11)

Other stages-
Sensorimotor 
Pre operational 
Concrete operational 
Formal operational
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92
Q

Representative heuristics rely on what as shortcuts to make decisions or judgments?

A

Prototypes or stereotypes

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93
Q

Which is top-down and which is bottom-up processing?

Inductive and deductive reasoning

A

Top-down = deductive reasoning. Conclusions based on assumed premises

Bottom-up = inductive reasoning. Generalizations based on specific observations

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94
Q

What kind of intelligence did Galton believe in?

A

Genetic

Introduced nature vs nurture, but believes in nature argument

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95
Q

Which brain waves are associated with awake and alert?

Beta, alpha, theta, delta

A

Beta

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96
Q

What neural pathway is involved in alertness?

A

Reticular formation (in medulla oblongata) stimulates prefrontal cortex

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97
Q

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles and K complexes occur?

A

Stage 2

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98
Q

Which sleep waves are associated with deep sleep?

A

Delta

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99
Q

True or false: Narcolepsy is an autoimmune disease and an hormone deficiency

A

True. Attack of neurons that release hypocretin- hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycle

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100
Q

What is cataplexy?

A

Sudden, transient periods of muscle weakness or paralysis during which patient is fully conscious and aware

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101
Q

In the activation-synthesis theory of sleep, what brain system is active during sleep?

A

Limbic system is active, cerebral cortex attempts to interpret random stimuli

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102
Q

What neurotransmitter do depressants agonize?

A

GABA

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103
Q

What brain regions are involved in drug addiction And the dopamine based reward pathway (4)?

A

Frontal cortex
Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
Nucleus accumbens (NA)
Hippocampus

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104
Q

What is pragmatics?

A

Ability to comprehend language appropriately in given social context

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105
Q

Which has to do with simultaneous physiological arousal and emotion?

James Lange
Cannon bard
Schacter singer

A

Cannon bard

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106
Q

How does the ERG theory relate to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Basically sums it up shorter
Existence
Relatedness
Growth

But individuals can be motivated by these simultaneously

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107
Q

What does self-determination theory emphasize? (Hint: SDT)

A

Self-made (autonomy)
Doable-ness (competence)
Togetherness (relatedness)

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108
Q

What perspective is most relevant for showing relationship between lack of money and urgent motivation to get a job?
Maslow’s hierarchy
Drive reduction

A

Drive reduction- to reduce discomfort of lack of money

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109
Q

What are the 3 components of attitude (hint: ABC). What are the 3 functions of attitude?

A

Affective. Behavioral. Cognitive.

KNOW how your EGO ADAPTS
Knowledge, ego-expressive, adaptive

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110
Q

How does the looking glass self affect self concept?

A

Self concept is determined by how we believe others see us

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111
Q

Which would most likely result in avoidant attachment? Caregiver is:
Inconsistant in responding
Unresponsive to child’s needs

A

Unresponsive to child’s needs

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112
Q

A jury debates for awhile (most supporting acquittal, one fiercely for guilty), then they change their mind to end deliberating (ignoring evidence of defense). Which explains this?
Group polarization
Illusion of unanimity
Groupthink

A

Groupthink

Group polarization causes a more extreme decision to be made

Illusion of unanimity is about group shifting to majority opinion, not minority opinion as here

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113
Q

Which is an example of social facilitation?

  • this morning you tested out a new changeup. In scrimmage in the afternoon, you strike everyone out with it.
  • coach asks you to throw your favorite changeup in front of the campers for demo, and you nail it
A

coach asks you to throw your favorite changeup in front of the campers for demo, and you nail it

Social facilitation predicts that newly learned tasks will be performed poorly under social pressure (but easy tasks will be done well)

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114
Q

You hide Dash’s toy under a pillow, and he’s so smart he reaches under the pillow to get it! Which of Piaget’s developmental stages has he mastered?

A

Sensorimotor stage- object permanence

Preoperational stage- pretending
Concrete operational- logic, adding and subtracting
Formal operational- abstract, oh you smart now

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115
Q

Okay, let’s get this straight- which one is simultaneous arousal and emotion?
Canon bard
James Lange

A

Canon bard

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116
Q

What is the drive reduction theory?

A

Reducing unpleasant internal subjective feelings of stress and bolstering self esteem with therapeutic intervention

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117
Q

Does sensory memory last long

A

No. Very short term

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118
Q

What is eidetic memory?

A

Very detailed memory of a given visual display

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119
Q

Compare shaping and generalization

A

Shaping- reinforcement of successive approximations of behavior

Generalization- broadening conditioned response to similar stimuli

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120
Q

Compare self image and self esteem

A

Self image- physical traits
Self esteem- value

Self concept includes both

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121
Q

Compare role models and reference groups

A

Role models- individuals

Reference groups- groups of people

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122
Q

What does health psychology emphasize?

A

How stressors influence health and well-being

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123
Q

What is the name for psychology of human flourishing?

A

Positive psychology

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124
Q

After encountering a large spider, you will enter primary appraisal phase of stress, and categorize the stressor as either:

A

Irrelevant
Benign- positive
Stressful

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125
Q

What is the emic research approach?

A

Takes interpretations of situations by individuals as fact

Basically your senior project. HA

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126
Q

A dyadic relationship is like:
Parent and child
Or
Employee and supervisor

A

Employee and supervisor

Involves 2 people only

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127
Q

What is anhedonia?

A

Inability to feel pleasure

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128
Q

What is the goal of applied research

A

Solve practical problems

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129
Q

What does the Lazarus theory of emotion say?

A

Interpretation of event happens before arousal or emotion, which happen simultaneously

Like Cannon-Bard, which supports simultaneous arousal and perception of emotion, but interpretation happens beforehand

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130
Q

Galton’s intelligence test measures intelligence on which kind of tasks

A

Cognitive

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131
Q

What does Binet’s mental age test measure?

A

Performance in cognitive tests compared to standards at given shes

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132
Q

What does Thorndikes intelligence test measure

A

Tests social, mechanical, and abstract intelligence

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133
Q

What is Spearman’s g factor test

A

G factor is general intelligence

Measures human intelligence in psychometric and cognitive tasks

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134
Q

Socialization

A

Process by which people learn things that prepare them to participate in social systems in socially acceptable ways

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135
Q

What is hallmark of participation observation studies

A

Requires researcher to directly participate in social phenomena being studied

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136
Q

Symbolic racism vs Jim Crow racism

A

Symbolic- belief that racism is wrong but is not a significant institutional problem

Jim Crow = institutional racism

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137
Q

Prejudice theory says this about why people are prejudice

A

Due to outgroup competition

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138
Q

The term “second shift” comes from what branch of sociological theory

A

Social conflict theory

Explains unequal divisions of labor in household between men and women

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139
Q

Depressive realism

A

Hypothesis that depressed individuals make more realistic inferences

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140
Q

Paradoxical sleep

A

REM

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141
Q

Histrionic personality disorder

A

Attention seeking And excessive or inappropriate public displays

Desire for others to witness outbursts

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142
Q

Term for mob mentality

A

Deindividuation

People lose sense of individual responsibility

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143
Q

Intersectionality

A

Interconnected nature of social catégorisations such as race, class, gender create overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage

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144
Q

Miscegenation

A

Mixing of racial and ethnic groups in intimate relationships

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145
Q

What kind of neurotransmitter is glycine

A

Inhibitory

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146
Q

What do hairs of semicircular canals do

A

Transducer vestibular information regarding balance and orientation

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147
Q

What’s endolymph in the semicircular canals for

A

Vestibular system, balance and spatial orientation

In inner ear

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148
Q

What are otolithic organs do

A

Utricle and saccule

Detect linear acceleration and head positioning

Calcium carbonate crystals move around in viscous gel

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149
Q

What is the pragnanz gestalt principle

A

Reality organized into simplest form

Ex- seeing Olympic Rings as rings and not some weird shape

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150
Q

First part of eye light hits

A

Cornea

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151
Q

Where are the muscles in the eye that constrict/ relax to change size of pupil

A

Iris

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152
Q

Does the fovea have rods

A

No, only cones

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153
Q

Choroid

A

Blood vessels that nourish retina

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154
Q

Bipolar cell vs retinal ganglion cell

A

Bipolar- turned on by light, send visual signals from rods/cones to ganglion cells

Bipolar-> ganglion -> optic nerve

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155
Q

The proteins rhodopsin and photopsin are found on the optic disks- which one is in cones which is in rods

A

Rods- Rhodopsin

Cones- Photopsin

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156
Q

Phototransduction cascade turns rods off. Light hits rhodopsin, ans retinal within changes from cis to trans, causing rhodopsin to change shape. The protein transducin, normally bound to rhodopsin, breaks off and binds to ___?

