PSYCH; Lecture 9, 10, 11 and 12 - Social psychology, Clinical decision making, Memory and Adherence to treatment Flashcards
What is an attitude?
Positve/negative evaluative reaction toward a stimulus, such as person, action, object or concept -> attitudes influence behaviour more strongly when situational factors that contradict our attitudes are weak
What is the theory of planned behaviour?
Suggests importance of exploring social norms in changing health behaviour
How do you resolve cognitive dissonance?
Change behaviour, acquire new information (such as exceptions) and reduce importance of cognition (could convince themselves to live for the moment)
How can you change attitudes?
Message more effective if = reaches recipient, attention grabbing, easily understood, relevant and important, easily remembered; more persuasive messengers are = credible (doctors), trustworthy (objective) and attractive (well presented)
How do we frame messages?
Either emphasising the benefits or losses of that behaviour -> take up behaviours aimed at detecting health problems then loss-framed messages; aimed at promoting prevention behaviours then gain-framed messages
What is stereotyping?
Generalisations made about a group of people or members of that group, such as race, ethnicity, or gender. Or more specific such as different medical specialisations
What is prejudice?
To judge, often negatively, without having relevant facts, usually about a group or its individual members
What is discrimination?
Behaviours that follow from negative evaluations or attitudes towards members of particular groups
What are schemas?
Mental/cognitive structures that contain general expectations and knowledge of the world -> help us process information quickly and economically and facilitate memory recall
What is social loafing?
Tendency for people to expend less individual effort when working in a group than when working alone
When is social loafing more likely to occur?
Person believes that individual performance isn’t being monitored; task or group has less value/meaning to person; person generally displays low motivation to strive for success; person expects other group members will display high effort -> occurs more strongly in all-male groups and in more individualistic cultures; disappears when individual performance is monitored and members highly value their group/task goal
Which factors affect conformity?
Group size: conformity increases as group size increases, no increases over five group members; presence of dissenter: one person disagreeing with others, reducing group conformity; culture: greater in collectivistic cultures
Which factors influence obedience?
Remoteness of victim; closeness and legitimacy of authority figure; diffusion of responsibility: obedience increases when someone else does the dirty work. NOT personal characteristics
What is group polarisation?
Tendency of people to make decisions that are more extreme when they are in a group as opposed to a decision made alone or independently
What is groupthink and when is it more likely to occur?
Tendency of group members to suspend critical thinking because they are striving to seek harmony/conformity. Occurs when group is: under high stress to reach a decision, insulated from outside input, has a directive leader, high cohesiveness
What is the bystander effect?
Presence of multiple bystanders inhibits each person’s tendency to help
What is the 5-step bystander decision process?
Notice event; decide if event is really an emergency (social comparison to see how others are reacting); assuming responsibility to intervene (diffusion of responsibility = believing someone else will help); self-efficacy in dealing with the situation; decision to help (based on cost-benefit analysis)
How can you increase helping behaviour?
Reduce restraints on helping = reduce ambiguity and increase responsibility, enhance concern for self image; socialise altruism = teach moral inclusion, model helping behaviour, attributing helpful behaviours to altruistic motives, education about barriers to helping
What are the 3 types of leadership styles and their advantages/disadvantages?
What is memory?
Processes that are used to acquire, store, retain and later retrieve information. There are three major processes involved in memory: encoding, storage and retrieval
What are the stages of memory?
x
What is registration in memory stages?
Necessary for storage to take place but not everything that a person registers is stored. Something has to be stored to be retrieved but the fact that it is stored does not guarantee it will be retrieved on a particular occasion
What is encoding in memory stages and what are the 2 types of processing?
Meaning to the words that you remember helps to go through processing stage much faster, so they can quickly remember it
What are the types of storage?
There is more than one type of memory store Each has its own performance characteristics and function Each is the function of a different neuroanatomical system
What is retrieval and how do we activate it?
x
What is the multicomponent model of working memory?
- Working memory is multimodal -> 2 different filter systems with memory, can do verbal and visual tasks at the same time.
