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PYSC336 > Psych of Women Midterm Fall 2019 > Flashcards

Psych of Women Midterm Fall 2019 Flashcards

1
Q

sex

A

biological differences in genitalia and reproductive function

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2
Q

gender

A

the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person’s biological sex

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3
Q

gender identity

A

one’s deeply felt, inherent sense of oneself as male, female, or something else

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4
Q

gender expression

A

the behaviors and presentation of an individual that reflects aspects of gender

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5
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A

Freud: how well needs as a child were met relate to how your personality develops later in life

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6
Q

oedipal complex in boys

A

kill dad to marry mom; castration anxiety; masculinity = power, strength, competition, sexual prowess, intact superego

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7
Q

electra complex in girls

A

want to be impregnated by father; penis envy; passivity, masochism, immature superego

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8
Q

sociobiological theory

A

application of evolutionary theory to explain the social behavior

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9
Q

parental investment

A

parent’s behavior that increases offspring’s chance of survival
(part of sociobiological theory)

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10
Q

social learning theory

A

Bandura and Bobo Dolls; we learn from others; includes attention, self-regulation, and self-efficacy

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11
Q

cognitive developmental theory

A

18-24mos: knowledge of gender identity
5-7yrs: gender constancy
8-10yrs: abstract ideas of femininity/masculinity

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12
Q

gender schema theory

A

set of gender-linked associations
society’s belief about traits of female/males = gender schema –> influences on self-esteem and processing of social information

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13
Q

waves of feminism

A

1848: first wave- voting rights for white women
1960s: second wave- women in the workforce
1990s: third wave- changing mainstream ideas of feminism
present: fourth wave- call out culture

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14
Q

feminism

A

movement/ideology aimed at achieving social, political, and economic equality for women

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15
Q

sexism

A

discrimination (prejudice and power) based on gender

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16
Q

four levels of sexism

A

individual, institutional, ideological, internalization

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17
Q

problems with psych research

A

biased questions, types of questions, biased measures, biased sample/recruitment, design problems (gender can’t be manipulated), experimenter/observer effects, interpretation bias

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18
Q

intersectionality

A

identities don’t exist independently, identities inform one another, identities are fluid, identities are embedded in systems of power/inequality

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19
Q

gendered racism

A

ex: sexist beliefs about asian women

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20
Q

Settles (2006)

A

gave evidence for intersectionality; being a black-woman > any singular identity

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21
Q

oppression

A

the systematic and pervasive nature of social inequality in social institutions and individual consciousness (occurs through force, deprivation, and covert, unintentional policies/systems)

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22
Q

cycles of oppression

A

stereotypes- women are bad at STEM
prejudice- dismissing women
discrimination- not hiring women for certain jobs
institutionalization- women make up only 24% of STEM workforce
internalization- 66% of girls say they like STEM, but only 18% are STEM majors

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23
Q

privilege

A

cultural, legal, social, and institutional advantages that are unearned, and extended to a group based on their social group membership

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24
Q

stereotypes

A

widely held beliefs about members of a social group

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25
Q

impact of stereotypes

A

discriminatory/biased behavior; reinforces differences in status/power; internalized oppression; stereotype threat

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26
Q

gender similarities hypothesis

A

men and women are similar on most, but not all psychological variables
larger differences: physical aggression, empathy, attitudes toward casual sex

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27
Q

stereotype threat

A

source of stress arising from the risk of personally confirming a negative stereotype about one’s group; person expends energy to cope with stress = reduced working memory capacity and biological markers of stress

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28
Q

disengagement

A

when stereotype threat leads people to distance themselves from a threatening domain in short term (allows person to maintain a positive view about self)

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29
Q

disidentification

A

when stereotype threat leads people to avoid domain/detach it completely from one’s identity

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30
Q

socialization

A

the process by which society conveys to the individual its expectations for their behavior, values, and beliefs

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31
Q

early gender development

A

2-3yrs: labelers
3-4yrs: golden age of gender development
5-7yrs: biological essentialists

32
Q

types of parental influence

A

channeling/shaping; modeling; differential treatment; direct instruction

33
Q

Liss and gender segregation/gender socialization

A

more time spent with same-gender peers = more gender-typed behavior becomes / teachers have different expectations for girls and boys

34
Q

sources of gender socialization

A

school, media & toys, parents

35
Q

transgender

A

individuals whose gender identity doesn’t match their assigned sex at birth (youth may experiences distress/dysphoria)

36
Q

gender nonconforming

A

individuals who don’t follow stereotypes about how they should look/act based on the gender binary

37
Q

cisgender

A

gender identity matches the sex assigned at birth

38
Q

gender nonconforming youth

A

usually doesn’t experience dysphoria, not interested in socially/medically transitioning