A

Binds phosphodiesterase (PDE)

PDE converts cGMP to GMP, which causes sodium channels in rods to close- rods turned off

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157
Q

Contrast photopic, mesopic, and scotopic vision

A

Photopic- high light
Mesopic- rods and cones
Scotopic- low light

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158
Q

Are rods or cones more abundant? Which is more sensitive?

A

RODS to both

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159
Q

Where is the blind spot

A

Optic nerve connects to retina

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160
Q

Parvocellular pathway vs magnocellular pathway

A

Parvocellular- shape and color

Magnocellular- motion

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161
Q

Name the ossicles in order (middle ear)

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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162
Q

T/F: taste and smell receptors synapse on the thalamus

A

FALSE. oribofrontal cortex is first place of integration

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163
Q

Which brain waves would you expect to see in someone in a coma?

A

Delta- deep sleep or coma

Beta is awake/concentration
Alpha is daydreaming
Theta is light sleep

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164
Q

Which component of the sleep cycle suppresses cortical arousal to keep you asleep and helps in memory consolidation?

A

K complexes

Occur at state 2 (theta waves) with sleep spindles (bursts of rapid activity)

Note- REM is most important for memory consolidation and formation of episodic memories

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165
Q

Compare the dissociation and social influence theories of hypnotism

A

Dissociation- hypnotism is extreme form of divided consciousness

Social influence- people do what’s expected of them, like actors caught up in role

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166
Q

Effect of barbiturates

A

Induce sleep or reduce anxiety

Form of depressant

Anesthesia or anticonvulsant

Aka tranquilizer

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167
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Type of depressant

Subscribed for same thing as barbiturates- sleep aids, anti anxiety, anticonvulsants

Enhance neural response to GABA (open GABA activated Cl- channels)

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168
Q

Where is dopamine produced

A

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) in midbrain

Sends dopamine to amygdala, NA, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus

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169
Q

Cross tolerance

A

Reduced responsiveness to novel drug due to common CNS target

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170
Q

Cocktail party effect is endogenous/internal or exogenous/external cue?

A

Endogenous/internal

Requires internal knowledge to understand the cue and intention to follow it

Top down processing

(Exogenous is bottom up processing)

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171
Q

Distal vs proximal stimuli

A

Distal- objects and events in world around you

Proximal- patterns of stimuli from the objects and events around you that actually reach senses

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172
Q

Major cholinergic output of CNS

A

Basal forebrain

Includes NA, nucleus basalis, medial septal nuclei

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173
Q

Information processing model

A

Brain follows serial processing

Input -> process -> output

(Although brain does have capacity for parallel processing)

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174
Q

Operational span testing

A

Subjects perform skill or math, then read a word, then do recall test after a few rounds

Max number of words that can be recalled is operation span

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175
Q

Rote rehearsal

A

Repeating over and over

Least effective technique

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176
Q

What do children achieve during Piaget’s sensorimotor stage? What do they achieve during concrete operational?

A 
Sensorimotor (stage 1)- object permanence 
Concrete operational (stage 3)- conservation
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177
Q

What stage of Piaget’s has to do with playing and being egocentric?

A

Stage 2- Preoperational (6/7 years old)

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178
Q

Type I vs Type II error

A

Type I: false positive

Type II: false negative

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179
Q

Conjunction fallacy

A

Belief that co-occurrence of 2 instances is more likely than a single one (thinking probability of 2 events occurring together higher than just one)

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180
Q

Availability vs representativeness heuristic

A

Availability- actual memories come to mind

Representativeness- not thinking of exact memories but rather prototype of idea (general typical concept)

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181
Q 
Which of these does not improve with age:
Semantic 
Divided attention 
Crystallized intelligence 
Emotional reasoning
A

Divided attention- gets worse

Note: implicit memory and recognition is stable, but doesn’t improve

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182
Q

Patient presents with speech that doesn’t make sense and seems not to understand what you’re saying. What is it and where is the damage

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

Aka fluent aphasia/ receptive aphasia

Temporal lobe damaged

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183
Q 
Fill in the achievements regarding language acquisition for each age:
9-12 months:
12-18 months:
18-20 months:
2-3 years:
5 years:
A

9-12 months: babbling

12-18 months: about one word per month

18-20 months: explosion of
language

2-3 years: longer sentences (3+ words)

5 years: grammar

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184
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome occurs from damage to the amygdala making it nonfunctional. What is your patient with Kluver-Bucy likely to present with?

A

Mellowed out
Hyperorality
Hypersexuality
Disinhibited behavior

Not by coincidence, these are drunken behaviors

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185
Q

What regulates autonomic nervous system

A

Hypothalamus

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186
Q

In response to stress, adrenal medulla releases ____, a ____ hormone

Adrenal cortex releases ___, a ____ hormone

A

Medulla- catecholamines, epinephrine/ norepinephrine, tyrosine derivatives

Cortex- glucocorticoid (cortisol), steroid hormone. CORTisol is released by CORTex

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187
Q

Match:
Adrenal medulla and cortex
Endoderm and ectoderm

A

Medulla- ectoderm

Cortex- endoderm

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188
Q

Which of these is NOT an example of maladaptive coping strategies?

Dissociation, sensitization, safety behaviors, anxious avoidance, anticipation, escape

A

Anticipation- adaptive coping mechanism. Preparing how to cope

Dissociation- compartmentalizations bad stuff in head (part of PTSD)
Sensitization- trying to anticipating fearful events to prevent them by learning about them/ rehearsing
Safety behaviors- reliant on something/someone as means of coping
Anxious avoidance- most common
Escape- can be self medication

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189
Q

Aggression, excessive self assertion, recognition/status seeking, manipulation/ exploitation, rebellions, obsessionality arre examples of what

A

Overcompensation

Type of maladaptive coping mechanism

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190
Q

Overcompensation, surrender, avoidance are examples of what

A

Maladaptive coping mechanism

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191
Q

What does low effort syndrome/ coping refer to?

A

Coping responses of minority groups to fit into dominant culture

Learning to put in minimal effort as they believe they are being discriminated against by the dominant culture

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192
Q

Which has its ganglia close to the CNS, SNS or PNS?

A

SNS synapses close to CNS

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193
Q

Match for thé CNS:
Grey and white matter
Neuron somas and myelinated axons

A

Grey (outside)- soma
White (inside)- myelinated axons

Reversed in spinal cord
Grey (inside)- myelinated axons
White (outside)- soma

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194
Q

Upper motor neurons: Corticospinal tract vs corticobulbar tract

A

Corticospinal- axons go to spinal cord

Corticobulbar- axons go to brainstem (Bulbar goes to Brainstem)

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195
Q

What is clonus symptom

A

Rhythmic contractions of antagonistic muscles

Due to hyperreflexia

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196
Q

What lobe is somatosensory cortex part of

A

Parietal lobe

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197
Q

What lobe is Broca’s area a part of

A

Frontal lobe (muscles of speech)

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198
Q

Parts of the brain stem?

