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Ceramics > Psych Final Exam > Flashcards

Psych Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Period between puberty and adulthood

A

(approx. 10-20 years)

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2
Q

Physical changes

A

Many takes place because of puberty
- prepare you you to reproduce
* 4-year process

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3
Q

Gender differences in puberty

A

females on average will mature 2 years earlier than males

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4
Q

Marked by increases in hormones

A
  • primary sex characteristics
  • secondary sex characteristics
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5
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A

changes that are necessary for reproduction to take place
Examples. Production of sperm: boys, maturing of eggs: girls
* must happen for successful reproduction
- Not visible to the naked eye

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6
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

can be seen and observed
All other physical changes that take place
Examples. deepening of voice, growth of body hair, etc.

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7
Q

Cognitive Changes

A

More complex and more abstract thinking -> formal operational stage
- Frontal lobe not fully developed
–> mid 20s it is fully developed
* knuckle head behavior
- Don’t fully think through decisions

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8
Q

Social Changes

A

Changes in the way you interact with people
Example. a teen will start to spend more time with friends than family

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9
Q

Relationship with parents

A
  • Always believed that their relationship is rocky
  • not nearly as bad as what it seems -> research based
  • conflict tends to be over little stuff, mostly
  • lots of agreement on important issues
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10
Q

Relationship With Peers

A
  • Homophily
  • Peer Pressure
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11
Q

Homophily

A

spend time with people with the same interests

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12
Q

Formation of Identity

A

A sense of who you are
- Do you believe the same as your family?
* What do we think, what do we want to do?

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13
Q

Erikson’s Psychosocial theory

A

how do our personalities develop over time
- personalities can change throughout a lifetime

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14
Q

Psychosocial theories

A

how our mind is influenced by others
- Social contacts influence our personality
examples, parents, friends, significant others

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15
Q

At 8 different points your personality changes
- Only 3 we have highlighted

A
  1. Trust vs. Mistrust
  2. Identity vs. Confusion
  3. Integrity vs. Despair
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16
Q
  1. Trust vs. Mistrust
A

-> Infants
If needs are dependably met, they will develop a trusting aspect of their personality
* children with bad parents will develop mistrust

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17
Q
  1. Identity vs. Confusion
A

-> Adolescents
Examples, religion, politics, occupation, etc.
- testing out some roles
- could become a single identity or be confused
* adds different things to your identity
- going to a church, quit, then going to a different one

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18
Q
  1. Integrity vs. Confusion
A

-> Old Adults
an old person is getting closer to death, they think about social interactions
- either satisfied or despair
- Integrity = you are not scared to die
- despair = you are scared to die

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19
Q

Psychological disorders (adolescents)

A
  • females show higher rates of anxiety and depression
    • could they have it or are they more likely to seek help?
    • not specific to adolescence, all females of all ages usually do
  • females have higher rates of depression
    - all over the globe
  • some disorders show higher rates in adolescents
    - specific phobias 3x higher in teens than children
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20
Q

Psychological disorders (adolescents)

A
  • females show higher rates of anxiety and depression
    • could they have it or are they more likely to seek help?
    • not specific to adolescence, all females of all ages usually do
    • it is not confirmed as to why it is this way (biological / social?)
  • females have higher rates of depression
    - all over the globe
  • Can develop into other types of disorders
    - eating disorders (formation because of anxiety or did it cause anxiety?)
  • some disorders show higher rates in adolescents
    - specific phobias 3x higher in teens than children
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21
Q

Moral Development

A

our sense of right and wrong and how it changes over time
- example, killing someone
- both a child and adult acknowledge that’s wrong but have different reasons as to why

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22
Q

Kohlberg’s theory on moral development

A

He would take a story and tell to people of different ages and see how they would respond
- example, “should___ have done what he did and why?”
* He would focus on the study of why
- he ended up developing three stages of moral development
* Preconventional Stage, Conventional Stage, Postconventional Stage

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23
Q

Preconventional level (children)

A

sense of right and wrong; comes from reward and punishment

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24
Q

Conventional level (adolescence)

A

Much of morality is based on conformity
(ex. what our friends and family do)
Golden rule
- Treat others how you want to be treated

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25
Q

Postconventional Level (Adulthood)

A

morale based on personal moral
*not based on friends or punishment/award just your code
(ex. Dr. Death; A physician who helped terminally ill patients kill themselves and would later go to prison)

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26
Q

When does someone become an adult?

