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Psychology 1000 > Psych Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Psych Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Is the scientific study of mental processes and behaviour

A

Psychology

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2
Q

Ideas seem reasonable
Idea is supported by easily recalled examples
People seek evidence towards the idea

A

Need for Psychology

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3
Q

Describe: what people do and their mental processes.
Predict: when are people likely most likely to behave or have certain mental processes.
Explain: why do people behave and have certain mental processes.
Control: To change, produce, or suppress behaviour or particular mental processes.

A

4 Goals of psychology

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4
Q

Metaphysics and Epistemology

A

Relevant branches of Philosophy

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5
Q

Study of reality. (Are the mind and body the same? Where do mental processes occur in the body?)

A

Metaphysics

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6
Q

Study of knowledge (Is knowledge mostly innate or is it gained from experience)

A

Epistemology

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7
Q

Psychology is __________, emphasizing observation and experimentation where possible

A

Empirical

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8
Q

This group argued that the brain is the organ of mental life.

A

Greek Hippocrates (460- 377 BC)

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9
Q

This person said “mind and body are the same”

A

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

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10
Q

This person said- Dualist: Proposed Mind and Body are distinct but interact.
Also proposed the reflex arc to explain behaviour

A

Rene Descartes (1593-1650)

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11
Q

Mind a blank State: all knowledge comes through the senses.

A

Tabula Rasa proposed by John Locke (1632 - 1704)(British Empiricists)

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12
Q

Nerves contain specific types of energy. “Specific nerve energies”

A

Johannes Muller (1801-1858)

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13
Q

Measured the speed of neural impulses. (Action Potential)

A

Herman Van Helmholtz (1821-1858)

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14
Q

Described mathematical relationships between physical stimulus and perception.

A

Gustav Fechner (1801-1887)

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15
Q

Pioneered field of psychology as a distinct scientific discipline

A

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

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16
Q

Where and when was the first psychology laboratory established?

A

1879 in Leipzig, Germany

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17
Q

This person studied in Cornell University in New York State.

A

E.B. Titchener

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18
Q

Structural elements of mind. became known as what?

A

Structuralism (school of thought in Psychology)

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19
Q

Self report method. Trained individuals would report elements of their sensory experience when exposed to a complex stimulus.

A

Introspection.

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20
Q

A school of thought that considers the purpose of mental processes. What is this called and who was it started by?

A

Functionalism started by William James (Harvard University)

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21
Q

This type of psychology began in Germany by Max Wertheimer and others

A

Gestalt Psychology

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22
Q

A school of thought that emphasized the unconscious mind.

Who was this developed by.

A

Psychoanalytical by Sigmund Freud in Vienna Austria

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23
Q

Until 1920 psychology was defined as the “_____”

A

Science of mental life

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24
Q

This person was influenced by Russian Physiologist, Ivan Pavlov. He studied at Columbia University.

A

John B Watson

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25
Q

School of thought that psychology should be an objective science that studies only observable behaviour without reference to mental processes

A

Behaviourism

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26
Q

From the 1920- 1960s psychology was re defined as the scientific study of ____

A

Observable Behaviour

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27
Q

This person was an operant psychologist who studied learned behaviour. Argued that behaviour is shaped by experience. He also elaborated on Thorndike’s (1874-1949) Law of effect.

A

B.F. Skinner

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28
Q

Emphasized the growth potential of healthy people;e and the importance of meeting our needs for love and acceptance.

A

Humanistic Psychology

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29
Q

The 60’s also gave rise to the cognitive revolution focusing on internal thought processes.

A

Cognitive Psychology

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30
Q

This person attempted to determine which areas of the brain is responsible for memory, learning and other functions

A

Karl Lashley (1890-1958)

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31
Q

Clinical and Counselling
Academic
Applied

A

Three main branches of psychology today

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32
Q

Involves making generalizations from specific observations

A

Inductive reasoning

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33
Q

Applies general principles to specific cases

A

Deductive reasoning

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34
Q

This model allows researchers to create and test theories of behaviour.

A

Hypothetico-deductive model

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35
Q

Are broad generalizations based on specific observations through inductive reasoning

A

Theories

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36
Q

Are then derived from theories by using deductive reasoning

A

Hypotheses

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37
Q

Science is only interested in theories from which testable hypothesis can be derived

A

Falsifiable

38
Q

Are factors that may influence a Behaviour or mental state.

A

Variables

39
Q

This research method is used to observe and describe behaviour.

A

Descriptive

40
Q

This research method is used to demonstrate a cause an effect relationship between the variables.

A

Experimental

41
Q

In this procedure neither the participant nor the researcher knows who is in which group.

A

Double blind procedure.

