psych / soc

Question 1

symbolic interaction

Answer 1

focuses on the micro scale
revolves around symbols, gestures, words, and other acts that can communicate meaning

Question 2

social constructionism

Answer 2

focuses on the macro scale and on the role of social constructs and the value of these constructs on daily lives

Question 3

bystander apathy

Answer 3

aka bystander effect
tendency of people to avoid helping those in distress when other individuals are present. stems from idea that “someone else will do it,” but when everyone present shares this idea, no one actually steps in

Question 4

type I error

Answer 4

concluding that there is a relationship when there is not (false positive)

Question 5

type II error

Answer 5

concluding that there is not a relationship when there is (false negative)

Question 6

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 6

refers to how an individual can change to show the traits associated with a label they have been given

Question 7

cognitive dissonance

Answer 7

describes the tendency to seek consistency between one’s opinions, attitudes, and beliefs.
explains that when there are inconsistencies (or dissonances) with these, something must change to make them more consistent

Question 8

fundamental attribution error

Answer 8

describes the tendency to place less importance on the situation or context on behavior, and instead place undue emphasis on dispositional or internal qualities in order to explain behavior

Question 9

stereotype threat

Answer 9

describes the feeling that people can have of being at risk of confirming or exemplifying negative stereotypes about a group they belong to

Question 10

sensitivity

Answer 10

refers to a test’s ability to correctly identify those people that are intended to be identified (true positives)

Question 11

specificity

Answer 11

refers to a test’s ability to correctly identify true negatives

Question 12

punishment vs reinforcement

Answer 12

punishment is something that seeks to decrease a behavior
reinforcement is something that seeks to increase a behavior

Question 13

positive and negative reinforcement

Answer 13

positive reinforcement adds a desirable stimulus
negative reinforcement removes an undesirable stimulus

Question 14

positive and negative punishment

Answer 14

positive punishment adds an undesirable stimulus
negative punishment removes a desirable stimulus

Question 15

positive vs negative (for reinforcement / punishment)

Answer 15

positive adds a stimulus
negative removes a stimulus

Question 16

infant attachment in first 3 months

Answer 16

infant will indiscriminately attach to any person and respond equally to any caregiver

Question 17

infant attachment from 4-6 months old

Answer 17

infant will begin to recognize certain caregivers but still accept care from anyone

Question 18

infant attachment from 6-9 months

Answer 18

baby will exhibit strong attachment preference for a single caregiver

Question 19

infant attachment after 9 months

Answer 19

after 9 months children slowly develop increasing independence and slowly form multiple attachments

Question 20

primary socialization

Answer 20

the process of individuals learning the basic rules and norms of their culture. typically occurs at home

Question 21

secondary socialization

Answer 21

the process of individuals learning norms and behaviors which are appropriate to a smaller group within larger society (ex: academic or formal setting)

Question 22

anticipatory socialization

Answer 22

when individuals attempt to predict or rehearse appropriate behavior for future situations

Question 23

re-socialization

Answer 23

when previous behaviors and reflexes are replaced with new ones

Question 24

avoidant personality disorder

Answer 24

characterized by overwhelming shyness and fear of rejection. people with this disorder have a strong desire for acceptance, though it typically manifests as social inhibition and avoidance of social interaction. closely linked to parental neglect

Question 25

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Answer 25

characterized by a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental / interpersonal control. this is at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency

Question 26

oppositional defiant disorder

Answer 26

characterized by a pattern of hostile, disobedient, and defiant behaviors directed at adults or other authority figures. linked to parental abuse

Question 27

dependent personality disorder

Answer 27

characterized by pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of by others, leading to extreme submissive/clinging behavior, and fear of separation. more likely to accept the abuse rather than be separated from parents