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AAMC Material > PSYCH/SOC > Flashcards

PSYCH/SOC Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the cornea located in the eye?

A

Cornea: forms the OUTERMOST ayer of the front of the eye, in which it directly contacts the back of the eyelids.

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1
Q

Where is the retina located ?

A

Retina: INNERMOST portion along posterior portion of eye

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2
Q

What is actor observer bias ?

A

Actor observer bias: you attribute your own behavior to Situational (or external ) causes ex: not feeling well
and attribute other’s behavior to internal (dispositional ) causes ex: being socially awkward

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3
Q

What do ethical standards with research allow in an experimental study ?

A

Ethical standards of research with human participants allow research to be conducted with anxious participants.

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4
Q

What does Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome discuss

A

Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): an organism’s stress response always follows a SIMILAR course, regardless of the exact nature of the stressor.

(hence human stress is NOT specific to type of stressor)

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5
Q

What role does cerebellum play in brain?

A

cerebellum: balance and coordination

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6
Q

What is social reproduction ?

A

Social reproduction refers to the perpetuation of inequality through social institutions.

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7
Q

What is social network analysis ?

A

Network analysis involves mapping the social relationships that exist among a set of INDIVIDUALS

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8
Q

What is social stratification ?

A

Social stratification : refers to the HIEARCHY of social positions in a society (often according to either social class or social status)

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9
Q

What is group polarization ?

A

group polarization: in which people’s attitudes become more EXTREME after they discuss the attitude object with like-minded individuals.

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10
Q

What is validity in experimental study ?

A

Validity : when variables in a study measure what they are intended to measure

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11
Q

What is assimilation ? Which factors play a role ?

A

Assimilation: refers to the process in which new members of a society adopt the norms and values of the dominant culture.
element of assimilation:
cultural adaptation
adopting new norms
relinquishing old norms

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12
Q

What is role of social support ? what are the forms of assistance that can provide health benefits ?

A

Social support : refers to social network ties (friends, family, and other relationships) that provide an individual with various types of assistance
Factors that provide health benefits :
support that helps patient adhere to treatment
-support that helps reduce harmful behaviors
-support that helps one cope with stressful event

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13
Q

What is am example of a person repeating digits to a specific to an ear ?

A

SHADOWING

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14
Q

Where are the brain regions responsible for linguistic info (language production and comprehension ) located ?

A

Left hemisphere

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15
Q

What p value is needed for results of a study to be significantly significant ?

A

p value less than 0.01

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16
Q

What are characteristics of IQ

A

IQ measures intelligence
average IQ is 100 and standard deviation is 15.
The majority of population stands within one standard deviation of mean.

Hence 68% of population falls within range of 85 to 115 IQ range

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17
Q

What is the role of thalamus ?

A

Thalamus: relay system for information to enter cortex and also has role in memory

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18
Q

What are the different functions of hypothalamus

A

control autonomic system
-control hunger, thirst, sleep, regulate body temperature and hormone secretions

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19
Q

What kind of drug is cocaine ? What are its effects ?

A

STIMULANT
-it will rapidly enter bloodstream and penetrate brain
it causes a buildup of dopamine in brain that causes increased pleasure and motivation
Cocaine will increase activity in brain, and cause glucose consumption to occur

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20
Q

How do neurotransmitters bind ?

A

They bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane

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21
Q

What are gap junctions ? What do they not Include ?

A

Gap junctions: channels between neighboring cells that allow transport ions, water and other substances
they Do NOT include neurotransmitters

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22
Q

Why is continuous reinforcement important for beginning of aqusitional phase of learning

A

because subject must be taught how to behave
-shaping (part of conditioning) will reward proper behavior and discourage improper behavior

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23
Q

Which phenomenon should an animal trainer avoid when training rabbit for tv commercial ?

A

INSTINCTUAL DRIFT:
since it will be harder to train a rabbit to not use its own instinctual (innate) behavior

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24
Q

What is instinctual drift ?

A

Instinctual drift : organism reverts to its unconscious (automatic) behavior that interferes with learned behaviors of operant conditioning

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25
Q

What is the serial position effect?

