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AAMC Specific Cards > Psych + Soc > Flashcards

Psych + Soc Flashcards

1
Q

the life course perspective

A

experiences earlier in life may affect outcomes later in life

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2
Q

temporal cortex

A

controls hearing and some speech functions

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3
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

processes information gathered from the senses

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4
Q

the social gradient in health

A

refers to how wealthy people live longer than middle class people who live longer than poor people

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5
Q

source monitoring error

A

the source of a memory is incorrectly attributed to a specific recollected experience

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6
Q

dissociative disorder

A

involve a pathological separation from conscious awareness

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7
Q

Classical conditioning

A

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior, then gets paired or associated with the behavior

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8
Q

Operant conditioning

A

learning that focuses on changes in observable behavior; impacted by new or continuous consequences that influence behavior

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9
Q

Latent learning

A

something that is learned, but not expressed by an observable behavior until it is required

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10
Q

social identity

A

an individual’s self concept derived from perceived membership in a social group

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11
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

tendency to OVERVALUE PERSONALITY and UNDERVALUE EXTERNAL EXPLANATIONS

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12
Q

modeling

A

occurs from watching, retaining, and replicating a behavior

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13
Q

schemas

A

relates to Piaget and how we interpret the world; a schema is a mental representation, meaning as we encounter things in our environment, we develop additional schemas

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14
Q

ABCs of attitude

A

Affective- deals with feelings
Behavioral- deals with the effect of attitude on behavior
Cognitive- pertaining to beliefs, ideas, and knowledge

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15
Q

stereotype threat

A

occurs when a person has the potential to confirm a negative stereotype about their social group

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16
Q

Impression management

A

process of consciously making behavioral choices in order to crate a specific impression in the minds of others

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17
Q

Medulla Oblongata role

A

plays a role in autonomic functions

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18
Q

cerebellum

A

governs balance and fine motor movements

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19
Q

thalamus

A

relays motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex

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20
Q

Freud’s 5 stages of psychosexual development

A

oral 0-1 (sucking and tasting)
anal 1-3 (potty training)
phallic 3-6 (boys attached to mother, girls to father)
latency 6-12 (no sexual attraction)
genital 12+/beyond puberty (attracted to opposite sex peers)

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21
Q

Response bias

A

this involves responding inaccurately or falsely to questions

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22
Q

Skills associated with left hemisphere

A

vocabulary skills
“logical”

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23
Q

Skills associated with right hemisphere

A

visuospatial skills
music perception
emotional processing “creative”

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24
Q

discrimination

A

responding differently to similar stimulu

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25
Q

Double blind research design

A

participants don’t know if they’re in the control or not

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26
Q

experimental research design

A

scientists use variables to get to their findings

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27
Q

structural functionalism

A

sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity, stability, and equilibrium; uses the macro perspective and does not account for individuals

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28
Q

observational research design

A

involves studying subjects in non-experimental settings and without the changing of variables

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29
Q

UV- vis spectroscopy

A

has to do with ground state electron excitation via the absorption of light; related to HOMO and LUMO gaps

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30
Q

Mass spectrometry

A

used to identify a compound via fragmentation and analysis of mass to charge ratio

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31
Q

What is released when a peptide bond is formed?

A

1 molecule of water

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32
Q

Conservation

A

ex. knowing that two different shaped cups have the same amount in them

develops from 7-11 years (concrete operational)

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33
Q

Centration

A

a cognitive limitation during the pre-operational stage (2-7 years old)

fixation on a single component of a larger whole
ex. only seeing a button on a shirt

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34
Q

egocentrism

A

a marker of the pre-operational stage

a focus on oneself rather than others and the inability to take perspective

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35
Q

A 45-year-old man presents himself at a hospital emergency room. Symptoms include a pounding heart, chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating, and feeling dizzy. Medical tests reveal that the man did not have a heart attack. This describes what?

A

Panic disorder

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36
Q

REM rebound

A

people who did not sleep well the night before will increase the frequency and duration of REM sleep the next night

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37
Q

elaboration likelihood model

A

concerned with how a message is delivered;

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38
Q

Which parts of the brain control involuntary ventilation?

A

medulla oblongata and the pons

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39
Q

dichotic listening task

A

two different auditory messages; one to each ear

40
Q

PET measures

A

which parts of the brain are activated during specific tasks; use consumption of radioactive glucose to determine activity

41
Q

CT

A

provide structural information about a brain region

42
Q

MRI

A

provide structural info about a brain region

not to be confused with fMRIs which can measure areas of increased activation by looking at flow of oxygenated blood

43
Q

social facilitation

A

has to do with a group’s capacity to complete a task

44
Q

deindividuation

A

when an individual feels a loss of responsibility and identity and act differently in a group than they would alone

acting more aggressive in a group because you are unlikely to be identified

45
Q

Period effects

A

apply to everyone living at a given point in time

46
Q

NMDA receptors

A

a subtype of glutamate receptor

glutamate is the excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain (GABA is inhibitory)

47
Q

Five Factor Model of Personality Traits

A

openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (OCEAN)

48
Q

Endorphins

A

think of as endogenous painkillers

49
Q

serotonin

A

regulates mood, eating, sleeping

50
Q

expectancy value theory

A

degree of motivation is related to the degree of expected success & value of success

51
Q

self determination theory (3 words)

A

focused on autonomy, competence, and relatedness

52
Q

role strain vs. role conflict

A

role strain refers to difficulty managing a single role; role conflict has to do with trying to manage multiple roles

53
Q

motion parallax

A

explains why cars that are moving past you seem to move so quickly; the idea that objects further away seem to move more slowly

54
Q

which hemisphere of the brain for language?