- Central executive provides filter and control to what you want to remember/process.
- Episodic buffer provides a time period for events to occur.
- As info comes in, info comes out of storage to make sense/piece together the new information.
What is the function of the central executive in memory?
x
What is the function of the visuospatial sketchpad?
Storage of visual and spatial information e.g. for constructing and manipulating visual images, for the representation of mental maps
What is the function of the phonological loop?
Storage of auditory/verbal information. Preventing decay by silently articulating contents, refreshing the information in a rehearsal loop e.g. phone number/ reading
What is the function of the episodic buffer?
Temporarily integrates phonological, visual, and spatial information in a unitary, episodic representation. Provides interface with episodic long-term memory
What is the model of memory?
What are the types and function of long term memory?
- Store of all things in memory that are not currently being used but are available for use in the future.
- Allows use of past information to deal with present and the future.
- Can hold unlimited amount of information. Retrieval from long term memory may be:
- Explicit/Declarative (conscious, like knowing Paris is capital of France)
- Implicit/Non-declarative (unconscious, like buttoning up your shirt).
- Implicit emotional conditioning is seeing a spider and being scared.
- Conditioned reflex = pulling hand away from hot surface.
- Priming effect is preconceived ideas about info coming in
What is non declarative memory?
Familiar with something, know how to interact with object or in situation but don’t have to think about it For actions or behaviours is called procedural memory Can carry out complex activities without having to think about them e.g. walking, eating
What are the types of declarative memory?
Store of our knowledge ->
What is autobiographical memory?
x
Summarise the 4 types of memory.
x
What is the associative network in memory?
- Associative network -> stored ideas are connected by links of meaning, strengthened through rehearsal and elaboration ->
- Multiple links to a given concept in memory make it easier to retrieve because of many alternative routes to locate it.
What are schema?
How do schemas affect memory recall?
x
What is the serial position effect?
What is PQRST?
x
Why do we forget information?
What is the role of the hippocampus in memory?
- An important role in the formation of new episodic or autobiogrpahical memories.
- Some consider the hippocampus as part of a larger medial temporal lobe memory system responsible for general declarative memory.
- Older memories remain stable- this sparing of older memories leads to the idea that consolidation over time involves the transfer of memories out of the hippocampus to other parts of the brain.
What is Korsakoff’s syndrome and semantic dementia?
What is adherence?
To stick fast to - the extent to which a person’s behaviour – taking medication, following a diet, and/or executing lifestyle changes– corresponds with agreed recommendations from a health care provider
What are the methods of measuring adherence?
x
What are the consequences of non-adherence?
x
What are the types of non-adherence?
- Intentional = patients know how and what to do but are reluctant to adhere because treatment doesn’t make sense, worries and concerns about treatment, beliefs about disease.
- Unintentional = Poor HCP-patient conmmunication, low patient staisfaction and/or recall, cognitive difficulties (problems planning/executive functioning or prospective memory, financial or other barriers, but health beliefs still influence unintentional non-adherence
What is intentional/nonintentional adherence?
Can be less helpful to have a division between intentional and non intentional adherence
Need to understand causes of non adherence in order to recommend effective intervention.
What are the predictors of non-adherence?
Key beliefs influencing adherence to treatment = patient’s perceptions of illness and treatment
What are the core beliefs about illness in patients?
Doubts about necessity and concerns about potential adverse effects leading to low adherence
What are the illness perceptions that can affect patient treatment adherence?
x
What are patient’s beliefs about illness and treatment?
What are the techniques of tailored interventions?
Activity – passivity e.g. coma/trauma
Guidance – cooperation e.g. acute infection
Mutual participation e.g. chronic illness
What are the methods of monitoring adherence?
x
What are the cognitive techniques for adherence?
x
How do clinicians make decisions - 2 systems for decision making?
Heuristics -> intuitive understanding of probabilities with cognitive processes combined, referred to as rules of thumb, usually involving pattern recognition and rely on subconscious integration of patient data with prior experience,
System 1 often controls our actions automatically but system 2 is blissfully unaware, believing itself to be in charge