A

Serial position effect: the tendency to recall the first and last items in a series the Best and the middle items the worst

(related to primacy and recency effect)

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26
Q

What will NOT diminish due to age ?

A

being able to Retrieve General Information (semantic memory, crystallized intelligence ) will NOT diminish as one ages

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27
Q

what are examples of agents of socialization ?

A

pop culture (media) schools, family, religion

28
Q

What is agent of socialization ?

A

agent of socialization : parts of society important for socialization (learning norms and values)

29
Q

What is distal stimulus ?

A

Distal stimulus : the stimulus registered by sensory receptors (light itself)
Ex: pattern of light falling on retina

30
Q

What is Proximal stimulus ?

A

proximal stimulus: any external physical object or event that reflects light

31
Q

What is psychological discriminiation testing?

A

to differentiate between stimuli of just noticeable differences

32
Q

What occurs with context effects ?

A

Context effects: when using prior experiences and knowledge to examine a stimulus
this includes how environmental cues influence how we view stimuli

33
Q

What occurs during kholberg’s preconventional period ?

A

preconventional: children avoid punishments or disapproval by accepting rules and beliefs of authority figures (ex: parents)

34
Q

What is conventional period of moral reasoning ?

A

Conventional: children believe they obeying social authority is necessary to ensure positive relationships and and conform to Social order

35
Q

What occurs during postconvential period of moral reasoning ?

A

post-conventional: *promotes social welfare *

people have belief in abstract values and that some laws are unjust and should be changed or eliminated

36
Q

In operational conditioning, what is the Motivation state defined by?

A

depriving the subject of some desirable stimulus for some period of time

37
Q

What is incentive theory of motivation?

A

Incentive theory : calls attention to how factors outside of individuals, including community values and other aspects of culture, can motivate behavior.

38
Q

what is culture relativism ?

A

Culture relativism: the ability to understand another’s culture and not make judgements using standards of one’s own culture
(having the awareness that cultures have different standards and biases)

39
Q

What is ethnocentrism ?

A

Ethnocentrism : reling too heavily on your own cultural standards to Judge another’s culture

40
Q

What is ascribed status ?

A

ascribed status: status that a person has been assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily

41
Q

What is cultural capital ?

A

cultural capital : refers to the knowledge, behavior and skills that a persons can use to demonstrate cultural competence and social status

42
Q

What occurs during cognitive dissonance ? example ?

A

Cognitive Dissonance: can occur when there is a discrepancy among attitudes or an inconsistency between an attitude or behavior.

ex: a provider may feel tension after fulfilling a family’s request (to withhold aspects of a diagnosis) that conflicts with professional norms favoring disclosure.
(dissonance occurs due to different cultural backgrounds between provider and family of patient )

43
Q

What is intersectionality ?

A

Intersectionality : calls attention to how identity categories intersect in systems of social stratification. ex:
an individual’s position within a social hierarchy is determined not only by his or her social class, but also by his or her race/ethnicity.

44
Q

What is looking glass self ? components ?

A

looking glass self: people see themselves based on how other people perceive them during social interactions

components : we imagine how we appear to others, judgment of , we imagine the judgement of that appearance, we develop our self through judgement of others

45
Q

What are piaget’s stages of cognitive development (include age, characteristics)

A

Sensorimotor stage (0-2) years : object permanence
preoperational stage (2-7 years) ; centration (fixated on thing) , egocentrism (only worried about one’s self and not take perspective of others)
concrete operational stage (7 - 11 years) : conservation (quantity of something remains same despite change of shape of container)
formal operational (12 and up) : deal with abstract ideas

46
Q

What is reconstructive memory ?

A

Reconstructive memory: The idea that we alter information we have stored when we recall it, based on prior expectations/ knowledge.

*when you retrieve memory for a second time, you know only retrieve stored episodic memory of event, but also retrieve memory of general knowledge and about similar events *

47
Q

What do overlapping error bars and confidence intervals indicate in data for figures ?