A

left

55
Q

proximal stimulus

A

measured by sensory receptors

56
Q

humanistic theory

A

pertains to fulfilling our basic requirements

57
Q

ascribed status

A

status you are born with

58
Q

cultural capital

A

has to do with ability to demonstrate cultural sensitivity

59
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

fear of strangers that develops around 8 months

60
Q

place theory

A

posits that one is able to hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea’s basilar membrane

61
Q

accomodation

A

revising understanding based on receiving new info

62
Q

Interposition

A

visually processing by perceiving overlap

63
Q

Retina during day and night

A

fovea is the part of the retina that contains a high density of cones for daytime vision

the periphery of the retina contains a high density of rods which are more photosensitive and can detect dim light.

64
Q

counterbalancing

A

a method to control for any effect that the order of presenting stimuli might have on the dependent variable

65
Q

Explicit memory is also called what?

A

Declarative memory

66
Q

Priming

A

refers to the change in the response towards a stimulus due to a
subconscious memory effect. Priming is an implicit memory effect in which
exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus.

ex. picking out red mnms then being asked to switch and pick out blue ones; your mind is already used to blocking out the non-red mnms

67
Q

neuroleptics

A

the first antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia and though they are effective in treating positive symptoms, their side effects include cognitive dulling, which can exacerbate negative symptoms.

68
Q

Temporal

A

related to time motion

69
Q

signal detection

A

direction of a stimulus depends on its intensity and the physical/psychological state of the individual

70
Q

the generalized other

A

what one believes to be society’s genetic makeup

71
Q

Are sanctions rewards or punishments?

A

Can be either

72
Q

Me component of self (Mead)

A

the socialized and conforming self

73
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar

74
Q

stimulus generalization

A

When an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the condition stimulus

75
Q

Incongruence (Roger)

A

refers to the gap between a person’s actual self and ideal self.

76
Q

The base rate fallacy

A

refers to the error people make when they ignore the base rates (i.e., prior probabilities) when evaluating the probabilities (or frequencies) of events.

77
Q

retina

A

contains photoreceptors such as rods and cones, which detect light and transduces light to energy. The energy eventually becomes an action potential and the signal travels through the optic nerve and travels to the primary visual cortex.

78
Q

The availability heuristic

A

refers to the tendency to estimate the likelihood of events based on how easily (i.e., how rapidly) examples of those events can be retrieved from memory.

79
Q

Labeling theory

A

suggests that people are often placed into social categories

80
Q

Status groups

A

defined based on noneconomic characteristics such as prestige.

81
Q

maladaptiveness criterion

A

takes into account whether the behavior negatively impacts the person’s life or poses a threat to others.

82
Q

Autobiographical memory is what kind of memory?

A

Episodic

83
Q

Procedural memory is what kind of memory?

A

implicit

84
Q

Semantic memory has to do with what?

A

General knowledge

85
Q

Overextension

A

the term for applying a term for one class of objects to other objects that bear only a superficial resemblance (for example, “doggie” for a cow).

86
Q

Bootstrapping

A

refers to first stages of grammatical development

87
Q

Naming explosion

A

increase in infant vocabulary

88
Q

Shaping

A

reinforcing successive approximations of a behavior. It is utilized to establish a novel behavior.

89
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

a classical conditioning technique in which the intensity of an unconditioned stimulus is gradually increased until it no longer elicits the conditioned response.

90
Q

Elaborative encoding

A

refers to combining new (to-be-remembered) information with existing memory representations, which enhances the probability of retrieving that new information.

91
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

the process by which a previously extinguished behavioral response returns after a delay (i.e., a rest period) following extinction.

92
Q

Disinhibition

A

involves the inability to suppress unwanted or inappropriate behavior like the rowdy behavior and risk-taking associated with binge drinking

93
Q

Relative deprivation

A

when expectations surpass the material resources that a group or individual has

94
Q

Proprioceptors + where are they found?

A

a type of sensor that helps an individual to determine the location of a body part and/or its position.

These receptors are found within the vestibular system, muscles, and/or tendons.

95
Q

Osmoreceptors + where are they found?

A

usually located in the hypothalamus and they usually detect the change in osmotic pressures.

These receptors are not located in the auditory system.

96
Q

Chemoreceptors + where are they found?

A

are specialized receptors that transduce chemical signals and generate an output.

Chemoreceptors are found in the carotid bodies and the aortic arch.

97
Q

Auditory hair cells are what type of receptors?

A

mechanoreceptor; auditory hair cells deflect when the sound signal is transduced into vibrations in the inner ear.

The auditory hair cells (such as stereocilia) bend towards the tallest stereocilium and connect to mechanically gated ion channels.

AAMC Specific Cards (3 decks)

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