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AAMC Specific Cards > Psych + Soc > Flashcards

Psych + Soc Flashcards

1
Q

the life course perspective

A

experiences earlier in life may affect outcomes later in life

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2
Q

temporal cortex

A

controls hearing and some speech functions

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3
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

processes information gathered from the senses

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4
Q

the social gradient in health

A

refers to how wealthy people live longer than middle class people who live longer than poor people

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5
Q

source monitoring error

A

the source of a memory is incorrectly attributed to a specific recollected experience

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6
Q

dissociative disorder

A

involve a pathological separation from conscious awareness

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7
Q

Classical conditioning

A

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior, then gets paired or associated with the behavior

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8
Q

Operant conditioning

A

learning that focuses on changes in observable behavior; impacted by new or continuous consequences that influence behavior

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9
Q

Latent learning

A

something that is learned, but not expressed by an observable behavior until it is required

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10
Q

social identity

A

an individual’s self concept derived from perceived membership in a social group

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11
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

tendency to OVERVALUE PERSONALITY and UNDERVALUE EXTERNAL EXPLANATIONS

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12
Q

modeling

A

occurs from watching, retaining, and replicating a behavior

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13
Q

schemas

A

relates to Piaget and how we interpret the world; a schema is a mental representation, meaning as we encounter things in our environment, we develop additional schemas

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14
Q

ABCs of attitude

A

Affective- deals with feelings
Behavioral- deals with the effect of attitude on behavior
Cognitive- pertaining to beliefs, ideas, and knowledge

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15
Q

stereotype threat

A

occurs when a person has the potential to confirm a negative stereotype about their social group

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16
Q

Impression management

A

process of consciously making behavioral choices in order to crate a specific impression in the minds of others

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17
Q

Medulla Oblongata role

A

plays a role in autonomic functions

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18
Q

cerebellum

A

governs balance and fine motor movements

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19
Q

thalamus

A

relays motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex

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20
Q

Freud’s 5 stages of psychosexual development

A

oral 0-1 (sucking and tasting)
anal 1-3 (potty training)
phallic 3-6 (boys attached to mother, girls to father)
latency 6-12 (no sexual attraction)
genital 12+/beyond puberty (attracted to opposite sex peers)

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21
Q

Response bias

A

this involves responding inaccurately or falsely to questions

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22
Q

Skills associated with left hemisphere

A

vocabulary skills
“logical”

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23
Q

Skills associated with right hemisphere

A

visuospatial skills
music perception
emotional processing “creative”