A
  • We are not able to provide an exact age or mental age for when this occurs
  • We have an idea of four categories that this can go into
    * Young, Middle, Old, Elder
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27
Q

Young

A

-> 20-30s

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28
Q

Middle

A

-> 40-50s

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29
Q

Old

A

-> 60-70s

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30
Q

Elder

A

-> 80+

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31
Q

Cognitive Aging

A
  • Fluid Intelligence
  • Crystallized Intelligence
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32
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

the ability to think quickly
(logical reasoning, reaction time, info processing)
- Decreases with age

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33
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A
  • Experience in life
  • Increase with age
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34
Q

Recall and recognition

A
  • Younger people will typically have a better time with recall
  • Older people tend to have a better time with recognition tests
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35
Q

Processing

A

the ability to process decreases with age

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36
Q

Personality Changes

A

Personalities a persons, unique, thinking, feeling, and behaving styles
- almost as unique as a snowflake
The Big 5 (OCEAN)
- Openness, Conscientiousness, Extrovert, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
It used to be thought that these traits never changed with age, but it turns out that they can change significantly with major life events
*everyone has a certain quantity of these traits

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37
Q

Openness

A

our openness to new ideas

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38
Q

Conscientousness

A

dependability, hard-working, organized, punctual

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39
Q

Extrovert

A

Extroverted, outgoing

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40
Q

Agreeableness

A

Ability to go with the flow, or to agree with others

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41
Q

Neuroticism

A

Anxiety

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42
Q

Subjective Age

A

How old do you feel?
- Are you satisfied with your age?
- if positive -> healthier outcomes
* age is just a #

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43
Q

Global Subjective well-being

A

Perception of your life (satisfaction, etc.)
- Satisfaction of relationships throughout life
*highest in early/late adulthood and lower in midlife

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44
Q

Hedonic Well-being

A

emotional component (happiness, stress, etc.)
- Experience of negative emotions tend to decrease with age
- older adults more positive than younger/midlife

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45
Q

Dementia

A

Brain disorder where gyri (cortex) shrink and the ventricles (sulci) get bigger
- Alzheimer’s Disease is the most common
- Type of Dementia
- A person’s risk starts in their 60s, risk increases after every passing year/decade
* not everyone with dementia has Alzheimer’s, but everyone with Alzheimer’s has Dementia
- Those who study it say if everyone would life long enough, they would get it
- Very common, especially among the old
- From diagnosis to death is roughly 7 years

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46
Q

Dementia Symptoms

A
  • Degeneration at the cellular and structural level
    *lose brain tissue from the inside out and the outside in
  • memory lapse
    • First starts as minor memory lapse
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47
Q

Social Psychology

A

The study of how other people influence our behavior
- True character shows when you are alone
- Influence can be explicit or implicit

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48
Q

Explicit Influence

A

Someone tells you to do something
(ex. Dr. Metzger telling you to raise your hand)

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49
Q

Implicit

A

A person doesn’t say anything but behavior changes

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50
Q

Conformity

A

Our behavior changes when no one asks
- behavior changes based on the environment
*two reasons; Normative Influence and Informational Influence

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51
Q

Normative Influence

A

what do others think of me?
- fitting in; talking/dressing differently
(Ashe Experiment)

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52
Q

Informational Influence

A

am I doing the correct behavior?
- following what someone else does to do the right thing
(Dr. Metzger in Germany)

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53
Q

Compliance

A

behavior changes because of request
- you don’t have to say yes

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54
Q

Foot-in-the-door technique

A

a small request is accepted, which is then followed by a larger request
*The key: what was wanted was the larger request
(ex. asking dad for $20, but then asking for $50)

