Psych Semester 2 SAT Development

Question 1

What is nurture in terms of development?

Answer 1

environment is used to refer to all the experiences, objects and events to which we are exposed throughout our lifetime

language skills and social interaction are learnt

Question 1

What is nature in terms of development?

Answer 1

heridity involves the transmission of characteristics from biological parents.

genes influence less obvious aspects of development and psychological development

Question 2

What is developmental change?

Answer 2

changes that occur over time through a lifespan
developmental changes must be permanent or long-lasting

Question 3

What does physiological development include?

Answer 3

social, cognitive and emotional changes

Question 4

What is attachment in infancy?

Answer 4

attachment in infancy refers to the emotional bond which forms between an infant and the primary caregiver/others who have significant involvement

Question 5

What study did Mary Ainsworth do?

Answer 5

The Strange Situation Test: observes attachment betwen child and primary caregiver

Question 6

What did Ainsworth’s study find?

Answer 6

secure attachment: confident, explores, curious - calmed down easily by return of caregiver
insecure resistant attachment: uncertain & anxious - checks caregivers whereabouts, clings & resists contact
insecure avoidant attachment: distant & protective - maintains distance and avoids contact with others

Question 7

What is Erikson’s theory of Psychosocial Development?

Answer 7

Erikson believes that personality is developed in a predetermined order through 8 stages of psychosocial development, from infancy to adulthood. In each stage the person experiences a psychsocial crisis (psychological needs of individual vs needs of society)

Question 8

What is Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development?

Answer 8

Piaget proposed that cognitive development occurs through the interaction of innate capacities (nature) and environmental events (nurture), and children pass through a series of stages.

Question 9

What did Harlow’s study find?

Answer 9

Harlow’s study of monkey’s reactions to cloth and wire surrogates, demonstrated the importance of love, affection and comfort for healthy childhood development.

Question 10

What is mental health?

Answer 10

a state of wellbeing in which an individual realises their own abilities and can cope with the normal stressors of life

Question 11

What are the approaches in which normality and abnormality are viewed? (six approaches)

Answer 11

socio-cultural appraoch, functional approach, historical approach, medical approach, statistical approach and situational appraoch

Question 12

What are the factors that differentiate a mental problem and a mental illness?

Answer 12

severity, duraction, impact on fucntioning, level of stress and level of impairment

Question 13

What are typical and atypical behaviours?

Answer 13

typical = person acts as they usually do, sometimes does not act as they usually do but this behaviour is temporary
atypical = person acts in a way that is unusual for them persistently and across situations

Question 14

What are adaptive and maladaptive behaviours?

Answer 14

adaptive = behaviour that enables individuals to adjust to the environment appropraitely (age-appropraite & within socio-economic environment)
maladaptive = any behaviour that intereferes with the individual’s ability to adjust to environment appropriately (also called dysfunctional behaviour)

Question 15

What is the 4P Factor Model?

Answer 15

describes influences on mental health in reagrds to risk and protective factors. Factors may be biological, psychological or social.

Question 16

What is a predisposing factor + example?

Answer 16

Predisposing factor increases vulnerability to developing a mental disorder, however does not mean that an individual will eventually develop a disorder.
Examples include family history, brain injury, low levels of neurotransmitters, substance abuse, etc.

Question 17

What is a precipitating factor + example?

Answer 17

Precipitating factors increase susceptibility to the occurence of a disorder. They hasten onset of a disorder and precede or are present at the time of onset.
Examples include poor sleep, substance misuse, recent loss, stress, etc.

Question 18

What is a perpetuating factor + example?

Answer 18

Perpetuating factors maintain or prolong the occurence of a disorder. They may perpetuate the disorder and inhibit recovery.
Examples include continued use of substances, ongoing bullying, abusive relationship, homelessness, poor coping skills, etc.

Question 19

What is a protective factor + example?

Answer 19

Proetctive factors enhance and safeguard mental health and reduce the likelihood that a mental disorder will develop or re-occur. They are also likely to depend on the disorder.
Examples include good relationships w/ freinds & family, supportive environment, good physical health, good diet/sleep patterns, etc.

Question 20

What is a longitudinal study? (pros + cons)

Answer 20

Longitudinal studies employ continuous or repeated measures to follow particular individuals over prolonged periods of time—often years or decades.

Question 21

What is a cross-sectional study? (pros + cons)

Answer 21

A cross-sectional study is a type of research design in which you collect data from many different individuals at a single point in time. In cross-sectional research, you observe variables without influencing them.

Question 22

What is first stage of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development?

Answer 22

Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): focus on physcial sensations and leanring to coordinate the body.
Cognitive abilities developed include object permanence, self-recognition, deferred imitation, and representational play.

Question 23

What is second stage of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development?

Answer 23

Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): acquire ability to internally represent the world through langauge and mental imagery. During this period children are able to think at a symbolic level but not yet use cognitive operations.

Question 24

What is third stage of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development?

Answer 24

Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years): begin to think logically about concrete events, undertsand the concept of conservation and become less egocentric.

Question 25

What is fourth stage of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development?

Answer 25

Formal Operational Stage (12+ years): ability to think in an abstract matter, have the capacity for higher order reasoning and are able to deal with hypothetical problems.

Question 26

What is the first stage in Erikson’s Theory of Psychsocial Development?

Answer 26

1. 0-18 m: Trust vs Mistrust (towards caregiver, that basic needs will be met)

Question 27

What is the second stage in Erikson’s Theory of Psychsocial Development?

Answer 27

2. 18m-3y: Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt (independance & personal control over physical skills)

Question 28

What is the third stage in Erikson’s Theory of Psychsocial Development?

Answer 28

3. 3y-5y: Initiave vs Guilt (assert themselves, guilt when boundaries are overstepped)

Question 29

What is the fourth stage in Erikson’s Theory of Psychsocial Development?

Answer 29

4. 5y-12y: Industry vs Inferiority (develop self-confidence in abilities or sense of inferiority)

Question 30

What is the fifth stage in Erikson’s Theory of Psychsocial Development?

Answer 30

5. 12y-18y: Identity vs Role Confusion (experiment with and develop identity & roles)

Question 31

What is the sixth stage in Erikson’s Theory of Psychsocial Development?

Answer 31

6. 18y-30y: Intimacy vs Isolation (establish intimacy and relationship with others)

Question 32

What is the seventh stage in Erikson’s Theory of Psychsocial Development?

Answer 32

7. 30y-65y: Generativity vs Stagnation (building lives & contributing to society)

Question 33

What is the eighth stage in Erikson’s Theory of Psychsocial Development?

Answer 33

8. 65y+: Ego Integrity vs Despair (assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions)