psych skills sem 2 Flashcards
identify the basic and advanced psychological skills
basic - relaxation, goal setting, imagery, self-talk
advanced - controlling anxiety, optimising self confidence, motivation, attention
types of goal
performance
process
outcome
give 4 ways that goals influence performance
1- direct attention - improves focus and gives meaning to competition and training
2- effort - needed from athlete, may not be achieved from goal setting alone
3- persistance - is driven by the importance of the goal to the athlete
4- development of new learning strategies will lead the athlete to test new strategies and ways of achieving their goals
goals should be
acronym
Specific
Measurable
Actioned
Realistic
Time based
Evaluated
Reset
one way of judging the competency of goals (T)
perceptions of competence are self referred
includes: meeting demands of task, exerting effort, improving skill level
one way of judging the competency of goals (e)
perception of competence includes demonstrating superiority/surpassing normative standards
two ways of judging the competency of goals
TASK :)
EGO :(
process for goal
focus on execution of behaviours regarded as contributing to effective performance - self referenced
performance for goal
focus on personal achievement - self referenced
outcome for goal
social comparison - relative to performance of others
example of process
training x4 a week
example of outcome
beating others
example of performance
setting a PB (personal)
6 adaptive outcomes
-ENGAGING in training
-giving BEST effort
-always showing PERSISTANCE
-choosing CHALLENGING activities/opponents
-consistently performung to POTENTIAL
-always working on IMPROVEMENT
4 maladaptive outcomes
-HOLDS back in training
-chooses TOO EASY/TOO HARD activities/opponents
-doubts over ability cause performance IMPAIRMENT
-withdraw from sport as a result of feeling INCOMPETENT
Kyllo and Landers 1995 6 principles (first 3)
-goals should be specific - specific absolute 0.93 effect size
-goals should be difficult (moderately difficult)
-long term goals should be combined w short term goals to maximise effectiveness (achieving short term goals increases self efficacy)
Kyllo and Landers 1995 6 principles (last 3)
-make goals public - public effect size 0.79
-make goal setting cooperative - effect size 0.62
-focus on performance and/or process rather than outcome
public goal setting - Ward and Carnes 2002
american football - baseline for reads, drops, tackles was 70%, post intervention of public goal setting increased to 96%
who came up with the psycho-neuromuscular theory
Carpenter, 1984
explain psycho-neuromuscular theory
imagery produces similar neuromuscular activity to the actual movement
evidence for psycho-neuromuscular theory
Jackson 1931 found that imaged arm moevement produced small muscular contractions
criticism of psycho-neuromuscular theory
predicts that imagery should benefit physical tasks more than cognitive ones
who came up with the symbolic learning theory
Sackett, 1934
what is the symbolic learning theory
imagery generates + strengthens a mental blueprint of the required movement pattern
enables rehearsal of cognitive aspects of a skill
beneficial effect of mental practice are greater for …
cognitive tasks than motor tasks
who created bio-informational theory
Lang, 1977/79
what is the bio-informational theory
we have prepositions stored in the brain
stimulus prepositions - content of scene being imaged
response prepositions - verbal, motor, physiological, emotional responses to the scene
evidence for bio-informational theory Cumming et al; 2007
imagery instructions that include response propositions generate stronger responses
