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PYSC336 > Psych of Women Midterm Fall 2019 > Flashcards

Psych of Women Midterm Fall 2019 Flashcards

1
Q

sex

A

biological differences in genitalia and reproductive function

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2
Q

gender

A

the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person’s biological sex

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3
Q

gender identity

A

one’s deeply felt, inherent sense of oneself as male, female, or something else

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4
Q

gender expression

A

the behaviors and presentation of an individual that reflects aspects of gender

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5
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A

Freud: how well needs as a child were met relate to how your personality develops later in life

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6
Q

oedipal complex in boys

A

kill dad to marry mom; castration anxiety; masculinity = power, strength, competition, sexual prowess, intact superego

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7
Q

electra complex in girls

A

want to be impregnated by father; penis envy; passivity, masochism, immature superego

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8
Q

sociobiological theory

A

application of evolutionary theory to explain the social behavior

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9
Q

parental investment

A

parent’s behavior that increases offspring’s chance of survival
(part of sociobiological theory)

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10
Q

social learning theory

A

Bandura and Bobo Dolls; we learn from others; includes attention, self-regulation, and self-efficacy

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11
Q

cognitive developmental theory

A

18-24mos: knowledge of gender identity
5-7yrs: gender constancy
8-10yrs: abstract ideas of femininity/masculinity

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12
Q

gender schema theory

A

set of gender-linked associations
society’s belief about traits of female/males = gender schema –> influences on self-esteem and processing of social information

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13
Q

waves of feminism

A

1848: first wave- voting rights for white women
1960s: second wave- women in the workforce
1990s: third wave- changing mainstream ideas of feminism
present: fourth wave- call out culture

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14
Q

feminism

A

movement/ideology aimed at achieving social, political, and economic equality for women

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15
Q

sexism

A

discrimination (prejudice and power) based on gender

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16
Q

four levels of sexism

A

individual, institutional, ideological, internalization

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17
Q

problems with psych research

A

biased questions, types of questions, biased measures, biased sample/recruitment, design problems (gender can’t be manipulated), experimenter/observer effects, interpretation bias

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18
Q

intersectionality

A

identities don’t exist independently, identities inform one another, identities are fluid, identities are embedded in systems of power/inequality

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19
Q

gendered racism

A

ex: sexist beliefs about asian women

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20
Q

Settles (2006)

A

gave evidence for intersectionality; being a black-woman > any singular identity

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21
Q

oppression

A

the systematic and pervasive nature of social inequality in social institutions and individual consciousness (occurs through force, deprivation, and covert, unintentional policies/systems)

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22
Q

cycles of oppression

A

stereotypes- women are bad at STEM
prejudice- dismissing women
discrimination- not hiring women for certain jobs
institutionalization- women make up only 24% of STEM workforce
internalization- 66% of girls say they like STEM, but only 18% are STEM majors

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23
Q

privilege

A

cultural, legal, social, and institutional advantages that are unearned, and extended to a group based on their social group membership