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55
Q

Door-in-the-face technique

A

a big request is denied, which is followed by a smaller request
*the Key is the smaller request
(ex. asking dad for $50, then asking for $20)

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56
Q

Lowball technique

A

an agreement is made and later the details of the agreement change
*car dealers
(ex. $200, my manager only says $300, okay I’m in)

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57
Q

Obedience

A

change behavior because of an order to do so
*must be a person of authority
(ex. children must be obedient to their parents)
- Common in ‘typical’ societal situations

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58
Q

Stanley Millgram obedience experiments in the 1960s

A
  • Most Unethical and well known
    Wanted to understand behaviors seen in WWII
    *especially the Holocaust
  • Everyday good people could do awful things
    *followed the orders of authority figures
    Results:
  • The percentage of people who went all the way up to 450: 65%

Procedure:
- participants had to give the other person a question if they got it wrong they were to give them a shock

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59
Q

Prosocial Behavior

A

any behavior that helps someone else

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60
Q

Altruism

A

engaging in a behavior with no expectations in return

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61
Q

Bystander Effect

A
  • Kitty Genouese (1963)
    • 38 people heard, none called or went to help
  • number of bystanders up, level of help down
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62
Q

Diffusion of Responsibility

A

‘someone else will”

63
Q

Attribution

A

exploring the behavior of self and others
- lazy, busy
- character vs. circumstance

64
Q

Situational Attributions

A

Actions because of situations that you cannot help
(ex. late because of overlapping classes)

65
Q

Dispositional Attributions

A

Actions because of personality/character
(ex. late because you’re lazy)

66
Q

Ted Bundy

A
  • Serial Killer
    - was very charming, but did awful actions
67
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Others -> dispositional causes
Self -> situationally

68
Q

Prejudice (thought) vs. Discrimination (behavior)

A
  • In-group
    - group with which you identify
  • out-group
    - everybody else/ not identifying with
69
Q

Old-Fashioned Bias

A

(not openly common)
MOST think that all people should be equal

Have diminished
- not as common as they once were

70
Q

Blatant Bias

A

conscious beliefs that are freely admitted
- hostile to out-group

71
Q

Social Dominance Orientation

A

Belief that…
- group hierarchies are inevitable
- some groups are better than others
- those outside ‘your group’ are inferior
- there are limited resources that we compete for
*tend to do well in jobs in hierarchal structure (police, business, etc.)

72
Q

21st Century Biases

A

are more subtle
- Automatic Bias

73
Q

Automatic Bias

A

unintended bias of liking other groups less than your own
- religion, race, gender, etc.

74
Q

Implicit Association Test

A

link “good” with in-group- faster than “good” with out-groups
*faster at pairing your own group with good qualities

75
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

we learn behaviors through modeling or watching others do it
- observation learning
*no one is born a racist, sexist, etc.

76
Q

Blue Eyes, Brown Eyes

A

Jane Elliot, 1960s rural Iowa
- She taught her 3rd graders about discrimination by comparing different groups of children on different days
- Asked them how it felt
- Showed how basing beliefs on people based on what they look like is wrong
- Children’s thinking and behavior changed quickly towards the other group
- Did she go too far?
- lasting life lesson
*look up the video and watch it on youtube

77
Q

Personality

A

*like a snowflake; all are similar but two are not the same
Unique thinking, acting, feeling throughout life

78
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective (Freud)

A
  • No evidence that proves theory
    *iceberg
  • You are consciously aware of a fraction of your mind
    -Influenced by unconscious processes
    (Id, Superego, Ego)
    *Freud believed when you couldn’t find a solution to a conflict it resulted in anxiety
    • conflict between the 3 (Id, Superego, and Ego)
79
Q

Id

A

The only part of your personality you are born with
- Contains basic needs and drives
* hunger, thirst, sex drives, etc.
- Impulse and wants immediate satisfaction

80
Q

Superego

A

develops around the age of 4 or 5
- sense of right or wrong
- parental influence

81
Q

Ego

A

sits between the two
- decision maker
- make a decision that satisfy both superego and id