A

Pavlov’s Really Fricken Mad

Pons
Reticular Formation
Medulla (aka medulla oblongata)

Pons- wakefulness/ restfulness
Reticular formation- alertness
Medulla- ANS of heart and lungs

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199
Q

You’re taking the MCAT and your brain is runnin fast. Which of these is likely to be found in high concentrations?
GABA
Glycine
Glutamate

A

Glutamate- excitatory neurotransmitter

GABA (brain) and glycine (spinal cord) are inhibitory

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200
Q 
Which would be most useful for studying brain activity? (2)
CAT scan (CT)
MRI
EEG
fMRI
PET
A

fMRI And PET only

fMRI- image and activity, by measuring relative amounts of oxygenated blood

PET- no structure, but see sites of glucose utilization

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201
Q

At what stage in development does implantation occur

A

Blastocyst stage

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202
Q

Compare incentive theory and drive reduction theory in terms of reinforcement

A

Incentive theory- about positive reinforcement

Drive reduction theory- about negative reinforcement (remove unpleasant stimuli)

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203
Q

The ABCs of attitude?

A

Affective (emotional)
Behavioral
Cognitive

204
Q

Explain the three parts of external attribution: consistency, distinctiveness, consensus

A

Consistency- is that how they usually act?
Distinctiveness- do they act differently in different situations?
Consensus- do other people act like that in this situation?

205
Q

A child who can’t wait for the researcher to come back with the second marshmallow eats the one sitting in front of them. Which is acting here?
Id
Ego
Superego

A

Id- the unconscious, seeks immediate gratification

Ego- conscious and unconscious, seeks long term gratification

Superego- moral conscious

206
Q

Carl Rogers developed this theory that focuses on personality development, in which people are inherently good and our most basic motive is self actualisation. We have free will

A

Humanistic theory

207
Q

Imagining you’ve got abdominal pain when you’re stressed when there’s no reason physiologically to have symptoms is what

A

Somatic syndrome

208
Q

Name some positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Positive- hallucinations, delusions, catatonic (extremes of behavior symptoms)

Negative- lack of emotion (affective flattening), lack of interest (avolition), speech difficulties (alogia)

209
Q

Somatic syndrome vs conversion disorder

A

Somatic- mental disorders manifesting in physical symptoms

Conversions- neurological symptoms only that are unexplained by physiological evidence

210
Q

How do you go from hypomanic to manic episode?

A

Hypomanic- abnormal optimism and energy for 4 days in a row

Manic- 7 days in a row and severe enough to cause impairment in functioning

211
Q

A patient presents with a history of 2 manic episodes, but no major depressive disorder. Is this likely to be bipolar I or II?

A

Bipolar I: hypomania becomes manic, may or may not have depressive disorder

Bipolar II: stays hypomanic, and at least 1 major depressive disorder

212
Q

Compare informative and normative influence

A

Informative- look to group for guidance and assume they’re right

Normative- even though you know what’s right you conform to group to avoid social rejection

213
Q

Social anomie

A

Breakdown of social bonds between individual and community

Society lacks firm collective consciousness

Social normals must be strengthened and groups reformed to be resolved

214
Q

You see Meg thrift from the laundry room for clothes, and it makes you want to start doing it. What theory of deviance does this represent?

A

Theory of differential association

Deviance is learned behavior from continuous exposure to others who violate norms and law

Relationship to person is important- stronger relationships make you more likely to learn deviance from them

215
Q

In deep Tennessee, racism is pretty normal. But when they come up north east, there’s hell to pay (as there should be). What theory or deviance explains this?

A

Labeling theory

Behavior is deviant if people have judged it/ labeled it to be- depends on what’s acceptable

Secondary deviance more serious than primary deviance

216
Q

What’s a great strategy for dealing with your fear of the dark?

A

systematic desensitization

Type of classical conditioning

217
Q

You like softball and are motivated to be the best so you join the best team and you’re surrounded by the best players who further motivate you to be the best and practice a lot and you play in the best tournaments. What’s this an example of?

A

Reciprocal determinism

Interaction of persons behaviors, personal factors (motivation/ cognition), environment all determined by one another

218
Q

Carl Rogers had this idea that self concept is made of self image, self esteem, and ideal self, which he wrapped up into which theory?

A

Humanistic theory

219
Q

A person who shows mistrust in their loved ones likely had crisis in which stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development? What virtue are they probably lacking?

A

Stage 1, 0-1 years

Trust vs mistrust

Virtue is hope

220
Q

A person who lacks self esteem likely had crisis in which stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development? What virtue are they probably lacking?

A

Stage 2, 1-3 years

Autonomy vs shame/ doubt

Virtue is will/ independence

221
Q

Fill in the Erikson stages:

  1. 0-1 years:
  2. 1-3 years:
  3. 3-6 years:
  4. 6-12 years:
  5. 12-20 years:
  6. 20-40 years:
  7. 40-65 years:
  8. 65+ years:
A
  1. 0-1 years: trust vs mistrust, virtue is hope
  2. 1-3 years: autonomy vs shame/ doubt, virtue is independence/ will
  3. 3-6 years: initiative vs guilt, virtue is purpose
  4. 6-12 years: industry vs inferiority, virtue is competence
  5. 12-20 years: identity vs role confusion, virtue is fidelity (seeing oneself as unique)
  6. 20-40 years: intimacy vs isolation, virtue is love (relationships)
  7. 40-65 years: generatively vs stagnation, virtue is feeling of contribution
  8. 65+ years: integrity vs despair, virtue is wisdom
222
Q

You assume that everyone at Crossfit is a democrat. What’s this an example of?

A

Projection bias- assuming others share same beliefs as you

223
Q

What kind of organization is a softball team?

A

Normative organization- unified in goal

Utilitarian organization- rewarded for efforts (jobs)
Coercive organization- no choice in membership (prison)

224
Q

Max Weber’s 5 characteristics of ideal bureaucracy:

I ROLE

A

Impersonality- acting unbiased

Regulation
Organization
Labour (division of labor, people trained for specific tasks)
Employment (based on technical qualifications)

225
Q

Which of these is not an example of macro sociology?
Conflict theory
Social Interactionism
Functionalism

A

Social Interactionism- micro sociology, focus on individuals

226
Q

Compare Malthusian theorem to anti-Malthusian theorem

A

Malthusian theorem- we won’t be able to maintain natural resources for everyone on planet—> high mortality rate

Anti-Malthusian theorem- couples will want to have less children or have children later in life—> low birth rate

227
Q

Non financial social assets can promote social mobility beyond economic means, such as education. What is this an example of?

A

Cultural capital

228
Q

Karl Marx says that the working class doesn’t realize they’re being exploited and oppressed by capitalism. What develops when they do?

A

Class consciousness- gain solidarity

229
Q

Temporal confounds

A

Time related confounding variables

230
Q

Self reported information is always susceptible to this type of bias

A

Subjective bias

Also reconstructive bias- memory bias (memories not as accurate as we think)

231
Q

Fusiform gyrus

A

Part of visual system, role in high level visual processing and recognition

Prosopagnosia- neurological disorder, can’t recognize faces

232
Q

Flynn effect

A

Observation of IQ grow from one generation to the next

233
Q

When you walk into a bright room, does down regulation or up regulation of light happen?