39
Q

gender dysphoria

A

refers to the distress that one may experience around mismatch between gender identity and gender assigned at birth

40
Q

gender dysphoria criteria

A

a marked incongruence between one’s experienced/expressed gender and assigned gender, of at least 6 months duration

41
Q

myths about TGNC children

A

1- children are too young/are confused to know their “real” gender
2- something in the environment “makes” someone transgender
3- being a tomboy/gay
4- if you let them transition, they will be bullied more if they didn’t
5- being transgender is a mental illness

42
Q

concerns with transgender youth

A

higher rates of depression, anxiety, self-harm, suicidal thoughts/behaviors, along with higher rates of discrimination, violence, homelessness

43
Q

ambivalent sexism theory

A

gender binary = pervasive; women are “pure, moral, and in need of a man’s care” = men
are protectors/providers
includes hostile and benevolent sexism

44
Q

hostile sexism

A

negative biases/attitudes against women

45
Q

benevolent sexism

A

positive biases/attitudes against women; includes protective paternalism, heterosexual intimacy, complimentary gender differentiation (reinforces the gender inequality)

46
Q

impacts of benevolent sexism

A

more body surveillance/shame; more accepting of male partner putting limits; increased self-doubt, decreased job performance

47
Q

racial fetishization

A

idealizing or romanticizing a person or culture belonging to a race or ethnic group other than your own

48
Q

exotification

A

occurs when a racial/ethnic group is treated as inherently different/alluring/strange

49
Q

expectancy theory

A

media reinforces stereotypes, which can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies

50
Q

human trafficking

A

sex trafficking in which a commercial act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person to perform such an act has not attainted 18 years of age

51
Q

human trafficking myths

A

occurs largely outside of the US; trafficked persons are only foreign-born individuals who are poor; requires transportation; must be forced into commercial sex acts to be victims of trafficking

52
Q

DMST

A

the commercial sexual exploitation of American youth through prostitution, pornography, and stripping

53
Q

steps of DMST exploitation

A

earns trust, isolates victim, demands sex acts, blames victim for abuse

54
Q

sexual assault

A

sexual contact or behavior that occurs without explicit consent

55
Q

rape

A

a form of sexual assault, refers specifically to sexual penetration without consent

56
Q

force

A

includes physical and emotional/psychological coercion

57
Q

rape myths

A

1- if she can’t remember every detail, then she’s lying
2- only pretty girls get raped
3- false reports are common
4- rape is a sexual act that results from sexual urges
5- rapists are abnormal
6- most rapes occur between strangers
7- rapes must involve physical aggression

58
Q

effects of sexual violence

A

increased rates of depression, eating disorders, PTSD, self-harm, suicidality, sleep disturbances, substance abuse

59
Q

victim blaming

A

when the victim of a crime is held responsible for the crimes committed against them

60
Q

common negative reactions to victims of rape

A

turning against victims and unsupportive acknowledgement

61
Q

types of rape myths

A 
victim precipitation (women ask for/deserve rape)
victim fabrication (women lie about rape)
victim masochism (women enjoy being raped)
62
Q

just world hypothesis

A

world is an orderly place where people get what they want; leads to victim blaming

63
Q

sexual script theory

A

gendered expectations for hetero dating- men = initiators; women = gatekeeper
scripts still exist despite shifting gender roles- very gender-normative and hetero

64
Q

sexual social exchange theory

A

female sexuality has an “exchange value”; rape = theft

65
Q

sexualization

A

women = objects of desire/excitement; women can only express sexuality within confines of dominant/hetero male desire; women’s bodies are controversial

66
Q

sexuality

A

focus on women’s sexual desire/excitement; women have freedom to express sexuality; focus on desire/functions of women’s bodies

67
Q

asexuality

A

low sexual attraction/no experience of sexual attractions

68
Q

bisexuality

A

the potential to be attracted, romantically or sexually, to people of more than one gender (not necessarily at the same time/way/degree)

69
Q

pansexuality

A

sexual or romantic attraction to all genders

70
Q

queer

A

doesn’t identify with any specific orientation (umbrella term for all non-hetero, non-cis gender identities)

71
Q

sexual fluidity

A

bi women were more likely to pursue monogamous relationships and were stable in patterns of sexual attraction in comparison to lesbian/unlabeled women

72
Q

monosexuality

A

sexual attraction to only one sex/gender

refuted by gender

73
Q

impact of bisexual invisibility

A

linked to higher rates of physical and mental illnesses

74
Q

promoting well being of bisexual women

A

collective action, resilience, positive self-identity, commitment to social justice

75
Q

sexual agency

A

women’s ability to act on her behalf sexually, express her needs/desires, and advocate for herself

76
Q

feminist ideology

A

helps to unlearn/dispute harmful constructions of sex

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