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24
Q

stereotypes

A

widely held beliefs about members of a social group

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25
impact of stereotypes
discriminatory/biased behavior; reinforces differences in status/power; internalized oppression; stereotype threat
26
gender similarities hypothesis
men and women are similar on most, but not all psychological variables larger differences: physical aggression, empathy, attitudes toward casual sex
27
stereotype threat
source of stress arising from the risk of personally confirming a negative stereotype about one's group; person expends energy to cope with stress = reduced working memory capacity and biological markers of stress
28
disengagement
when stereotype threat leads people to distance themselves from a threatening domain in short term (allows person to maintain a positive view about self)
29
disidentification
when stereotype threat leads people to avoid domain/detach it completely from one's identity
30
socialization
the process by which society conveys to the individual its expectations for their behavior, values, and beliefs
31
early gender development
2-3yrs: labelers 3-4yrs: golden age of gender development 5-7yrs: biological essentialists
32
types of parental influence
channeling/shaping; modeling; differential treatment; direct instruction
33
Liss and gender segregation/gender socialization
more time spent with same-gender peers = more gender-typed behavior becomes / teachers have different expectations for girls and boys
34
sources of gender socialization
school, media & toys, parents
35
transgender
individuals whose gender identity doesn't match their assigned sex at birth (youth may experiences distress/dysphoria)
36
gender nonconforming
individuals who don't follow stereotypes about how they should look/act based on the gender binary
37
cisgender
gender identity matches the sex assigned at birth
38
gender nonconforming youth
usually doesn't experience dysphoria, not interested in socially/medically transitioning
39
gender dysphoria
refers to the distress that one may experience around mismatch between gender identity and gender assigned at birth
40
gender dysphoria criteria
a marked incongruence between one's experienced/expressed gender and assigned gender, of at least 6 months duration
41
myths about TGNC children
1- children are too young/are confused to know their "real" gender 2- something in the environment "makes" someone transgender 3- being a tomboy/gay 4- if you let them transition, they will be bullied more if they didn't 5- being transgender is a mental illness
42
concerns with transgender youth
higher rates of depression, anxiety, self-harm, suicidal thoughts/behaviors, along with higher rates of discrimination, violence, homelessness
43
ambivalent sexism theory
gender binary = pervasive; women are "pure, moral, and in need of a man's care" = men are protectors/providers includes hostile and benevolent sexism
44
hostile sexism
negative biases/attitudes against women
45
benevolent sexism
positive biases/attitudes against women; includes protective paternalism, heterosexual intimacy, complimentary gender differentiation (reinforces the gender inequality)
46
impacts of benevolent sexism
more body surveillance/shame; more accepting of male partner putting limits; increased self-doubt, decreased job performance
47
racial fetishization
idealizing or romanticizing a person or culture belonging to a race or ethnic group other than your own
48
exotification
occurs when a racial/ethnic group is treated as inherently different/alluring/strange
49
expectancy theory
media reinforces stereotypes, which can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies
50
human trafficking
sex trafficking in which a commercial act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person to perform such an act has not attainted 18 years of age
51
human trafficking myths
occurs largely outside of the US; trafficked persons are only foreign-born individuals who are poor; requires transportation; must be forced into commercial sex acts to be victims of trafficking
52
DMST
the commercial sexual exploitation of American youth through prostitution, pornography, and stripping
53
steps of DMST exploitation
earns trust, isolates victim, demands sex acts, blames victim for abuse
54
sexual assault
sexual contact or behavior that occurs without explicit consent
55
rape
a form of sexual assault, refers specifically to sexual penetration without consent
56
force
includes physical and emotional/psychological coercion
57
rape myths
1- if she can't remember every detail, then she's lying 2- only pretty girls get raped 3- false reports are common 4- rape is a sexual act that results from sexual urges 5- rapists are abnormal 6- most rapes occur between strangers 7- rapes must involve physical aggression
58
effects of sexual violence
increased rates of depression, eating disorders, PTSD, self-harm, suicidality, sleep disturbances, substance abuse
59
victim blaming
when the victim of a crime is held responsible for the crimes committed against them
60
common negative reactions to victims of rape
turning against victims and unsupportive acknowledgement
61
types of rape myths
``` victim precipitation (women ask for/deserve rape) victim fabrication (women lie about rape) victim masochism (women enjoy being raped) ```
62
just world hypothesis
world is an orderly place where people get what they want; leads to victim blaming
63
sexual script theory
gendered expectations for hetero dating- men = initiators; women = gatekeeper scripts still exist despite shifting gender roles- very gender-normative and hetero
64
sexual social exchange theory
female sexuality has an "exchange value"; rape = theft
65
sexualization
women = objects of desire/excitement; women can only express sexuality within confines of dominant/hetero male desire; women's bodies are controversial
66
sexuality
focus on women's sexual desire/excitement; women have freedom to express sexuality; focus on desire/functions of women's bodies
67
asexuality
low sexual attraction/no experience of sexual attractions
68
bisexuality
the potential to be attracted, romantically or sexually, to people of more than one gender (not necessarily at the same time/way/degree)
69
pansexuality
sexual or romantic attraction to all genders
70
queer
doesn't identify with any specific orientation (umbrella term for all non-hetero, non-cis gender identities)
71
sexual fluidity
bi women were more likely to pursue monogamous relationships and were stable in patterns of sexual attraction in comparison to lesbian/unlabeled women
72
monosexuality
sexual attraction to only one sex/gender | refuted by gender
73
impact of bisexual invisibility
linked to higher rates of physical and mental illnesses
74
promoting well being of bisexual women
collective action, resilience, positive self-identity, commitment to social justice
75
sexual agency
women's ability to act on her behalf sexually, express her needs/desires, and advocate for herself
76
feminist ideology
helps to unlearn/dispute harmful constructions of sex

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