Psych Review Flashcards
Sensory memory?
Last about 1-2 seconds
Capacity larger than expected
Shortest term element of memory
Ability to retain impression of sensory information after original stimuli
Three stage model of memory?
Sensory memory
Short term memory
Long term member
Short term memory
Last 20-30 seconds unless rehearsed things over and over in head
Capacity unknown
Primacy effect: first 4-5 words of list
Recency effect: last 4-5 items remember well but only if recalled immediate
Long term memory
Unlimited duration
Unlimited storage
A type of storage that holds information for long periods of time
Episodic memory
collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place
Procedural memory
The gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice or knowing how to do things
2 pieces of the evidence that show episodic and procedural memory don’t rely on each other
H.M (mirror tracing vs remembering to do the task)
Had to trace picture of star in mirror but hard because in a mirror when you move your hand in one direction the mirror make its look like it’s going the opposite direction. HM got better with repetition. But each day had to be explained how to do it because he couldn’t form new episodic memories but he could form new procedural memories
Took people with Alzheimer’s golfing for 30 days, didn’t remember going on the 30th day asked if had Been they said no but there scores got better each day indicating they formed procedural memory for it just didn’t have episodic memory for the last 29 days of practice
How long term memory change with time? (6)
Details lost: not convinced and confident in details
Stereotypes introduced: change story to certain stereotypes
Details added: convinced and confident in detail
Memories made more familiar: what we are more familiar with we remember
Go from relative to absolute
Constructive: (memory makes more sense) (reconstruct logically to fit together better)
Modernize: memory updated than what we actually experience/saw
Improving memory for content of an exam (6)
Better off distribute your studying then cram it: if you had 10 hours to study have 20 half hour sessions
Study before you go to sleep: you remember more from long term memory and the worst time to study is when you wake up
Active processing: unscrambling the letters of the word, take heading from textbook and turn them into questions and answer them. Take material and work with it
Memory aids: take in list that you have to remember
Release from poi: mix it up, take a little bit on learning and then memory
Chunking: find something common about the material so you can chunk it together
False memories? Describe a research procedure to produce?
An episodic memory for an even that never happened
One is for partial memory (Trojan horse, you have people watch a bank robbery and then you feed them false information) give people three real memories as well as one false thing (getting lost in the mall) have them write about, talk about and 1/4 of people will come up for a memory for the false events
Four ways you could increase how well people remember your advertisement
Repetition: repeating commercials over and over again helps you to remember
Spacing: tv commercials rather than play it 3 times in a row give it once have lots of other commercials and then play it again. Spacing out the commercial and recognition
Serial position: recall and recognition remember the first commercial in a series better than the others
Vividness: more vivid the commercial the better remembered, television works better because it has sounds and lights which will help you remember better vs radio
4 factors do not contribute to personal well-being
Having children Making over a certain amount of income (75000) Where you live Education isn't linked Physical attractiveness
Infantile amnesia and four explanations
Inability to recall episodic memories from the first 3-5 years of life
1) development; brain grows from inside out, cells migrate up and form another layer when you learn something, when your brain is small the layers grow over it, which makes its so you don’t have access to the event ex: headless worm experiment
2) Retrieval: use language to find old memories, problem you didn’t have language in first years of life. Therefore trying to find a memory that has no language is impossible ex finding sound with flashlight
3) Masking: about an individual cellular level, we produce new proteins and the neuroma learn something different with additional time we learn more things and the cell gets more and more complicated. The original dendritic branching is masked by the new one
4) state dependence: cues that were there when learning are no longer durning recall
5 reasons that the study of happiness is important?
People who are happier have better immune systems; increased killer T cells, increases the functioning of the immune system
Associated with health. People that are happier are physically healthier people who have surgery recover faster if they are happy
Increased career success; happiness makes you successful 19 year old who are happy now will have better jobs, happy people are less likely to be unemployed, productive people are happier
Longer life: happiness contributes to 7.5 years of your life
Increased tolerance: less intolerant, racial intolerant, if you make people happy, racial intolerance will go away
40% to 50% of happiness is through inheritance
Description of research study an event from everyday life, identify instruments, procedure and schedule of reinforcement used?
Grocery store - child want a chocolate bar
Mom says no until they throw a tantrum he gets chocolate
Positive reinforcement and variable interval
Positive reinforcement ?
Appetite and produces (behaviour increased) if doesn’t can’t be positive reinforcement
Positive punishment
Aversive and produces (behaviour decreases)
Negative reinforcement ?
Avoidance or escape, aversive and prevents (behaviour increases) running away from pain stops something bad
Negative punishment
Appetitive and prevents (behaviour decreases) by doing something bad you wouldn’t get dessert
Compare and contrast two procedures used in instrumental conditioning
Positive reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative reinforcement
Negative punishment
Appetitive?
Means good or desired (as in appetite)
Aversive ?
Means unwanted such as painful shock
5 things you could do to increase your happiness
Active leisure (gardening, hobbies)
Spirituality (gives one personal meaning, healthier, lifestyle, gives hope)
Give thanks (Gratitude journal write three things you’re thankful for)
Counting acts of kindness
Volunteer (gives you social praise, makes you less self focused)
Compare and contrast two schedules of reinforcement instrumental conditioning?
Fixed ratio
Variable ratio
Fixed interval
Varnish interval