42
Q

To determine if there is a relationship between the variables

A

Correlations

43
Q

Statistics indicate if the hypothesis has been supported or if there is a meaningful difference between the groups.

A

Experimental research

44
Q

A statistical measure of the correlation

A

Correlation Coefficient (r)

45
Q

Used to organize and summarize sets of data

A

Descriptive statistics

46
Q

Statistics that describe the most typical scores

A

Measures of central tendency

47
Q

The most frequent occurring score

A

Mode

48
Q

“The middle”

A

Median

49
Q

The average

A

Mean

50
Q

Is the difference between the highest and lowest score

A

Range

51
Q

Are considered the ethics police.

A

Research Ethics Board (REB)

52
Q

This process has a few limitations: Must wait until person expires and doesn’t imply causation.

A

Examining autopsy tissue

53
Q

This test is used to test for dementia

A

Clock test

54
Q

Uses scalp electrodes to record and amplify neuronal activity in the brain (Cortex)
EX: diagnosis of epilepsy, sleep disorders

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

55
Q

Detects changes in electrical activity following presentation of a stimulus
used to diagnose sensory or information processing deficits. EX language defects

A

Event related potentials (ERP)

56
Q

Provides picture of brain only (Not activity)

A

Structural imaging

57
Q

Reveals areas of brain activity

A

Functional Imaging

58
Q

Structural imaging

detailed x ray images from multiple angles

A

Computerized Axial Tomography (CT)

59
Q

Uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves

Provides structural image of soft brain tissue

A

Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI)

60
Q

Detailed view of pathways in brain

Enables detection of brain injury EX stroke, concussion

A

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

61
Q

Functional Imaging
Records the consumption of radioactive glucose.
Clinical diagnosis of brain disorders (EX cancer, Parkinson’s)

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

62
Q

Functional Imaging monitors oxygen utilization in successive MRIs

A

Functional MRI (fMRI)

63
Q

Localized tissue destruction or removal (Electrical, heat, chemical)

A

Lesion

64
Q

Activation of specific regions of the brain.

A

Stimulation

65
Q

Generate action potentials
Form synapses with other neurons
release neurotransmitters

A

Neurons

66
Q

Support Neurons
Many functions
Do not generate action potential

A

Glial Cells

67
Q

Creates blood- brain barrier, influences communication between neurons and helps heal brain damage.

A

Astrocytes

68
Q

Cleans up dead cells and prevents infection in the brain

A

Microglia

69
Q

Provides myelin to speed up transmission of neurons

A

Oligodendroglia

70
Q

The basis of the nervous system is the

A

Neuron

71
Q

From receptor to brain and spinal cord.

There is a few million of these in your body

A

Sensory Neurons

72
Q

Send information from the brain and spinal cord to body

There are a few million of these in your Body

A

Motor Neurons

73
Q

Connections between Neurons

There are billions of these in the world

A

Interneurons

74
Q

Fibers which receive information from other cells.

Convey electric signals towards the cell body.

A

Dendrites

75
Q

“Life support center” containing nucleus
sums electrical inputs from dendrites
Decides whether neutron will fire

A

Cell Body

76
Q

Fiber that generates action potentials
Start at the cell body (one axon, but may split)
may be elinated

A

Axon

77
Q

Electrical signal travelling down the axon

A

Neural Impulse

78
Q

Covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

A

Myelin Sheath

79
Q

A neuron at rest is actually negatively charged inside compared to outside. (-70 mV)

A

Polarized

80
Q

Gets less negative on inside

A

Depolarized

81
Q

If neuron reaches -55mV this is called the

A

Firing threshold

82
Q

At +30mV Na+ channels open leading to ???

A

Repolarization

83
Q

There are small gaps between myelinated segments called

A

Nodes of Ranvier

84
Q

Brief time during which the neurons can’t fire is called the

A

Refractory period

85
Q

During the refractory period the _________ is restoring the resting membrane potential by actively moving Na+ out and K+ ions back in the cell

A

Sodium Potassium Pump

86
Q

Manufactured in cell and stored in vesicles. Released when the action potential reaches the end of an axon.

A

Neurotransmitters

87
Q

Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on what neuron

A

Post Synaptic Neuron

88
Q

Depolarize the post synaptic neuron and increase the likelihood of an action potential

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSP)

89
Q

Hyperpolzarize the post synaptic neuron and decrease the likelihood of an action potential

A

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSP)

90
Q

Neurotransimitter is reabsorbed by the sending neuron a process called

A

Re- Uptake

91
Q

Mimics action of neurotransmitter

Binds to receptor and produces similar effect

A

Agonist

92
Q

Blocks action of neurotransmitters

A

Antagonist

Psychology 1000 (2 decks)

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