Psych Midterm 1 Flashcards by Noah Carter 16 (STUDENT)

Is the scientific study of mental processes and behaviour

Psychology

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Ideas seem reasonable
Idea is supported by easily recalled examples
People seek evidence towards the idea

Need for Psychology

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Describe: what people do and their mental processes.
Predict: when are people likely most likely to behave or have certain mental processes.
Explain: why do people behave and have certain mental processes.
Control: To change, produce, or suppress behaviour or particular mental processes.

4 Goals of psychology

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Metaphysics and Epistemology

Relevant branches of Philosophy

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Study of reality. (Are the mind and body the same? Where do mental processes occur in the body?)

Metaphysics

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Study of knowledge (Is knowledge mostly innate or is it gained from experience)

Epistemology

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Psychology is __________, emphasizing observation and experimentation where possible

Empirical

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This group argued that the brain is the organ of mental life.

Greek Hippocrates (460- 377 BC)

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This person said “mind and body are the same”

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

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This person said- Dualist: Proposed Mind and Body are distinct but interact.
Also proposed the reflex arc to explain behaviour

Rene Descartes (1593-1650)

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Mind a blank State: all knowledge comes through the senses.

Tabula Rasa proposed by John Locke (1632 - 1704)(British Empiricists)

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Nerves contain specific types of energy. “Specific nerve energies”

Johannes Muller (1801-1858)

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Measured the speed of neural impulses. (Action Potential)

Herman Van Helmholtz (1821-1858)

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Described mathematical relationships between physical stimulus and perception.

Gustav Fechner (1801-1887)

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Pioneered field of psychology as a distinct scientific discipline

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

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Where and when was the first psychology laboratory established?

1879 in Leipzig, Germany

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This person studied in Cornell University in New York State.

E.B. Titchener

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Structural elements of mind. became known as what?

Structuralism (school of thought in Psychology)

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Self report method. Trained individuals would report elements of their sensory experience when exposed to a complex stimulus.

Introspection.

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A school of thought that considers the purpose of mental processes. What is this called and who was it started by?

Functionalism started by William James (Harvard University)

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This type of psychology began in Germany by Max Wertheimer and others

Gestalt Psychology

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A school of thought that emphasized the unconscious mind.

Who was this developed by.

Psychoanalytical by Sigmund Freud in Vienna Austria

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Until 1920 psychology was defined as the “_____”

Science of mental life

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This person was influenced by Russian Physiologist, Ivan Pavlov. He studied at Columbia University.

John B Watson

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School of thought that psychology should be an objective science that studies only observable behaviour without reference to mental processes

Behaviourism

From the 1920- 1960s psychology was re defined as the scientific study of ____

Observable Behaviour

This person was an operant psychologist who studied learned behaviour. Argued that behaviour is shaped by experience. He also elaborated on Thorndike's (1874-1949) Law of effect.

B.F. Skinner

Emphasized the growth potential of healthy people;e and the importance of meeting our needs for love and acceptance.

Humanistic Psychology

The 60's also gave rise to the cognitive revolution focusing on internal thought processes.

Cognitive Psychology

This person attempted to determine which areas of the brain is responsible for memory, learning and other functions

Karl Lashley (1890-1958)

Clinical and Counselling Academic Applied

Three main branches of psychology today

Involves making generalizations from specific observations

Inductive reasoning

Applies general principles to specific cases

Deductive reasoning

This model allows researchers to create and test theories of behaviour.

Hypothetico-deductive model

Are broad generalizations based on specific observations through inductive reasoning

Theories

Are then derived from theories by using deductive reasoning

Hypotheses

Science is only interested in theories from which testable hypothesis can be derived

Falsifiable

Are factors that may influence a Behaviour or mental state.

Variables

This research method is used to observe and describe behaviour.

Descriptive

This research method is used to demonstrate a cause an effect relationship between the variables.

Experimental

In this procedure neither the participant nor the researcher knows who is in which group.

Double blind procedure.

To determine if there is a relationship between the variables

Correlations

Statistics indicate if the hypothesis has been supported or if there is a meaningful difference between the groups.

Experimental research

A statistical measure of the correlation

Correlation Coefficient (r)

Used to organize and summarize sets of data

Descriptive statistics

Statistics that describe the most typical scores

Measures of central tendency

The most frequent occurring score

Mode

"The middle"

Median

The average

Mean

Is the difference between the highest and lowest score

Range

Are considered the ethics police.

Research Ethics Board (REB)

This process has a few limitations: Must wait until person expires and doesn't imply causation.

Examining autopsy tissue

This test is used to test for dementia

Clock test

Uses scalp electrodes to record and amplify neuronal activity in the brain (Cortex) EX: diagnosis of epilepsy, sleep disorders

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Detects changes in electrical activity following presentation of a stimulus used to diagnose sensory or information processing deficits. EX language defects

Event related potentials (ERP)

Provides picture of brain only (Not activity)

Structural imaging

Reveals areas of brain activity

Functional Imaging

Structural imaging | detailed x ray images from multiple angles

Computerized Axial Tomography (CT)

Uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves | Provides structural image of soft brain tissue

Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI)

Detailed view of pathways in brain | Enables detection of brain injury EX stroke, concussion

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

Functional Imaging Records the consumption of radioactive glucose. Clinical diagnosis of brain disorders (EX cancer, Parkinson's)

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Functional Imaging monitors oxygen utilization in successive MRIs

Functional MRI (fMRI)

Localized tissue destruction or removal (Electrical, heat, chemical)

Lesion

Activation of specific regions of the brain.

Stimulation

Generate action potentials Form synapses with other neurons release neurotransmitters

Neurons

Support Neurons Many functions Do not generate action potential

Glial Cells

Creates blood- brain barrier, influences communication between neurons and helps heal brain damage.

Astrocytes

Cleans up dead cells and prevents infection in the brain

Microglia

Provides myelin to speed up transmission of neurons

Oligodendroglia

The basis of the nervous system is the

Neuron

From receptor to brain and spinal cord. | There is a few million of these in your body

Sensory Neurons

Send information from the brain and spinal cord to body | There are a few million of these in your Body

Motor Neurons

Connections between Neurons | There are billions of these in the world

Interneurons

Fibers which receive information from other cells. | Convey electric signals towards the cell body.

Dendrites

"Life support center" containing nucleus sums electrical inputs from dendrites Decides whether neutron will fire

Cell Body

Fiber that generates action potentials Start at the cell body (one axon, but may split) may be elinated

Axon

Electrical signal travelling down the axon

Neural Impulse

Covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

Myelin Sheath

A neuron at rest is actually negatively charged inside compared to outside. (-70 mV)

Polarized

Gets less negative on inside

Depolarized

If neuron reaches -55mV this is called the

Firing threshold

At +30mV Na+ channels open leading to ???

Repolarization

There are small gaps between myelinated segments called

Nodes of Ranvier

Brief time during which the neurons can't fire is called the

Refractory period

During the refractory period the _________ is restoring the resting membrane potential by actively moving Na+ out and K+ ions back in the cell

Sodium Potassium Pump

Manufactured in cell and stored in vesicles. Released when the action potential reaches the end of an axon.

Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on what neuron

Post Synaptic Neuron

Depolarize the post synaptic neuron and increase the likelihood of an action potential

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSP)

Hyperpolzarize the post synaptic neuron and decrease the likelihood of an action potential

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSP)

Neurotransimitter is reabsorbed by the sending neuron a process called

Re- Uptake

Mimics action of neurotransmitter | Binds to receptor and produces similar effect

Agonist

Blocks action of neurotransmitters

Antagonist