A

Down regulation. Pupils constrict

Rods/ cones desensitized

234
Q

Macula

A

High density of cones in eye

Part of retina

235
Q

What do amacrine and horizontal cells help with

A

Edge detection and contrast in eye

Receive input from multiple retinal cells from same area before it’s passed onto ganglion cells

236
Q

What lobes are the olfactory bulbs in

A

Temporal

237
Q

Fluid intelligence vs crystallized intelligence

Raymond Cattell

A

Fluid- think on feet

Crystallized- recall and apply

238
Q

Who had the theory of multiple intelligences

A

Howard Gardner

239
Q

Who said there are 3 types of intelligence, social, mechanical, and abstract?

A

Edward Thorndike

First to consider social intelligence

240
Q

Robert Sternberg developed a triarchic theory of intelligence which included what

A

Analytical
Creative
Practical

All influence each other

241
Q

What type of NT is GABA, structurally?

A

Amino acid

242
Q

What type of NT are NE, dopamine, and serotonin, structurally?

A

Biogenic amines (monoamines)

243
Q

What NT does the raphe nuclei produce

A

Serotonin

Think: RALPHE was very DEPRESSED when he didn’t get his BB gun (loss of serotonin = depression)

244
Q

Where are the soma of somatic motor neurons? What about sensory neurons?

A

Motor soma- brain stem/ ventral spinal cord

Sensory soma- first synapse in CNS, long dendrites, soma in dorsal root ganglion

245
Q

In autonomic PNS anatomy, preganglionic neurons have cell body ____

A

Brainstem or spinal cord

Synapse with postganglionic neurons in ganglion

246
Q

Sympathetic PNS preganglionic neurons have cell bodies in ____ while parasympathetic PNS preganglionic neurons have cell bodies in ___

A

Sympathetic- thoracic or lumbar regions of spinal cord. Short preganglionic, long postganglionic

Parasympathetic- sacral portion. Long preganglionic, short postganglionic

247
Q

What do the superior and inferior colliculus of the midbrain do, respectively?

A

Superior- visual info

Inferior- auditory info

248
Q

What do the trophoblasts (surrounding the blastocoel of inner cell mass) develop into?

A

Chorion and placenta

249
Q

The neural tube of embryo has alar and basal plate, which become what?

A

Alar- sensory neurons

Basal- motor neurons

250
Q

Patient presents with a major manic episode and symptoms of schizophrenia for at least one month. What is it likely to be

A

Schizoaffective disorder

1 month of schizophrenia symptoms and a major depressive/manic/ mixed episode

251
Q

Paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder (little interest in forming relationships), and schizotypal personality disorder are in what cluster

A

Cluster A

A = Abnormal

252
Q

Antisocial personality disorder (aggressive), borderline personality disorder (unstable impulses), histrionic personality disorder, and narcissist personality disorder are in what cluster?

A

Cluster B

B = Barbaric

253
Q

Someone (likely a man) who is very aggressive and shows little disregard for rights of others likely has what personality disorder?

A

Antisocial

254
Q

Someone (likely a woman) who has unstable impulses and is terrified of abandonment likely has what personality disorder

A

Borderline

255
Q

Avoidance personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, and OCD are in what cluster

A

Cluster C

C = Concerned

256
Q

The locus coeruleus releases what NT

A

Norepinephrine

257
Q

What neurodegenerative disease presents with Lewy bodies which contain protein alpha synuclein?

A

Parkinson’s

258
Q

Cultural imperialism

A

Imposition of ones own cultural values onto another culture

259
Q

What does an index of dissimilarity of 0 mean in spatial inequality?

A

0 = total segregation

1 = perfect distribution

260
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

Children tend to change behavior when they know they’re being watched

261
Q

Size of your brain as you age

A

Shrinks

262
Q

Group think is more likely to:

  • make group more moderate
  • make group change their mind
A

More likely a group will become more moderate than it is they will entirely change their mind

263
Q

What region of the brain contains inferior and superior colliculi, and what do these process?

A

Midbrain

Inferior colliculi- receives auditory system input
Superior colliculi- receives visual sensory input (Superman has Superior vision)

264
Q

The telencephalon and diencephalon of embryonic brain become what part of brain in adult?

A

Prosencephalon- forebrain

265
Q

You’re 6. What state of Piaget’s are you in?

A

Preoperational - 2-7 years

Lack conservation

266
Q

A therapist treating someone with agoraphobia takes them to a mall and challenges their belief that they will be trapped. What model is this therapist following?

A

Cognitive behavioral

Sees disorder as stemming from interactions between thoughts and behaviors

267
Q

What happens in operant conditioning when the reinforcement stops?

A

Extinction

268
Q

Shaping

A

In operant conditioning, creating increasingly more specific behaviors

269
Q

Self fulfilling prophecy

A

Making judgment without reason, but based on prior expectation

270
Q

Social constructivism

A

Knowledge/ meaning is CONSTRUCTED through SOCIAL interactions

271
Q

Mediating variable

A

Helps explain relationship between the two other variables

272
Q

Primary vs secondary circular reactions

A

Circulations- repetitive behaviors of babies

Primary- soothing for child, like infant repeatedly vocalizing same syllable

Secondary- involves their environment, like banging fist on wall

273
Q

Logarithmic relationship vs curvilinear

A

Logarithmic- relationship increases steadily but the rate of increase tapers off and approaches max value (think Vmax)

Curvilinear- increase linearly to max value before beginning to decrease linearly (think effect of temp on enzymes)

274
Q

What do quadratic graphs look like

A

U shape

275
Q

functionalism- what is it, and micro or macro?

A

macro- society is made of interdependent institutions that work together to provide stability. change = dysfunction

276
Q

is conflict theory micro or macro

A

macro- society is inequality and competing for resources

277
Q

social constructionism vs symbolic interactionism

A

social constructionism (micro)- individuals assign meaning to experiences through interactions. construction of reality leads to consequences (ex- fake news, form of constructed reality)

symbolic interactionism (micro)- society is everyday interpersonal interactions. Reality shaped by interactions, changes from person/situation to person/situation

278
Q

exchange theory vs rational choice thoery

A

exchange theory (macro)- people act rationally to get what they need (relationships are cost/benefit)

rational choice (micro)- all actions are fundamentally rational. centered on Individualism, maximize goals, self-interest

279
Q

one student scores 80 and teacher says “you can do better”. another student scores 80 and teacher says “great job”. this is an example of ___

A

teacher expectancy- impact of teacher’s expectations on student performance

280
Q

your great aunt is an example of
primary kin
secondary kin
tertiary kin

A

tertiary- your family’s (mom’s) family’s (her mom) family (her mom’s sister)

281
Q

T/F: older and longer-married couples are divorcing at a higher rate

A

TRUE :(

282
Q

church vs sect vs cult

A

church- formal, organized, trained leaders, mainstream
sect- less stable, rigid convictions, lacks mainstream appeal, charismatic leaders
cult- deviant, outside of cultural traditions

283
Q

which of these is often a direct reaction to social change?
secularization
modernization
fundamentalism

A

fundamentalism- “returning to pure roots”, reaction to modernization and secularization
stronger levels of commitment, less tolerant of opposition

284
Q

compare capitalism to socialism

A

capitalism (US)- private ownership, competition

socialism- collective ownership, government control

285
Q

compare authoritarian and totalitarian governments

A

authoritarian- denies people participation in government, no freedom of speech
totalitarian- most extreme control, controls all aspects of life (North Korea)

286
Q

explain Robert Michel’s Iron Law of Oligarchy. Include what an oligarchy is

A

oligarchy- small elite control society
Iron Law: all large/ complex societies become oligarchies because:
-people prefer other people to make decisions for them
-system is too complex for normal people
-those in power tend to stay in power

(US can be considered oligarchy)

287
Q

egalitarian society

A

ideal, equality throughout

288
Q

incidence vs prevalence

A

incidence- newly diagnosed

prevalence- likelihood of having a disease

289
Q

medical model of disability vs social model of disability

A

medical model- illness is problem to be cured, favors extra health care (sometimes superfluous)
social model- structures in society are the problem, favors prevention/ integration, team approach

290
Q

what are the “rights” and “obligations” of a sick person according to the sick role perspective

A

sick role- being sick is temporary form of deviance, prevents person from contributing to society
“rights”- not responsible for blame, exempt from normal expectations
“obligations”- try to get better, seek help and cooperate

does not explain chronic illness

291
Q

material vs symbolic culture

A

material- artifacts

symbolic- ideas

292
Q

stem cell technology evolved faster than its legislation. this is an example of what?