82
Q

Behavioral Perspective

A

aspects of our personality are learned
* observationally of rewards and punishments

83
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

every person deep down is a good person
- Self Actualization

84
Q

Self Actualization

A

the drive to be the best person you can be/to reach your potential
*personality is the expression of the drive

85
Q

Genetic Perspective

A

-What degree does genetics play a role in your personality?
* twins
Identical vs. fraternal twins raised together vs. apart
*Identical should be more similar than fraternal
Fraternal -> more different
Identical -> more similar

86
Q

Personality Traits

A

basic dimension on which people differ
* traits are continuous, but we look at a limited amount
-> anyone can fall anywhere on the line of traits
(ex. extroversion or introversion)
*most people fall around the mean (middle)

87
Q

Characteristics of Personality Traits

A
  • A lot of stability and consistency
    -> many will stay the same
  • Lots of individual differences
    -> from person to person
88
Q

Five Factor Model (the big 5)

A
  • 5 personality traits that are important to understand
  • each are independent of each other
    (OCEAN)
    *if you score high on one, you don’t have to score high on all of them
89
Q

Objective Tests

A

have a standard set of questions and you provide a response
- most widely used assessments
*no interpretation is necessary
- People are asked to describe themselves
* may be some bias, not everyone might not be honest
- Good validity
* measure what they are intended to measure, accurate
- Self- report issues
* may need to worry about the responses given
- employers, military, etc. might give these out
- Some may be designed for cheaters
(ex. one we did in class with the numbers)

90
Q

Informant Ratings

A

answer questions about someone else that you know well
- may be used with children or cognitively impaired adults
- Switches the pronouns to her/him instead of you/I

91
Q

MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory -2nd)

A
  • Objective test
  • One of the most widely used
  • has different subscales
    • full version is over 500 questions
  • Test is designed to catch cheaters : How?
  • take similar questions and ask multiple times
    * if answers are different, cheating, not truthful
92
Q

Projective Tests

A
  • Ambiguous stimuli
    • no right or wrong answer
  • Responses need to be interpreted
    *stimuli is ambiguous, you will project your personality in your answers
  • Not as valid as objective assessments
    - Inkblot test (Rohnshak)
    * you are shown a blob of ink and you explain what you see
    (ex. I see a bat)
    -TAT
    - ambiguity with the instructions
    - story you tell is a projection of your personality based on character
    - Draw a person test
    * not a good assessment
93
Q

Category of disorders

A

depression is under it

94
Q

Mental Disorders

A

-Psychology is the science of mind and behavior
This is the study of abnormal behavior

95
Q

What is abnormal?

A
  • Statistical Deviance: frequency of behavior
  • subjective discomfort or distress
  • inability to function normally
  • context must be taken into account
96
Q

How do we diagnose mental illness?

A
  • DSM-5 Book
    • describes about 250 disorders
      * 4% of disorders we will cover
    • Criteria of symptoms
      • ex. depression: 5 out of 9 over 2 weeks
    • does not determine ‘cause’
  • at any time, 25% of Americans suffer
  • Comorbidity is common
97
Q

Comorbidity

A

more than one disorder at a time

98
Q

Major Depressive Disorder (unipolar) -> one emotional extreme

A
  • Most commonly diagnosed
  • Symptoms of behavior, emotion, and mood (anhedonia)
  • Behavior: changes in sleep and eating behavior
  • Emotion: feelings of worthlessness, guilt, changes in mood
  • Not treated: worst part is getting out of bed
99
Q

Anhedonia

A

a person does not find pleasure in activities they used to enjoy

100
Q

Bipolar Mood Disorder

A

two emotional extremes

101
Q

Bipolar 1 - manic episode (depressive episode not necessary)

A
  • Manic state -> completely opposite of depressed
    • enthusiasm, optimistic, racing thoughts, warm drug that runs through body
      - no sleep
102
Q

Bipolar 2

A

episodes from depressed to manic
- when untreated people spend more time in one of the ends
- tend to be depressed longer than manic
- takes less energy to be depressed
- Depressed for 2-3 weeks
- manic for 5-7 days