A

The results are NOT statistically significant
(no differences between variables)

48
Q

what are the characteristics of panic disorder ? symptoms that may occur?

A

people with panic disorders can experience panic attacks
symptoms of panic attacks can be pounding heart, shortness of breaht, chest pain, sweating and feeling dizzy

49
Q

What is somatic symptom disorder?

A

Somatic symptom disorder; is characterized by psychological distress caused by the experience of physical symptoms (which cannot be explained medically)

50
Q

Which disorders fall under general anxiety disorder ?

A

Obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder are part of GAD

51
Q

What happens in a sleep study if participant sleeps and has Rapid eye movement (REM) and experimenter repeatedly wakes them up?

A

Evidence from sleep studies indicate that, after being REM-deprived the night before, the volunteer is going to exhibit “REM rebound” and spend more hours in REM sleep than usual

(body will try and make up for REM sleep lost and will by increasing frequency and duration of REM )

52
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A

Cognitive dissonance : is the psychological discomfort one experiences when holding two conflicting attitudes or when their attitude conflicts with their behavior
ex: a doctor who smokes; they believe smoking can negatively affect their health, but decide to do so despite its effects

53
Q

What is self-fulfiling prophecy ?

A

Self-fulfilling prophecy: a cycle where expectations or beliefs (especially negative ones) influence the outcome and ultimately lead to original expectation
ex; a student who worries about doing poorly on an exam, so their worry and negative expectation impact ability to concentrate which leads to them actually doing poorly on exam

54
Q

What is dichotic listening task ?

A

Dichotic listening task : presenting two different auditory messages, one to each ear and participants are asked to repeat what they hear

(can be measure of selective attention by Broadbent)

55
Q

what is life course perspective?

A

Life course perspective : approach that takes into account life experiences of an individual at varying life stages and considers how these experiences and decisions will impact future outcomes.
ex: risky behaviors (drinking, substance abuse) during adolescence are associated with disorders in adulthood

56
Q

which medical technological devices are used for structural purposes ?

A

MRI and CT are used for fidning about structural info of a particular region

57
Q

Which medical technological device is used for localizing NEURAL activity in brain ?

A

PET scan (uses radioactive glucose and its metabolism to identify regions of increased activity

(commonly used to identify tumors and cancers)

58
Q

What is function of EEG?

A

EEG (electroencephalogram) : measures electrical activity of brain, useful for seizure disorders, sleep disorders and brain injury

59
Q

What are NMDA receptors ? What are its benefits ?

A

NMDA receptors : are GLUTAMATE-responsive ion channels that promote action potential formation upon activation.
increased expression of NMDA receptors in the hippocampus will increase the likelihood of action potential formation, increasing excitability.

60
Q

What does it mean when mice are inbred?

A

inbred: they are genetically identical

61
Q

in mice, what kind of neurons will be activated when mice are exposed to urine ? How will changes occur in puberty ?

A

Exposure to urine is likely to activate chemosensory neurons, while increased uterine weight occurs during puberty.

62
Q

What is self efficacy?

A

Self-efficacy: one’s belief about one’s ability to complete a task

63
Q

What is self-serving bias?

A

Self-serving bias: the tendency to attribute positive events in our lives to internal favors (ex” becasue i’m smart”)
and negative events to external factors (she made test hard) to serve our own positive image

64
Q

What is self verification ? Example ?

A

Self-verification: refers to the tendency to seek out (and agree with) information that is consistent with one’s self-concept.
ex: participants in study who rate how close and accurate their partner’s ratings of them are

65
Q

What is conscientiousness?

A

Conscientiousness: refers to ability of planning and responsiblity

66
Q

what does neuroticism mean?

A

neuroticisim: refers to anxiety and insecurity

67
Q

What is the motivation for Incentive theory ?

A

Motivation for incentive theory is EXTRINSIC and based on rewards and avoiding punishment

68
Q

What is groupthink?

A

Groupthink: occurs when members of a cohesive group emphasize agreement at the expense of critical thinking when arriving at a decision (ensure harmony)

AAMC Material (3 decks)

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