A

cultural lag- some aspects of culture change faster than others

293
Q

what explains the phenomenon that second generation immigrants are less likely to speak their native language fluently?

A

assimilation- minorities gradually adopt practices of majority culture

294
Q

marathon runners and cults are examples of what, respectively (regarding society)

A

marathon runners- subculture

cult- counterculture

295
Q

what is the cause for the melting pot of words in the English language

A

cultural diffusion- spread of culture from one group to the next

296
Q

the idea that a spike in reproduction leads to resource deprivation is explained by what theory

A

Malthusian Theory

297
Q

compare the fertility and mortality rates of pre-industrial and industrial societies

A

pre-industrial- high fertility, high mortality

industrial- low fertility, low mortality

298
Q

how are population growth and industrialization/ modernization related

A

inversely

299
Q

compare these perspectives of globalization:
hyperglobalization
skeptical
transformational

A

hyperglobalization- economic cause of globalization, national boundaries will be dissolved
skeptical- nationalism is on the rise, globalization is a myth
transformational- globalization is undetermined, no caues known

300
Q

knowing what utensils to use at dinner is an example of what?
being a part of Greek life is an example of what?

A

utensils- cultural capital

Greek life- social capital

301
Q

attached honor, distributed by possessions, qualities, performance

A

prestige

302
Q

what are the 3 embryological brain regions, and what do they further differentiate into?

A
  1. prosencephalon-> telencephalon + diencephalon
  2. mesencephalon
  3. rhombencephalon -> metencephalon + myelencephalon
303
Q

the hypothalamus, thalamus, and pineal gland develop from:
diencephalon
mesencephalon
myelencephalon

A

diencephalon, which develops from prosencephalon

304
Q

the olfactory bulbs, cerebral cortex, and basal ganglia develop from:
mesencephalon
metencephalon
telencephalon

A

telencephalon, which develops from prosencephalon

305
Q

the pons, cerebellum, and reticular formation develop from:
prosencephalon
telencephalon
metencephalon

A

metencephalon, which develops from rhombencephalon

306
Q

the medulla oblongata develops from
myelencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon

A

myelencephalon, which develops from rhombencephalon

307
Q 
which of these does NOT develop from rhombencephalon? 
pons
reticular formation
cerebellum
hypothalamus
A

hypothalamus- develops from diencephalon (prosencephalon)

pons, reticular formation, cerebellum all develop from metencephalon (from rhombencephalon)

308
Q 
which of these does NOT develop from prosencephalon?
olfactory bulb
basal ganglia
pineal gland
medulla oblongata
A

medulla oblongata- myelencephalon from rhombencephalon

olfactory bulb- telencephalon (prosencephalon)
basal ganglia- diencephalon (prosencephalon)
pineal gland- diencephalon (prosencephalon)

309
Q

what brain lobe is the hippocampus in

A

temporal

310
Q

this brain structure, arising from the prosencephalon (superior neural tube), controls voluntary motor movement and procedural memory. What is __?

A

what is the Basal Ganglia

311
Q

what do the superior and inferior colliculi do, respectively, and what embryonic brain region do they both develop from?

A

superior colliculi- visual motor reflexes
inferior colliculi- auditory reflexes
both develop from mesencephalon (midbrain, medial neural tube)

312
Q

what embryological layer do the anterior and posterior pituitary develop from, respectively?

A

pituitary develops from ectoderm.
anterior- diencephalon
posterior- oral ectoderm (not from neural tube)

313
Q

a right-handed person is likely dominant in what hemisphere?

A 
left (contralateral) 
dominant side (usually left)- linguistics
nondominant (usually right)- visuospatial processing
314
Q

this NT is dysregulated in Parkinson’s, Tourette’s, Huntington’s, and Schizophrenia. What is

A

dopamine

315
Q

compare the speed of effect of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides

A

NT- faster, short lived

neuropeptides- slower, long lasting

316
Q

dysthymia characterizes what mood disorder?

A

depressive symptoms that are not severe enough to qualify as major depressive disorder, but persist most of the time for at least 2 years
characterizes persistent depressive disorder

317
Q

prodromal phase

A

early onset of Schizophrenia

318
Q

blunted affect vs flat affect of Schizophrenia

A

blunted- blunted emotions

flat- no emotions

319
Q

catatonia is sometimes a symptom of schizophrenia. what is it

A

remaining very still for a long time

320
Q

most common psychological disorder in US

A 
anxiety disorders. include:
generalized anxiety
social anxiety
phobia
agoraphobia
321
Q

what are the cluster A personality disorders?

A

(A = abnormal)
Paranoid
Schizotypal (magical thinking)
Schizoid (uninterested)

322
Q

what are the cluster B personality disorders?

A 
(B = barbaric)
antisocial (disregard, aggressive- if really bad, sociopath/ psychopath)
borderline (instable)
histrionic (attention seeking)
narcissistic
323
Q

compare schizotypal and schizoid personality disorder

A

both type A (abnormal)
schizotypal- magical thinking
schizoid- uninterested

324
Q

compare sociopath and psychopath, and what personality disorder are they both extremes of?

A

sociopath- severe deficit of conscience
psychopath- complete lack of conscience

extremes of antisocial personality disorder (cluster B, barbaric)

325
Q

what are the cluster C personality disorders?

A

(C = concerned)
avoidant
dependent
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (inflexible)

326
Q

compare OCD and OCPD

A

OCD- anxiety disorder, obsessive thoughts cause compulsions (behaviors) to relieve them

OCPD- personality disorder, inflexible/rigid/ preoccupation with perfection, won’t seek help because they see their way as right

327
Q

compare somatic symptom disorder with illness anxiety disorder with conversion disorder

A

somatic symptom- have verifiable physical symptoms with unknown cause

illness anxiety- no measurable symptoms

conversion- psychological stress turns into actual neurological deficits (numbness, paralysis, blindness)

328
Q

what are the biological markers of depression

A

increased cortisol and glucose metabolism in amygdala

329
Q

patient presents with decreased stimulation of the motor cortex by the basal ganglia due to decreased dopamine production by the substantia nigra. what is it likely to be?

A

Parkinson’s

330
Q

Sigmund Freud (gross) described personality in terms of the id, ego, and superego. In terms of the id, Freud said this of what he called the primary process and wish fulfilment:

A

the primary process is how the id (100% unconscious) deals with frustration of delayed gratification- serves as memory of object needed for gratification until real gratification can be realized

wish fulfillment- dreams that occur when ego/superego suppresses id (seeks to satisfy demands unconsciously)

331
Q

in terms of personality, what is the secondary process and reality principle, according to Freud (gross)

A

secondary process is the ego’s (which helps desires of Id be realized in acceptable ways) attempt to satisfy Id desires
operates on reality principle, delays Id’s gratification until appropriate time

332
Q

this aspect of personality, according to Freud (ew), has two components: the conscience and the ego ideal. What is _? Compare conscience and ego ideal

A

superego
conscience- rules against bad behavior
ego ideal- high standards to follow

333
Q

A man forms a belief that is wife is bored with their relationship and becomes angry with her, when in reality he is the one bored of their relationship. What type of defense mechanism is this?