103
Q

Depressive Disorders(Prevalence)

A
  • Lifetime prevalence rate of 16.6%
    - 17% of people will go through depression at some point in their life
  • Average age of onset in the mid 20s, women are more commonly diagnosed
    - Rate of 2: 1, women vs. men
  • Those diagnosed once are more likely to experience it again
104
Q

Bipolar Disorders (Prevalence)

A
  • life time prevalence of 4.4%
  • Often comorbid with other disorders
    • diagnosed with another mood disorder
  • many experience symptoms beginning in adolescence
105
Q

Depressive Disorder (Treatments)

A
  • Medications (SSRIs), Cognitive Therapy, etc.
    *SSRIs do not work like Tylenol (takes 2-6 weeks to feel the effects)
    - not intended for lifelong treatment
    • Cognitive therapy: designed to change the way you think
      - depression: the way they think is not healthy for them
106
Q

Bipolar Disorders (Treatments)

A
  • Typically treated with medications (ex. lithium)
    • not a high powered drug, a salt
    • tend to be taken over a life time
  • People tend to stop taking them because they are doing so well, then the symptoms come back
  • many benefit from the medication
107
Q

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

A

Depression that results from changes in seasons
- technically, a type of depression (with a seasonal pattern)
- symptoms begin in the fall and worsen into the winter
- symptoms begin to lift in the late spring (if left untreated)

Causes:
- Disruption to biological clock (light= zeitgeber -> time giver)
- melatonin level fluctuation (regulated by sunlight
- lack of sunlight
- Alaska the most common

Treatments:
- light therapy
- the most cost effective
- medication/psychotherapy

108
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A
  • Nervous system arousal and a sense of dread
    • sympathetic nervous system
  • fear or anxiety that something is going to happen
  • usually people know what they are upset about
109
Q

Generalized Anxiety disorder (GAD)

A
  • DSM-5: 6 months of excessive worry
  • lifetime prevalence of 5.7%
110
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Characterized by panic attacks

111
Q

Panic Attacks

A

a bout of intense anxiety that lasts from a few seconds to a few hours
- unpredictable
- often comorbid with agoraphobia

112
Q

Agoraphobia

A

fear of open spaces where escape may be difficult
* a fear of leaving your home

113
Q

Phobias

A

irrational fears or objects or situations

114
Q

Specific phobias

A

objects or situations
- lifetime prevalence of specific phobia is 12.5%

115
Q

Social Phobias

A

of public embarrassment or humiliation
- in one sample, 92% were bullied as kids
- Lifetime prevalence of social phobia is 12.1%

116
Q

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

experience arousal long after trauma has passed
- war veterans, rape victims, natural disaster survivors, etc.
Symptoms: nightmares/flashbacks, avoidance of stimuli, arousal (don’t sleep)

117
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A
  • Obsession: a persistent upsetting thought
  • Compulsion: a repetitive behavior that temporarily reduces anxiety
    *vicious cycle of thoughts and behaviors
    (cleaners, checkers, counters, hoarders)
  • creates disturbance in daily life
    • The action that they do, they do not like to do
118
Q

Treatments for Anxiety Disorders

A
  • Behavioral (exposure) therapy
  • great for phobias
  • Medicinal therapy
119
Q

Schizophrenia

A

disorder of distrubed thought, speech, emotion, and behavior
- 1%, equal in gender and race
- Symptoms begin in late teens to late 20s
- Males: teens
- Females: mid to late 20s

120
Q

Positive Symptoms

A

made known by their presence
* person is doing something they shouldn’t be doing
- Delusions, Hallucinations, Speech and thought
*does not show all symptoms

121
Q

Delusions

A

believing something that isn’t true
- persecution
- grandeur

122
Q

Persecution

A

false belief that people are out to get or harm you in some way

123
Q

Grandeur

A

a false belief you are better than others

124
Q

Hallucinations

A

a false sensory experience
- hear voices, see images

125
Q

Speech and thought

A

jump from topic to topic with no connection or bridge

126
Q

Negative symptoms

A

made know from their absence
* person is not doing something that they should
- Flat Affect, Social withdrawal
* does not show all symptoms