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24
Q

discrimination

A

responding differently to similar stimulu

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25
Double blind research design
participants don't know if they're in the control or not
26
experimental research design
scientists use variables to get to their findings
27
structural functionalism
sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity, stability, and equilibrium; uses the macro perspective and does not account for individuals
28
observational research design
involves studying subjects in non-experimental settings and without the changing of variables
29
UV- vis spectroscopy
has to do with ground state electron excitation via the absorption of light; related to HOMO and LUMO gaps
30
Mass spectrometry
used to identify a compound via fragmentation and analysis of mass to charge ratio
31
What is released when a peptide bond is formed?
1 molecule of water
32
Conservation
ex. knowing that two different shaped cups have the same amount in them develops from 7-11 years (concrete operational)
33
Centration
a cognitive limitation during the pre-operational stage (2-7 years old) fixation on a single component of a larger whole ex. only seeing a button on a shirt
34
egocentrism
a marker of the pre-operational stage a focus on oneself rather than others and the inability to take perspective
35
A 45-year-old man presents himself at a hospital emergency room. Symptoms include a pounding heart, chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating, and feeling dizzy. Medical tests reveal that the man did not have a heart attack. This describes what?
Panic disorder
36
REM rebound
people who did not sleep well the night before will increase the frequency and duration of REM sleep the next night
37
elaboration likelihood model
concerned with how a message is delivered;
38
Which parts of the brain control involuntary ventilation?
medulla oblongata and the pons
39
dichotic listening task
two different auditory messages; one to each ear
40
PET measures
which parts of the brain are activated during specific tasks; use consumption of radioactive glucose to determine activity
41
CT
provide structural information about a brain region
42
MRI
provide structural info about a brain region not to be confused with fMRIs which can measure areas of increased activation by looking at flow of oxygenated blood
43
social facilitation
has to do with a group's capacity to complete a task
44
deindividuation
when an individual feels a loss of responsibility and identity and act differently in a group than they would alone acting more aggressive in a group because you are unlikely to be identified
45
Period effects
apply to everyone living at a given point in time
46
NMDA receptors
a subtype of glutamate receptor glutamate is the excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain (GABA is inhibitory)
47
Five Factor Model of Personality Traits
openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (OCEAN)
48
Endorphins
think of as endogenous painkillers
49
serotonin
regulates mood, eating, sleeping
50
expectancy value theory
degree of motivation is related to the degree of expected success & value of success
51
self determination theory (3 words)
focused on autonomy, competence, and relatedness
52
role strain vs. role conflict
role strain refers to difficulty managing a single role; role conflict has to do with trying to manage multiple roles
53
motion parallax
explains why cars that are moving past you seem to move so quickly; the idea that objects further away seem to move more slowly
54
which hemisphere of the brain for language?
left
55
proximal stimulus
measured by sensory receptors
56
humanistic theory
pertains to fulfilling our basic requirements
57
ascribed status
status you are born with
58
cultural capital
has to do with ability to demonstrate cultural sensitivity
59
Stranger anxiety
fear of strangers that develops around 8 months
60
place theory
posits that one is able to hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea’s basilar membrane
61
accomodation
revising understanding based on receiving new info
62
Interposition
visually processing by perceiving overlap
63
Retina during day and night
fovea is the part of the retina that contains a high density of cones for daytime vision the periphery of the retina contains a high density of rods which are more photosensitive and can detect dim light.
64
counterbalancing
a method to control for any effect that the order of presenting stimuli might have on the dependent variable
65
Explicit memory is also called what?
Declarative memory
66
Priming
refers to the change in the response towards a stimulus due to a subconscious memory effect. Priming is an implicit memory effect in which exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus. ex. picking out red mnms then being asked to switch and pick out blue ones; your mind is already used to blocking out the non-red mnms
67
neuroleptics
the first antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia and though they are effective in treating positive symptoms, their side effects include cognitive dulling, which can exacerbate negative symptoms.
68
Temporal
related to time motion
69
signal detection
direction of a stimulus depends on its intensity and the physical/psychological state of the individual
70
the generalized other
what one believes to be society's genetic makeup
71
Are sanctions rewards or punishments?
Can be either
72
Me component of self (Mead)
the socialized and conforming self
73
stimulus discrimination
When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar
74
stimulus generalization
When an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the condition stimulus
75
Incongruence (Roger)
refers to the gap between a person’s actual self and ideal self.
76
The base rate fallacy
refers to the error people make when they ignore the base rates (i.e., prior probabilities) when evaluating the probabilities (or frequencies) of events.
77
retina
contains photoreceptors such as rods and cones, which detect light and transduces light to energy. The energy eventually becomes an action potential and the signal travels through the optic nerve and travels to the primary visual cortex.
78
The availability heuristic
refers to the tendency to estimate the likelihood of events based on how easily (i.e., how rapidly) examples of those events can be retrieved from memory.
79
Labeling theory
suggests that people are often placed into social categories
80
Status groups
defined based on noneconomic characteristics such as prestige.
81
maladaptiveness criterion
takes into account whether the behavior negatively impacts the person’s life or poses a threat to others.
82
Autobiographical memory is what kind of memory?
Episodic
83
Procedural memory is what kind of memory?
implicit
84
Semantic memory has to do with what?
General knowledge
85
Overextension
the term for applying a term for one class of objects to other objects that bear only a superficial resemblance (for example, “doggie” for a cow).
86
Bootstrapping
refers to first stages of grammatical development
87
Naming explosion
increase in infant vocabulary
88
Shaping
reinforcing successive approximations of a behavior. It is utilized to establish a novel behavior.
89
Systematic desensitization
a classical conditioning technique in which the intensity of an unconditioned stimulus is gradually increased until it no longer elicits the conditioned response.
90
Elaborative encoding
refers to combining new (to-be-remembered) information with existing memory representations, which enhances the probability of retrieving that new information.
91
Spontaneous recovery
the process by which a previously extinguished behavioral response returns after a delay (i.e., a rest period) following extinction.
92
Disinhibition
involves the inability to suppress unwanted or inappropriate behavior like the rowdy behavior and risk-taking associated with binge drinking
93
Relative deprivation
when expectations surpass the material resources that a group or individual has
94
Proprioceptors + where are they found?
a type of sensor that helps an individual to determine the location of a body part and/or its position. These receptors are found within the vestibular system, muscles, and/or tendons.
95
Osmoreceptors + where are they found?
usually located in the hypothalamus and they usually detect the change in osmotic pressures. These receptors are not located in the auditory system.
96
Chemoreceptors + where are they found?
are specialized receptors that transduce chemical signals and generate an output. Chemoreceptors are found in the carotid bodies and the aortic arch.
97
Auditory hair cells are what type of receptors?
mechanoreceptor; auditory hair cells deflect when the sound signal is transduced into vibrations in the inner ear. The auditory hair cells (such as stereocilia) bend towards the tallest stereocilium and connect to mechanically gated ion channels.

AAMC Specific Cards (3 decks)

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