A

projection- attributing negative feelings to someone else in a kind of role reversal

334
Q

A man is yelled at by his boss, so starts a fight with his wife when he gets home. What type of defense mechanism is this?

A

displacement- diverting unacceptable feelings, taking it out on someone/thing else

335
Q

a secretly homosexual politician heavily supports legislation against homosexual marriage. what type of defense mechanism is this?

A

reaction formation- acting contrary to how you feel

336
Q

an aggressive person takes up boxing to channel their anger. What type of defense mechanism is this?

A

sublimation- channel unacceptable feelings into something acceptable

337
Q

thematic apperception test

A

come up with dramatic story about series of vague pictures

338
Q

explain carl jung’s concepts of personal and collective unconscious

A

personal- parts of our minds we’re not aware of, but affect behavior and can be revealed in dreams. allows us to be creative/ original (individuals)
collective- inherited, contains universal themes. shared experience of humans

339
Q

compare what Freud and Carl Jung considered the cause of behavior

A

Freud- repressed desires from childhood, Libido (sexual energy) drives everything (ew what a perv)
Jung- past experiences and future aspirations

340
Q

Jung’s dichotomies, extroverted vs introverted, sensing vs intuiting, thinking vs feeling, became the basis of this personality test still used today

A

Myers-Briggs Type Inventory

341
Q

Alfred Adler was more optimistic in his psychoanalytic personality theory. What did he say drives behavior and personality?

A

behavior driven by self-improvement. inferiority complex develops if someone doesn’t use self-improvement as motivation (overwhelmed and powerless)
personality forged through choices (creative self)

342
Q

Karen Horney rejected Freud’s disgusting penis obsession and instead took a more humanistic approach to her psychoanalytic personality theory, which cited neurosis as a negative outcome- explain what it is

A

neurosis- trouble in childhood manifests in trouble in relationships later, causing anxiety–> people cope with neurotic needs (need for approval, power, etc)

343
Q

gestalt therapy

A

type of humanistic therapy (self-actualization, people are inherently good)
emphasizes treating individual as a whole, rather than sum of parts

344
Q

explain Kurt Lewin’s Field Theory

A

focus on state of mind of the patient as sum of interactions between their individual personality and “total field” (enviornment)

345
Q

personal construct thoery

A

personality is composed of mental constructs through which each person views reality

346
Q

a therapist sits back and allows client to lead the session, and listens to any wrongdoing they admit to without judgement. what kind of therapy does this therapist adhere to?

A

Carl Roger’s client centered therapy
clients direct discussion
unconditional positive regard

347
Q

what is the hierarchy of needs Maslow developed

A

self actualization -> esteem -> love/belonging -> safety -> physiological needs

348
Q

compare how trait personality theories differ from psychoanalytic and humanistic perspectives

A

trait personality theories- focus on unique differences

psychoanalytic and humanistic- both focus on commonalities among all people

349
Q

compare type and trait theorist view

A

type- people fit into discrete/ fixed categories

trait- personality is larger continuum

350
Q

what are cardinal, central, and secondary traits (Gordon Allport, trait personality theorist)

A

cardinal- dominate entire personality
central- present to varying degrees in everyone
secondary- present in everyone but dependent on context

351
Q

Hans and Sybil Eysenck thought up the PEN model of personality (trait theorists), which stands for:

A

psychoticism
extraversion
neuroticism

352
Q

T/F: according to social cognitive personality theory, people always apply what they have learned to make choices

A

FALSE. while observational learning (Bobo doll) is important and people are most likely to model those they identify with, people do not always apply what they have learned. Perceived and actual consequences influence decisions

353
Q

describe Albert Bandura’s reciprocal determinism. what does it suggest about individual development

A

individual, behavior, and environment interact to influence behavior
suggests people can mold environment that influences their development

354
Q

When answering surveys about exercise, participants tend to inflate the time spent per week. this is known as?

A

social desirability- tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in a matter that will be viewed favorably

355
Q

when researchers see a pattern or trend as stronger or more regular than it is

A

overgeneralization

356
Q

positive symptoms of schizophrenia are due to __

A

increased dopamine

357
Q

a patient presents with high blood pressure but after running tests, there is no determinable cause. the patient is sure they have a blockage in their artery. this patient most likely has

A

somatic symptom disorder- verifiable symptoms

358
Q

a patient presents saying they have severe intestinal pain and fear they have cancer. upon testing, there is no sign of inflammation or anything that would cause their pain. this patient most likely has

A

illness anxiety disorder- no measurable symptoms

359
Q

a person is so stressed that they enter a coma of unknown cause. this patient most likely has

A

conversion disorder- psychological stressor converted to physical symptoms with no underlying medical cause

360
Q

a true experiment requires what

A

random assignment to groups and independent variable

361
Q

part of brain involved in working memory and attention

A

both of these are executive functions- frontal lobe

hippocampus is episodic memory formation

362
Q

you see a lot of softball players wear bows, so you hypothesize that peer pressure on teams causes girls to play with bows. what kind of reasoning is this?

A

inductive- uses observations to develop hypothesis

363
Q

deductive reasoning

A

uses general premise to draw conclusions about narrow/more specific examples

364
Q

the social habit of people ignoring when other people fart is an example of what

A

tactful blindness- individuals purposefully ignore mistakes/ blunders of others to save their face

365
Q

stigma extension

A

tendency to impute limitations on a person’s abilities beyond those of the disability itself

366
Q

affirmative action

A

preferential hiring of racial minorities/ underserved groups

367
Q

epistemic authority

A

only people with certain experiences can claim knowledge about it

368
Q

common fate (gestalt principle)

A

things that move together are more likely to be grouped

369
Q

idea that social systems perpetuate poverty and people in poverty are trapped

A

culture of poverty

370
Q

patient A presents with magical thinking, patient B presents with aloofness. what do they likely have

A

schizotypal personality disorder- magical thinking

schizoid personality disorder- aloofness

371
Q

person is emotionally unstable, impulsive, and often threatens self-harm. what do they likely have

A

borderline personality disorder

372
Q

person is dramatic and manipulative, but not likely to threaten self-harm for attention. what do they likely have

A

histrionic personality disorder

373
Q 
researchers needing to simulate upregulated reticular formation activity would treat lab mice with:
oxycodone
heroin
barbiturate
amphetamines
A

amphetamines

374
Q

family psychologist advising patients to change behavior in hopes of altering children’s behavior would likely be proponent of:
social cognitive theory
humanism
type-type identity theory

A

social cognitive (includes observational learning as influencer of behavior)

375
Q

a society with high fertility rates and low mortality rates is likely:
pre-industrial
agricultural
industrial

A

industrial

later in industrial phase fertility will go down

376
Q

which is NOT peaceful tactic for social change:
benefit concert
mass demonstration
sit in

A

sit in considered non-peaceful

377
Q

social exchange theory and symbolic interaction theory are:
both micro
both macro
one of each (specify)

A

both micro

378
Q

assumption that previous experience will predict future experience

A

representativeness heuristic

379
Q

androgyny

A

person who displays both traditional masculine and feminine characteristics at the same time

380
Q

during modernization, which decreases first, birth or death rate?

A

death rate decreases first

technology brings down death rate before culture changes to decrease birth rate

381
Q

component of working memory that processes visual information

A

visual-spatial sketchpad

different from iconic memory in that iconic memory is very short-lived

382
Q

illusory correlation

A

perceiving a relationship between variables that doesn’t really exist

383
Q

psychomotor stimulants are agonists for __

A

dopamine

used to treat ADHD

384
Q

anxiolytics

A

drug to reduce anxiety. GABA agonist, NE antagonist

385
Q

antidepressants act on these two NT

A

serotonin and NE

386
Q

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis includes adrenal cortex or medulla?

