psych/soc

Question 1

Generational inequity

Answer 1

The view that elderly individuals are allocated an unfairly excessive amount of resources

Question 2

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 2

Suggests that people learn much of their behavior through observing individuals around them

Question 3

Authoritarian

Answer 3

Parenting style characterized by high control and low warmth

Question 4

flashbulb memory

Answer 4

Brown and Kulik coined this term when they found that people can remember exactly what they were doing (every little detail) when they received news about an emotionally arousing event

Question 5

false memory

Answer 5

a memory reported that is inaccurate but expressed with extreme confidence

Question 6

McDonaldization

Answer 6

Includes efficiency (e.g. customer cleaning their table after eating at a restaurant), calculability, uniformity ( e.g. chain of coffee shops offering same menu and decor across the U.S.) , and technological control (e.g. supermarket using self scan machines at check outs in place of employees)

Question 7

culture lag

Answer 7

refers to when a culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations

Question 8

coercive organization

Answer 8

an organization in which members do not have a choice of joining
e.g. prison

Question 9

normative organization

Answer 9

an organization that members join based on some shared, moral goal
e.g. American Red Cross

Question 10

utilitarian organization

Answer 10

an organization in which members are paid for their efforts

e.g. businesses, corporations, McDonalds

Question 11

Parkinson’s Law

Answer 11

states that management and professional staff of a bureaucracy tend to grow at a steady rate regardless of what the organization is actually doing

Question 12

display rules

Answer 12

cultural expectations about emotions and how they ought to be expressed

Question 13

authentic self

Answer 13

who we really are

Question 14

ideal self

Answer 14

who we would like to be

Question 15

tactical self

Answer 15

who we pretend to be in order to meet the expectations others have about us

Question 16

self handicapping

Answer 16

strategy of creating obstacles and excuses in order to divert blame when a person fails or doesn't reach his or her potential
e.g. student tells the whole class he didn't study before a test so that if hes does poorly this has to do with the fact that he didn't study rather than his innate intelligence

Question 17

mere exposure effect

Answer 17

people prefer repeated exposure to the same stimuli instead of to new stimuli

Question 18

self disclosure

Answer 18

refers to the ability one has in a relationship to disclose one’s closest fears, dreams, thoughts, and goals to one’s partner

Question 19

reciprocal liking

Answer 19

when a person likes another more because they know that other person likes them back

Question 20

cognitive association model

Answer 20

suggests that we are more likely to respond to stimuli in an aggressive manner when we are experiencing negative emotions (e.g. frustrated) or physiological feelings (e.g. hungry, tired, pain)

Question 21

aligning actions

Answer 21

part of impression management. When a certain behavior is viewed as odd, unusual, or socially unacceptable, a person may use this strategy to explain the unusual behavior in a socially acceptable way

Question 22

working memory

Answer 22

kind of like short term memory

can hold 7 +/ - 2 pieces of information at a time

Question 23

Long term memory

Answer 23

has two branches- explicit ( AKA declarative) and implicit (AKA non declarative)

Question 24

explicit memory (aka declarative)

Answer 24

Facts or events that you can clearly or explicitly describe.
e.g. when you take a vocabulary test or quiz on the state capitals
(this also has to do with semantic memory= which means having to do with words)

Question 25

episodic memory

Answer 25

a type of explicit memory
has to do with your memory of events e.g. like your last birthday party
**think that an episode is a series of events so EPISODic memory has to do with events

Question 26

implicit memory

Answer 26

type of memory in which you can’t explain very well
e.g. procedural memory- we can ride a bike (or rather remember how to ride a bike without being able to clearly describe how much pressure to put on the pedals)

Question 27

priming

Answer 27

(falls under implicit memory category)
when a previous experience influences your current interpretation of an event
e.g. if I show you a picture of a bunny at the start of class and ask you what comes to mind when I say the word hair? You might think of HARE since I showed you the pic of the bunny and primed you of remembering that.

Question 28

self referencing

Answer 28

when you are trying to learn new information and you try to learn it by things that relate to you personally
and in this way you will be more likely to remember it
e.g. let’s say you’re studying history and you try to remember General Sherman from the Civil War by thinking of yourself sitting down and having a conversation with him about the scorched earth method his troops used in the South, you’re much more likely to remember then since you made it personal!

Also, for e.g. if you are preparing to teach and you study as if you are preparing to teach someone then you are more likely to remember

Question 29

spacing

Answer 29

another method of increasing your ability to remember something by spacing out what you need to remember over time
e.g. rather than doing 1- 5 hour study session before an exam, it is more effective to do 5- 1 hour study session over the span of 5 days because you will be able to remember more and this will allow you to retest yourself and understand what you do and don’t know!

Question 30

context dependent memory

Answer 30

has to do with the fact that we are more likely to remember something if we are in the same environment as when we first learned it
e.g. scuba divers that learned vocab words under water had better recall when tested under water as compared to when they were tested on land

Question 31

state dependent memory

Answer 31

when you remember certain things based on the internal state or mood that you’re in

e. g. when you’re upset you remember other things that made you upset
e. g. people that suffer from depression remember things that make them sad

Question 32

escape learning

Answer 32

role of the behavior is to reduce something that already exists
e.g. taking aspirin to reduce unpleasantness of a headache

Question 33

avoidance learning

Answer 33

prevent unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen

Question 34

formal sanctions

Answer 34

rules and laws

Question 35

informal sanctions

Answer 35

e.g. ostracization, praise, shunning

can be used to reinforce or punish social behavior without depending on rules established by social institutions