psych final Flashcards
what is social psychology
involves the use of scientific methods to explore the ways in which a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, implied, or imagined presence of others
what is social cognition
make it possible for anyone to engage in stereotyping, hold prejudice, and discriminate against others (controlled, or central route; automatic, or peripheral route)
what are stereotypes
schemas; set of beliefs that are commonly known but not necessarily endorsed; content is linked together; facilitates info processing; activation of one node facilitates accessibility to other info within the schema; bias memory and interpretation of events
what did Alport and Postman find in their study showing participants cartoons of a black and white man on public transportation
a white man was holding a switchblade in the photo while he was talking with a black man; they showed one participant the photo and asked them to explain it to the next; the other participants had to explain the photo down the line of participants without seeing the photo; at the end, most people said the black man was holding the switchblade
what was the Devine study of 1989
he primed participants by showing them words in four quadrants; either 20% of the words shown to the participants were related to black people or 80% was; after the priming, they read a scenario about Donald (who refuses to pay rent until his landlord paints his apartment) and were asked to rank him on his hostility; the people who saw 80% black people words said Donald was hostile without even knowing his race
what was the Correll, Park, Judd and Wittenbrink study of 2002
the task was to virtually shoot the target when he had a gun; The targets were either black or white, or holding a weapon or not holding a weapon; they measured the errors; they found that the same amount of errors were made for white people either armed or unarmed, but black people without guns were shot at significantly higher rates; they did this study on college students, people in the community, and cops
what was found in the Gaertner and Dovido study of 1989/1999
participants were showed either a black or white candidate with either low/moderate/exceptional qualification and they measured how often these people would be recommended for hire; the candidates with strong qualification were recommended at equal rates as well as the candidates with weak qualification regardless of race; the candidates with moderate qualification mainly recommended whites for hire
what is prejudice
unjustified or incorrect attitude (usually negative) towards an individual based solely on the individual’s membership of a social group.
what is discrimination
the ability to perceive and respond to differences among stimuli
what is the self-fulfilling prophecy
when a person unknowingly causes a prediction to come true, due to the simple fact that he or she expects it to come true. In other words, an expectation about a subject, such as a person or event, can affect our behavior towards that subject, which causes the expectation to be realized.
what was Muzafer and Carolyn sheriffs study at Robber’s Cave in Oklahoma
22 well adjusted all white 5th graders; split into rattlers and eagles, ignorant of each others presence; had competitions (discrimination and prejudice); they wanted to reduce the discrimination and prejudice so they brought them together and preached about the importance of kindness; that didn’t work so they brought them together just to cooperate; water tank problem, bus broke down, and finding a movie to show; by the end they were all friends
what is the Jigsaw classroom
mixed groups of children in a classroom regardless of race; gave each individual different information on Eleanor Rosevelt; were told to write a report and since they all had unique information, they were forced to share and talk about it; kids became friends with kids of other races as a result
what is attribution
the extent to which you believe why people act the way they do
what is internal attribution
locate the cause of someones behavior as being internal to them
what is external attribution
locate the cause of someones behavior as being situational to that person
According to the covariation model of attribution, how do people decide to make an internal or an external attribution?
Ask yourself is it distinct (how does the target behave toward other stimuli) is it consistent (does the target usually behave this way toward other stimuli) and is it consensual (how do others behave toward this stimuli)
what is the problem with the covariation model of attribution
hyper logical, people don’t always think that way
what is the fundamental attribution error
the tendency to make internal attributions instead of external one; overestimate personal factors; automatic process; salience of the information available to you
what is the actor-observer affect
others behaviors are due to internal attributions but your own behaviors are due to external attributions
what is self-serving bias
internal or external attributions that are most flattering to you; internal if something good but external if something bad
what are the features of an individualist culture and how do they think
individualist cultures think in terms of the individual; western countries; so the fundamental attribution error is more common because they have more internal attributions
what are the characteristics of a collectivist culture
eastern countries; they see themselves as tied to others so they have more external attributions
what is an attitude
is an expression of favor or disfavor toward a person, place, thing, or event; guide social interactions; help predict social behavior; partially socially constructed; influence social perceptions and memories
what role do your parents play in formation of attitudes
genes and socialization
what is the mere exposure effect
the more you are exposed to something, the more likely you are to like it
Describe the Elaboration Likelihood Model to attitude change/persuasion.
there are two modes to thinking about messages; central route and peripheral route; which mode depends on ability and motivation