A

cortex (produces cortisol and aldosterone)

387
Q

highest density of cones in eye are in macula densa, which is where?

A

fovea, in center of retina

388
Q

control theory and its relation to deviance

A

social ties are important in helping people resist temptations to break the law

389
Q

you learned to J-walk in the city from Richie. This is an example of what theory of deviant behavior?

A

differential association theory- people learn deviant behavior/ attitudes from others in a group

390
Q

theory that crime results less from what people do than how others respond to the behavior is what concept of deviant behavior?

A

labeling theory

391
Q

in what theory of emotion is physiological arousal independent from emotion?

A

cannon-bard

simultaneous but independent

392
Q

compare glass escalator to glass ceiling

A

glass escalator- men quicker to be promoted in female-dominated profession
glass ceiling- about hidden barriers women face in workplace

393
Q

how long must depressive symptoms persist to be considered major depressive disorder?

A

2 weeks

394
Q

continuity theory of aging vs disengagement theory of aging

A

continuity theory- older adults maintain same activities, behaviors, relationships

disengagement- claims it’s natural/acceptable for oldr adults to withdraw

395
Q

syncretism

A

cultural practice that results from blending of 2 cultural traditions

396
Q

what brain structure will chronic anxiety affect, and what NT will be upregualted?

A

hippocampus- regulates anxiety and stress

glutamate upregulated with anxiety (increases activity in brain’s alarm center)

397
Q

compare roles of glutamate and acetycholine as NT

A

glutamate- increases activity in brain’s alarm center (high in anxiety)
acetylcholine- memory and learning (low in Alzheimer’s)

398
Q

four types of social support

A

emotional
instrumental/ tangible
informational
appraisal

399
Q

self-schemas

A

pre-conceived personal schemas (to process information) that is not entirely based on reality or facts

400
Q

self selection bias causes what problem

A

certain groups of people may be more willing than others to participate in a study, so sample might not accurately reflect population

401
Q

idea that various forms of discrimination (racism, sexism, ageism) interact to make it worse

A

intersectionality

402
Q

which is more stable, dyad or triad group?

A

triad- stability/ longevity increase with size

consider extremes- 1 person or 100 person revolution

403
Q

simultaneous physiological arousal and emotion

A

Cannon-bard

simultaneous like a cannon going over and the noise it makes

404
Q

physiological arousal followed by emotion

A

James Lange

405
Q

second-order conditioning

A

a conditioned-conditioned response
ex- dog is first-ordered conditioned to sound of bell, then second-order conditioned to sound of cabinet opening that signals a bell for food will be rung soon

406
Q

cohort vs cross-sectional vs case-control

A

cohort- sorted into groups and assessed at various intervals
cross-sectional- different groups at single point in time
case-control- look backwards to see which subjects had exposure

407
Q

a physician who screens obese patients for hypertension more often than healthy patients, thus inflating the true value, displays what kind of bias

A

detection bias- using knowledge in inconsistent way (since physician knows HTN is more common in obese patients)

408
Q

hawthorne effect

A

observation bias- subjects act differently because they know they’re being watched

409
Q 
cross-sectional study in which current smoking status and cancer history are assessed cannot satisfy which of Hill's criteria?
strength
coherence 
plausibility
temporality
A

temporality- exposure and outcome cannot be measured at the same time

410
Q

T/F: a negatively skewed distribution has a mean lower than the medium

A

TRUE (thing negative and lower)–> tail of curve is pointed lower

positively skewed- mean is higher than median–> tail of curve is pointed higher

411
Q

which of these is NOT a universal emotion?

happy, sad, disgust, excitement, fear, anger, surprise

A

excitement is NOT

412
Q

rumination compared to coping

A

continuously thinking about something upsetting
like listening to sad song on repeat after breakup

coping is about problem-solving in some way (action oriented)

413
Q

high psychoticism score vs high neuroticism score

A 
psychoticism = STUBBORN
neuroticism = ANXIOUS (NERvous)
414
Q

knowing the right people to get into college is example of what kind of asset

A

cultural capital- non-financial social assets

415
Q

social stratification

A

GENERAL term explaining social conditions leading to inequality (not just about money)

416
Q

what does r^2 tell you

A

r^2 is correlation value

compare to p value, probability of null hypothesis

417
Q

tact

A

how people cope with embarrassing things

418
Q

sociologists say parents of high SES families, but not low SES families, teach their kids this:

A

high SES: independent thinking

low SES: obedience

419
Q

stigma

A

being discredited in the eyes of others (being labeled a criminal is a good example)

420
Q

ethnophaulism

A

racial slur

421
Q

self-censorship vs mindgaurds

A

self-censorship: individuals in group choose not to voice concern/ contrary information
mindgaurds: members protect group or leader from problematic information

422
Q

person displays severe detachment from others, little or no desire to form relationships, indifference to praise, avoidance of pleasurable activities

A

schizoid PD

423
Q

compare how Karl Marx and Max Weber measured social class

A

Karl Marx: income and wealth

Max Weber: more than one type of measurement

424
Q

telegraphic speech, and does it come early or late in young language learning?

A

cooing -> babbling -> one word sentences -> telegraphic speech (severely abbreviated speech)

425
Q

self fulfilling prophecy vs stereotype threat

A

self-fulfilling prophecy: IDEA that a label can influence behavior

stereotype threat: FEAR of confirming negative steretotype

426
Q

what part of your eye adjusts to intensity of incoming light?

A

pupil will constrict/ dilate

427
Q

hermann grid illusion

A

illusion of black dots at intersection of white lines on a grid, illustrates the center-surround design of receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells

428
Q

color constancy

A

perception that color of object remains same even if light reflected off changes dramatically

429
Q

ponzo illusion

A

optical illusion in which participant asked to rate size of two bars that are superimposed on image of railroad tracks, illustrates importance of monocular depth cues in size judgement

430
Q

optic disc

A

area of retina where there are no photoreceptors due to exit of optic nerve

431
Q

responsible for most of refraction to focus image in eye

A

cornea- forms concave disc over pupil to bend light to focus on retina
lens only does fine tuning of refraction

432
Q

linguistic determinism

A

individual’s ability to think limited by available language

433
Q

lateral inhibition

A

organization and interconnections between cells or retina, which causes inhibition of some cells when adjacent cells are activated

434
Q

lateralization of function

A

certain cognitive functions localized in one brain hemisphere

435
Q

visual information processed bilaterally T/F?

A

true! transferred to thalamus or midbrain before being sent to visual cortex in occipital lobe

436
Q

stereotype lift

A

improved performance by a person in positively stereotyped group

437
Q

fugue

A

rare dissociative disorder, reversible amnesia relative to aspects of personal identity

438
Q

expectancy theory

A

individuals make choices based on results they expect

439
Q

generally, females exhibit less lateralized function (of brain hemisphere) compared to males T/F

A

TRUE. just think of yourself as more well rounded

440
Q

Freud said extreme neatness/ rigidness is this kind of fixation

A

anal fixation- just think of calling someone “anal”

441
Q

stereo blindness

A

lack of retinal disparity as cue for depth

442
Q

long term potentiation initiated by ___ influx

A

calcium

443
Q

during action potential, Cl- is associated with ___

A

hyperpolarization

444
Q

sleep spindles and K complexes occur during which stage of sleep

A

stage 2- theta waves

stage 3 is delta waves

445
Q

as sleep progresses, less time is spent in ___ and more time in ___

A

less slow wave sleep, more REM

446
Q

REM rebound

A

increase in REM during sleep, due to sleep deprivation

447
Q

neobehaviorism

A

behavior can be modified by rewards or punishments

448
Q

the opposite of theory of mind in development is ___

A

egocentrism (only focus on your own perspective)

theory of mind- ability to see others’ perspectives, develops around 6 or 7 years

449
Q

which is not a Harlow monkey experiment?