127
Q

Flat Affect

A

they are emotionless
- when they do show an emotion, but it is not appropriate

128
Q

Social withdrawal

A

they almost live in their own little world

129
Q

Types of Schizophrenia

A

Paranoid, Disorganized, Catatonic, Undifferentiated

130
Q

Paranoid

A
  • Primarily show delusions and hallucinations
  • can show other symptoms
  • if a person is lashing out and has schizophrenia, normally has paranoid
  • believe that other people are out to get them
131
Q

Disorganized

A

very easy to spot because they tend to show symptoms of speech and thought

132
Q

Catatonic

A

disorder of movement; the way a person moves their body is disturbed
- wildly moving, flailing
- person will stand like a statue

133
Q

Undifferentiated

A
  • symptoms don’t place them in one of the three above
  • mix of symptoms and the person has schizophrenia
134
Q

Causes of Schizophrenia

A

Genetic Factors and Environmental Factors

135
Q

Genetic Factors

A
  • tends to run in families
  • the more similar genetically to a person who has it, the higher the chance you have of getting it
  • If genetics was the only factor, then identical twins would be 100%
136
Q

Environmental Factors

A
  • Pregnancy issues (stress, infection, etc.)
    • fraternal twins share the womb
  • Urban areas show higher rates of rural
    • exposed to toxins, viruses, bacteria, etc.
137
Q

Treatments of Schizophrenia

A

People typically have elevated levels of dopamine
- Anti-psychotic medications (block the dopamine)
* only work on the positive symptoms
People may have brain damage
- structural brain changes -> cause of negative symptoms?
* healthy people have a bigger, fuller brain

138
Q

History of Treatment

A
  • early asylums were more like prisons
  • little treatment offered, used for more of containment
139
Q

Types of Treatment

A

Insight, Action, Biomedical

140
Q

Insight Treatment

A

understand why you are doing the things you are doing

141
Q

Action therapy

A

goal is to change behavior
- works well with phobias

142
Q

Biomedical therapy

A

drugs, surgery, etc.

143
Q

Example of Insight Therapy

A

-Humanistic
- Focus of person’s sense of ‘self’ -> who you truly are
* Roger’s Client Centered Therapy
- Provide unconditional positive regard (unconditional love)
- nondirective: client figures out what is wrong not therapist
- therapist is empathetic and facilitates process

144
Q

Examples of Action Therapy

A
  • works well with people with phobias
    • phobias are learned from classical conditioning
      (Systematic Desensitization (extinction) and Aversion Therapy)
145
Q

Systematic Desensitization (extinction)

A
  • first learn muscle relaxation techniques
  • hierarchy of stimuli: a list of stimuli that they are more and more fearful of
146
Q

Aversion Therapy

A

-used for addiction
- induce a taste aversion of a different stimuli
(ex. ‘rapid smoking’)

147
Q

Examples of Biomedical Therapies

A
  • medications
    • impact brain and/or body
      (Antipsychotic, Antianxiety, Antidepressants)
148
Q

Antipsychotics

A

reducing hallucinations, delusions, etc.

149
Q

Antianxiety

A
  • works fairly quickly
  • potential for abuse/misuse
150
Q

Antidepressants

A
  • SSRI
    *may take 2-6 weeks to feel the effects
151
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy

A
  • Treatment for depression
    • 2 times a week for 2-6 weeks
  • electrodes up to the head until they seize
    • may experience memory loss, but little side effects
  • depression tends to lift
    - doctors do not know why
  • Usually done on patients when drugs or other therapies do not work
152
Q

Psychotherapy

A
  • used as a last resort
  • Treatment is irreversible
  • Lobotomy
153
Q

Lobotomy

A
  • First modern brain surgery
  • done on people with anxiety, depression, etc.
  • nothing is taken out
  • would cut the frontal lobe from the back hemisphere
  • drill a hole in skull and use a butter knife to cut brain
  • Transorbital lobotomy: through the eye socket
    - Walter Freeman

Ceramics (1 decks)

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