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MCAT Psychology > Psych Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Psych Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two claims of the biopsychosocial approach?

A
  1. illness is determined by many influences
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2
Q

What is the difference between biomedical and biopsychosocial approach?

A

biomedical: focuses on only biological factors of illness

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3
Q

Medical example?

A

-human actors construct a “reality” instead of discovering inherent reality

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4
Q

medical ex?

A

NAME?

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5
Q

What is the difference between social constructionism and symbolic interactionism?

A

NAME?

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6
Q

ex?

A

NAME?

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7
Q

What is functionalism?

A

NAME?

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8
Q

In functionalism, what happens when disruptions occur in society?

A

NAME?

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9
Q

What is conflict theory?

A

views society in terms of competing groups that act because of own self-interests instead of need for societal equilibrium

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10
Q

According to conflict theory, why does society change over time?

A

NAME?

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11
Q

What perspective does conflict theory offer for health inequalites?

A

when healthcare resources are limited, access is determined by imbalances of power between social groups

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12
Q

What do functionalism and conflict theory fail to account for?

A

impact of social life on micro scale

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13
Q

What does it not explain?

A

perspective for considering processes that contribute to social stability; assumes stablity is ideal

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14
Q

What does it not explain?

A

argues that stability is not good for social groups that are oppressed because of powerful people’s self-interests so change must occur; explains how societies change over time

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15
Q

What theories focus on large scale?

A

NAME?

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16
Q

How are functionalism and social constructionism different from symbolic interactionsim?

A

focus on social institutions rather than individuals

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17
Q

What is the only theory that focuses on social disruption rather than social equilibrium?

A

conflict theory

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18
Q

What is a culture?

A

all beliefs, assumptions, objects, behaviors and processes that make up a shared way of life

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19
Q

What categories is culture divided into?

A

material and non-material culture

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20
Q

What is material culture?

A

objects involved in a certain way of life including products, tools used, art made, objects etc.

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21
Q

What is non-material culture? ex?

A

elements of culture that are non-physical including shared ideas, knowledge, values, beliefs that unify a group of people

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22
Q

How do social interactions help to define a culture?

A

by establishing social norms

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23
Q

What are social norms?

A

expectations that say what behavior is acceptable within a group

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24
Q

What is a social group?

A

subset of a population that maintains social interactions

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25
Q

What sets apart human culture from that of other species?

A

technological advancement and development of symbolic culture

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26
Q

What kind of culture is symbolic culture? What does it consist of?

A

NAME?

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27
Q

What is symbolic culture based on?

A

NAME?

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28
Q

What are the meanings ascribed to symbols determined by?

A

social norms and cultural values

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29
Q

What are examples of symbolic rituals/gestures included in symbolic culture?

A

NAME?

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30
Q

What is the one of the most important aspect of symbolic culture?

A

development of language

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31
Q

What is language?

A

use of symbols to represent ideas and allows one person’s thoughts to be transferred to the mind of a second person through symbols, speech, or writing

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32
Q

What is a society?

A

2 or more individuals living together in a community and sharing elements of culture

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33
Q

What are social institutions?

A

NAME?

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34
Q

ex?

A

NAME?

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35
Q

What are 5 common examples of social institutions?

A

Government and economy

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36
Q

How does government provide order to society?

A

services in provides and enforcement of law

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37
Q

What is the economy?

A

institution that distributes goods and services to meet the needs of society

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38
Q

What is the purpose of education?

A

NAME?

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39
Q

How does it function as a social institution?

A

NAME?

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40
Q

What is the institution of family?

A

creates social group in which to procreate, have children, pass on cultural knowledge and cooperate

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41
Q

What is the nuclear family?

A

one man and one woman living together with children

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42
Q

polyandry?

A

NAME?

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43
Q

What is the social institution of medicine?

A

fulfills need for health care in an organized manner

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44
Q

What are demographics?

A

statistics used to examine the nature of populations by quantifying subsets of population including age, gender, nationality, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, immigration status, education level

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45
Q

How are demographics useful?

A

NAME?

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46
Q

What do demographics fail to capture?

A

the changing nature of society

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47
Q

What is population size determined by?

A

birth rate and death rates which are lower in industrialized nations; and migration

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48
Q

ex?

A

demographic change that takes place over time

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49
Q

What is birth rate affected by?

A

fertility

50
Q

What is fertility?

A

production of offspring within a population

51
Q

How can the demographics of fertility rate be measured?

A

by a cohort study or a period study

52
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

following a subset of a population over a lifetime

53
Q

What is a period study?

A

following a subset of a population during a specific time period

54
Q

What is mortality?

A

death rate within a population

55
Q

What is migration?

A

relocation of people from one place to another

56
Q

What is immigration?

A

the influx of new people to a specific area

57
Q

What is emigration?

A

the outflow of people to other areas leading to reduced population size

58
Q

What is a social movement?

A

a group of people who share an ideology and work together towards a set of goals

59
Q

What are 2 trends of societal change that can be monitored through demographic study?

A

urbanization and globalization

60
Q

What is urbanization?

A

increase in the proportion of people living in specified urban areas

61
Q

What is globalization?

A

increasing amount of interaction and integration on international scale through exchange of products, services, ideas and information

62
Q

What is a health downside to urbanization and globalization?

A

the increased population density poses risks and challenges to public health which need to be considered when fighting spread of diseases, assessing health risks, and planning healthcare

63
Q

What is the difference between demographics and identity?

A

NAME?