  • monkey’s learn sign language
  • extreme isolation has irreversible negative effects on monkeys
  • baby monkeys prefer cloth mother over nutrient mother
  • securely attached monkeys adjust better
A

these are Harlow monkey experiments:

  • extreme isolation has irreversible negative effects on monkeys
  • baby monkeys prefer cloth mother over nutrient mother
  • securely attached monkeys adjust better
450
Q

integrative reminiscence

A

older people take stock of their lives and come to terms with previously unresolved conflicts

451
Q

depth-of-processing model of memory

A

information is transferred from STM to LTM when it is processed at deeper level of analysis

452
Q

pheromones

A

chemical messengers utilized for communication among members of the same species

453
Q

factitious disorder

A

individuals create physical and/ or psychological symptoms to get medical attention. usually self-inflicted, exaggerated or feigned symptoms

454
Q

how do cortisol levels relate to depression

A

depression and cortisol are linked- elevated cortisol directly correlated to decreased serotonin

455
Q

explain how vision is processed, regarding brain hemispheres

A

right side of visual field of both eyes is processed on left side of each retina. These images are routed by axons to left hemisphere. (and vice versa)

456
Q

language is produced in which hemisphere

A

left

457
Q

biological preparedness vs instinctual drift

A

biological preparedness- organisms more readily form certain associations than others

instinctual drift- species-appropriate behavioral patterns interfere with operant responses

458
Q

your friend just won big with a lottery ticket yesterday so today you impulse buy a lottery ticket. which heuristic are you using?

A

availability heuristic- estimates of likelihood of outcome being influenced by readily available examples of that event occurring (most recent even)

(representativeness heuristic is estimating likelihood of even by comparing it to prototypes) (stereotype)

459
Q

which part of brain influences feeding behavior

A

hypothalamus (regulates homeostasis)

460
Q

social disorganization theory

A

crime arises from conditions of rapid social change and other factors that breed confusion and disorientation

461
Q

what did Emile Durkheim say about society

A

all about social integration and participation, working together makes soceity stable

462
Q

which psychology approach emphasizes free will

A

humanistic

463
Q

what do modern trends say about empty nest syndrome

A

say it’s not a thing- couples actually experience satisfaction and increased freedom when children leave home

464
Q

oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH) are what types of NT?

A

peptide

465
Q

which embryonic brain structure forms thalamus and hypothalamus

A

diencephalon

466
Q

which embryonic brain structure forms forebrain and cerebral cortex

A

telencephalon

467
Q

which embryonic brain structure forms pons and cerebellum

A

metencephalon

468
Q

apraxia

A

difficulty planning to perform tasks or movements when asked (motor disorder)

469
Q

rate of recidivism

A

frequency with which an individual re-initiates antisocial behavior after period of rehab (symptom of recurring antisocial behavior)

470
Q

the “I” vs the “me” according to Mead

A 
I = spontaneous, autonomous self
me = self that is formed via interaction with others
471
Q

cognitive appraisal theory

A

emotional reaction after evaluating a given situation

472
Q

conduction aphasia

A

inability to repeat what they hear

473
Q

anomic aphasia

A

inability to produce correct words for a topic about which one would like to speak

474
Q

social cogntitive theory

A

describes influence of personal experiences/ interactions with others/ environmental factors on behavior
includes observational learning

475
Q

errorless learning

A

titration of difficulty level so trial and error is avoided

476
Q

representative heuristic

A

attributing to individuals the characteristics of a group to which they belong

477
Q

which is not affected by aging:

  • acquiring new declarative information
  • retrieving general information
A

retrieving general information is not affected by aging

478
Q

what kind of receptors are hair cells of cochlea

A

mechanoreceptors

479
Q

in a study, each trail involves dropping lemon juice on person’s tongue to measure salivation. over trials, salivation declines. then researcher switches to lime juice. what are they testing?

A

habituation and dishabituation

480
Q

gentrification

A

reinvestment in lower income neighborhoods in urban areas, resulting from influx of more affluent groups. housing demands increases, decreasing affordable housing. displaces lower-income residents, expands tax base of local government

481
Q

linguistic relativity (Sapir-Whorf hypothesis)

A

structure of language affects perception of its speakers

482
Q

role strain vs role conflict

A

role strain- tension from competing demands within context of single role
role conflict- conflict among multiple roles

483
Q

ethnographic methods

A

systematic observation of a complete social environment

484
Q

personality disorders are ego-syntonic or ego-dystonic?

A

ego-syntonic: people with personality disorders believe their behavior is right (or at least not wrong)

485
Q

comparative pessimism

A

believing you’re worse off than other people

486
Q

interposition vs convergence (in vision)

A

interposition is monocular depth cue,

convergence is binocular depth cue

487
Q

function of: organ of corti, semicircular canals, otoliths (utricle and saccula)

A

organ of corti: hearing
semicircular canals: angular acceleration
otoliths: linear acceleration

488
Q

George Mead said an individual will exhibit less prejudice against an out-group member if:

A

the expectations of the generalized other oppose prejudice- Mead says the totality of what we perceive to be the expectations/values of other people in society (in this case, lack of expected prejudice would be social expectation)

Mead is symbolic interactionist, associated with “me” (socialized self) and “I” (autonomous/spontaneous self)

489
Q

Karl Marx says you’ll be less prejudice towards an out-group member if:

A 
both of you are in same class and share means of production
(Marx = economics)
490
Q

brain area responsible for shutting down arousal signals and causing transition from wake to sleep

A

hypothalamus

491
Q

taking surveys of people’s attitude towards religion after a natural disaster is what kind of study

A

natural experiment- you didn’t cause the experimental manipulation, it naturally happened

492
Q

situational poverty occurs when?

A

situational poverty caused by single life event (such as natural disaster)- transitional poverty

493
Q

reformative vs redemptive vs revolutionary vs alternative social movement

A

reformative- minor changes affecting many people
redemptive- radical changes for few people
revolutionary- radical changes affecting nearly everyone
alternative- minor changes to few people

494
Q

retroactive interferences vs retrograde amnesia

A

retroactive interference- new learning interferes with retrieval of old learning (opposite is proactive interferences)
retrograde amnesia- memory loss due to injury or disease

495
Q

when is it easiest to learn a new language (age)

A

3-7 years- critical window

before that child is pre-linguistic

496
Q

which of these psychologists is NOT credited with creating a standardized intelligence test?
Wechsler, Binet, Stanford, Terman

A

Stanford is the school where TERMAN worked, and TERMAN created the Stanford-Binet test

Wechsler- WAIS (adult intelligence)

497
Q

you believe that personality is a summation of all of your lifetime choices. what perspective of human personality do you prescribe to?

A

humanism- emphasizes role of individual choices in personality development
(not behaviorism because that focuses on being conditioned)

498
Q

Irving Goffman’s theory of self

A

individuals have inner/outer self that regulates behavior

499
Q

C. Wright Mills theory of social stratification

A

structural impacts of powerful elite

focus on how to better understand/ categorize social problems

500
Q

Herbet Spencer’s theory of society

A

social Darwinism- survival of socially fit

501
Q

how do social scientists use operational definitions (what are they for)

A

clarify variables that are difficult to quantify

502
Q

fundamental cause theory of disparity

A

despite efforts to improve access to healthcare for low SES groups, new barriers emerge as a countervailing force against current efforts

503
Q

embedded field study

A

researchers pose as patients

504
Q

criterion validity

A

can the variable predict the outcome?

505
Q

approach-approach conflict vs avoidant-avoidant conflict vs approach-avoidant conflict

A

approach approach- 2 options are appealing
avoidant avoidant- 2 options are unappealing
approach-avoidant- one option has pros and cons

MCAT (6 decks)

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