psych quiz 2 Flashcards
Imprinting
Konriad Lorenz
I.B.=instinctive behavior, imprinting
Studied birds=fowl, following “mom”
-takes eggs and puts in incubator and mom keeps some eggs, put ducks from incubator back with mom and they did NOT follow, but regular ducks did.
Critical Period
a period during someone’s development in which a particular skill or characteristic is believed to be most readily acquired.
Classical Conditioning
also known as reflexive conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning, learn by associations.
1904- Ivan Pavlov- “psychic secretions” Pavlov dogs
unconditioned response-salvation
unconditioned stimulus-food in their mouth
bell-to be conditioned stimulus, conditioned response
Association Learning
s the process by which someone learns an association between two stimuli, or a behavior and a stimulus. Two types classical and operant conditioning
elicits
evoke or draw out (a response, answer, or fact) from someone in reaction to one’s own actions or questions.
phobias
an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something
stimulus generalization
when you react in the same way to a similar but different stimulus then you were originally conditioned too. (the bell had to sound the same every time)
systematic desensitization
reverse phobia process, learn phobia from association, change association. Rat fear change it to rat relax.
Three steps:
1. Hierarchy construction- sit down with client and make a list of the phobic situation
2. Deep muscle relaxation-how to have someone relax their muscles in a very deep way.
3. Both 1 and 2
Watson
1920- John Watson, found behaviorism=we study behavior=tabula rasa
Little Albert
11 months, Watson wanted to teach a fear to this baby, put an albino rat on the table in front of the baby, albert was fine=nothing bad with the rat. Once albert was focused on rat they made a loud banging noise to scare albert.
Rat=stimulus generalizations, brought in different things that were white and furry to see if albert was afraid of them.
operant conditioning
learning by consequences, B.F. Skinner (1938) “the behavior of an organism”
*autism therapy is under this
contingency
major concept=contract that has to parts=IF:THEN, IF= the behavior, THEN=the consequence “all our behavior is controlled by this” Skinner
Postive Reinforcement
anything that follows a behavior and increases the probability that the behavior will occur again. Something that is desired gets added. abusive relationship–> better than being alone, behavior is maintained
Negative Reinforcement
increases behavior, beans with a negative situation the person does a behavior that stops or turns off the negative situation. this increases the probability that the behavior will occur again. Something undesired is taken away.
Punishment
anything that follows a behavior and decreases the probability that the behavior will occur again. Something that’s not desired gets added. Lowers rate of behavior.
a. Doesn’t teach what you should do or the correct behavior, teaches you what not to do.
b. Creates strong negative emotional responses to the punishing situation
c. When we get punished, we avoid the punishing situations as much as we can.
d. The effect of punishment lasts only as long as the threat of punishment exists.
Must provide positive reinforcement for a desired substitute behavior.
extinction
withholding reinforcement which eventually will cause the behavior to weaken and stop. Gets worse before it gets better, but then stops completely.
Shaping
reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired response
baseline
rate of responding before any conditioning has taken place.
primary reinforcement
reinforcement whose value you do not have learn about. ex. food, water, sex.
secondary reinforcement
reinforcement who’s value you do have to learn. ex. money
Continuous reinforcement
1 correct response gets 1 reinforcement, most useful when teaching a new behavior because it gives you constant feedback
intermittent schedules (partial)
shape the behavior
frequency
A child may have a problem with anger (for example) in any of these areas. A child who loses his or her temper once an hour has a “blank” problem.
intensity
A child who loses his or her temper only once per month BUT will throw a lamp at a sibling when angered has an “blank” problem.
duration
A child who becomes mad and remains so for three hours has a “blank” problem.
Instinctive Behavior
Instinctive-term for the species
4 criteria of an instinctive behavior
1. Complex- not simple, or quick, or a reflex.
2. Rigidly patterned- done the same way
3. All members do it (or same sex).
4. Not learned- isolation experiment, see if the new born does what the parents due without it being near anyone from their species, then reintroduce to the group and see what happens.
fixed ratio
you get the reinforcement after a fixed number of responses is made example: 5 button pushed get food. *stair step graph always
Variable Ratio
(VR5) you are reinforced on the average of one pellet of food for each 5 bar presses. No predictability. Continuous graph with NO stopping
Fixed Interval
FI5) predictable, you get a pellet of food for the first bar press after 5 seconds has gone by. The interval has to take place first. (scalloping graph) acceleration. Anytime there is a deadline, the behavior increases closer too it.
Variable Interval
VI5) passage of time would change after each pellet of food was given.
Antecedents of Behavior
a person or an environment or a signal that comes just before you do the behavior. (knowing which parent to ask for things)
S/D(discriminative stimulus)
signal that indicates that reinforcement is available if earned. Example Asking and whining is reinforced when asking dad for something
Stimulus Control
Behaviors do not occur in a vacuum, behaviors occur in a situation or with a condition.
S Delta
stimulus that signals no reinforcement is available under any conditions. Example= mom never gives in. Extinction is the presence of this
Behavior Modification
the alteration of behavioral patterns through the use of such learning techniques as biofeedback and positive or negative reinforcement.
The A-B-Cs of behavior analysis
antecedent, behavior, consequence
“Skinner Box” (experimental chamber):
an apparatus for studying instrumental conditioning in animals (typically rats or pigeons) in which the animal is isolated and provided with a lever or switch that it learns to use to obtain a reward, such as a food pellet, or to avoid a punishment, such as an electric shock.
conditioned stimulus
A previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated association with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits the response produced by the unconditioned stimulus itself.
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
is biologically potent (e.g., the taste of food)
the unconditioned response (UCR)
is an unlearned reflex response (e.g., salivation)
conditioned response (CR)
only when someone has come to associate that stimulus with another.