64
Q

What is social inequality?

A

unequal distribution of opportunities or treatment of individuals within a society based on various demographic categories

65
Q

What is one way that social inequality manifests in society?

A

through development of spatial inequality

66
Q

What is spatial inequality?

A

unequal access to resources and variable quality of life within a population or geographical distribution

67
Q

What is spatial inequality affected by?

A

income, unemployment, unequal access to resources like education and clean water

68
Q

How does spatial inequality influence health?

A

affects access to doctors, diagnostic equipment, and options for treatment

69
Q

What are global inequalities?

A

disparities between regions and nations in aspects like gross national product, natural resources, access to healthcare, and types/ amounts of work available

70
Q

What is an example of how spatial inequality acts as a system of geographical hierarchy?

A

lack of environmental justice

71
Q

What is environmental justice?

A

the equal treatment of all people regardless of race, gender, or other social groupings with regard to prevention and relief from environmental and health hazards

72
Q

What is an example of lack of environmental justice?

A

extinguishing a fire in rural areas where fire fighters must cover large geographical districts and fire hydrants are scarce is harder compared to urban firefighting where there is a hydrant on every block

73
Q

What is residential segregation?

A

instance of social inequality on local scale; separation of demographic groups into different neighborhoods

74
Q

What does residential segregation often involve in US cities?

A

involves race and income level; low-income individuals have less access to resources and opportunities

75
Q

What are food deserts?

A

areas where it is difficult to find affordable, healthy food options

76
Q

Where are food deserts common in the US?

A

in low-income neighborhoods where there are fewer grocery stores and where people have less transportation options to get other food

77
Q

What is social class?

A

system of stratification that groups members of society according to similarities in social standing

78
Q

What is class tied to?

A

status, power and influence over the community

79
Q

What is social class associated with?

A

socioeconomic status

80
Q

What is socioeconomic status?

A

the economic and social position of a person in terms of income, wealth, education, and occupation

81
Q

What is income?

A

assets earned

82
Q

What is wealth?

A

assets already owned

83
Q

What is social class related to?

A

privilege and prestige

84
Q

What is an example of racial privilege in the US?

A

allows white individuals to form identites without reference to race that is not possible for non-white individuals

85
Q

What is prestige?

A

the relative value assigned to something within a particular society

86
Q

What are the divisions of class structure of a society?

A

NAME?

87
Q

What is white-collar work?

A

jobs that are professional, administrative, or managerial that characterize the middle class

88
Q

In the US, how is the middle class defined?

A

blue collar jobs; working class

89
Q

What are blue collar jobs?

A

occupations that require skilled or unskilled manual labor

90
Q

What is the difference between a class system and a caste system?

A

-class system includes fluidity; can move up and down a class

91
Q

How is it achieved?

A

NAME?

92
Q

How does it happen?

A

NAME?

93
Q

ex?

A

-when movement within the class system takes place within an individual’s lifetime

94
Q

ex?

A

NAME?

95
Q

Is the US a meritocracy?

A

NAME?

96
Q

What would be necessary for America to be a true meritocracy?

A

NAME?

97
Q

What is cultural capital?

A

the set of non-monetary social factors that contribute to social mobility

98
Q

What is social capital?

A

-individual’s social networks and connections that may affect economic and personal benefits

99
Q

What is social reproduction?

A

the transmission of social inequality from one generation to the next

100
Q

What is poverty?

A

insufficiency of material goods, monetary wealth, and access to resources

101
Q

What is isolation or social exclusion?

A

impoverished peoples’ lack of access to financial resources and exclusion from opportunities available to others

102
Q

What are the 2 categories of poverty?

A

Absolute and relative poverty

103
Q

What is absolute poverty?

A

lack of essential resources like food, shelter, clothing

104
Q

What is relative poverty?

A

social inequality in which people are relatively poor compared to other members of society

105
Q

What is health disparity/inequality?

A

differences in health and healthcare that occur between groups of people

106
Q

Biomedical model focuses on biological dysfunction as major contributor to disorders, but does not imply that?

A

does not imply that psychological disorders must always be associated with other medical disorders

107
Q

A critical part of the biomedical model is the assumption that the symptoms of a psychological disorder are?

A

based in some type of physical pathology

108
Q

The BPS model is not limited by?

A

a finite number of factors

109
Q

Sociology not only focuses on interpersonal influences, it also focuses on?

A

society as a whole

110
Q

Conflict theory examines conflicts between ? not between?

A

social groups

111
Q

Only ? theoretical perspective describes small-scale interactions in which ? is created?

A

symbolic interactionism

112
Q

What is the major focus of social constructionism?

A

shared understandings of truth and meaning

113
Q

What is a critical part of both symbolic interactionism and social constructionism?

A

shared meaning

114
Q

If the creation of shared knowledge systems is involved, what theory is relevant?

A

social constructionsim

115
Q

If the question involves smooth functioning of institutions and how they contribute to society, what theory is involved?

A

functionalism

116
Q

If question involves individuals in context of shared meanings, what theory is involved?

A

symbolic interactionsim

117
Q

Is non material culture more location specific than material culture?

A

no

118
Q

What is necessary for shared meanings and learned behaviors that constitute culture?

A

intelligence

119
Q

What is it part of?

A

no

120
Q

If the influence of school neighborhood SES on bullying became statistically non-significant when family SES was controlled for, what does that mean?

A

family SES drives correlation between SES and bullying

MCAT Psychology (1 decks)

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