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Second Year First Semester > Psych Final (270) > Flashcards

Psych Final (270) Flashcards

1
Q

a (alpha)

A

How low the p value must be before the sample result is considered unlikely in null hypothesis testing

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2
Q

Alternating treatments Design

A

Two or more treatments are alternated relatively quickly on a regular schedule

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3
Q

Alternative hypothesis

A

The idea that there is a relationship in the population and that the relationship in the sample reflects this relationship in the population

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4
Q

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

A

Most common null hypothesis test when there are more than two groups or condition means to be compared

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5
Q

APA Ethics Code

A

A code first published in 1953 which includes approximately 150 specific ethical standards that psychologists and their students are expected to follow

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6
Q

Applied Behaviour Analysis

A

Starting in the 1960s, researchers began using single-subject techniques to conduct applied research with human subjects

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7
Q

Applied Research

A

Research conducted primarily to address some practical problem

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8
Q

Autonomy

A

A person’s right to make their own choices and take their own actions free from coercion

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9
Q

Baseline

A

The level of responding before any treatment is introduced and therefore acts as a kind of control condition

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10
Q

Basic Research

A

In psychology, research conducted for the sake of achieving a more detailed and accurate understanding of human behaviour, without necessarily trying to address any particular problem

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11
Q

Behavioural Measures

A

Measures in which some aspect of participants’ behaviour is observed and recorded

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12
Q

Belmont Report

A

Published in 1978 in the United States, this explicitly recognized the principle f seeking justice including the importance of conducting research in a way that distributes risks and benefits fairly across different groups at the societal level

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13
Q

Between-subjects Experiment

A

An experiment in which each participant is only tested in one condition

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14
Q

Between-subjects Factorial Design

A

All of the independent variables are manipulated between subjects

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15
Q

Block Randomization

A

All the conditions of an experiment occur once in the sequence before any of them is repeated

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16
Q

BRUSO

A

A guideline for questionnaire items that suggests they should be brief, relevant, specific, and objective

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17
Q

Bystander effect

A

The more people who are present at an emergency situation, the less likely it is that any one of them will help

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18
Q

Carryover Effect

A

An effect of being tested in one condition on participants’ behaviour in later conditions

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19
Q

Case study

A

A detailed description of an individual, which can include both qualitative and quantitative analyses

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20
Q

Categorical variable

A

A quality that is typically measured by assigning a category label to each individual

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21
Q

Central tendency

A

The point around which the scores in the distribution tend to cluster, also called the average

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22
Q

Clinical practice of psychology

A

The diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and related problems

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23
Q

Closed-ended Items

A

A questionnaire item that asks a question and provides a set of response options for participants to choose from

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24
Q

Cluster sampling

A

A method of probability sampling in which larger clusters of individuals are randomly sampled and then individuals within each cluster are randomly sampled

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25
Q

Coding

A

A judgement on part of the observers by clearly defining a set of target behaviours

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26
Q

Cohen’s d

A

The most widely used measure of effect size for differences between group or condition means; the difference between the two means divided by the standard deviation

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27
Q

Cohen’s k

A

A statistic analogous to Cronbach’s a, which assesses interrater reliability

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28
Q

Conceptual Definition

A

A definition of a psychological construct that describes the behaviours and internal processes of that construct and how it relates to other variables

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29
Q

Concern for welfare

A

A guideline for the Tri-council policy that refers to ensuring participants are not exposed to unnecessary risk, maintaining privacy and confidentiality, and providing information to participants

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30
Q

Conditions

A

The different levels of the independent variable

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31
Q

Confederate

A

A helper of a researcher who pretends to be a real participant

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32
Q

Confidence interval

A

A range of values that is computed in such a way that some percentage of the time, the population parameter will lie within that range

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33
Q

Confidentiality

A

An agreement not to disclose participants’ personal information without their concent or some appropriate legal authorization

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34
Q

Confirmation bias

A

The focus on cases that confirm beliefs and dismissal of cases that disprove them

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35
Q

Confounding variable

A

An extraneous variable that differs on average across levels of the independent variable

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36
Q

Consent form

A

A document informing participants of procedure, risks, and benefits of the research that is signed during the process of informed consent

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37
Q

Construct validity

A

The quality of the experiment’s manipulations

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38
Q

Constructs

A

Variables that are not straightforward or simple to measure such as intelligence

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39
Q

Content analysis

A

A family of systematic approaches to measurement using complex archival data

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40
Q

Content validity

A

The extent to which a measure “covers” the construct of interest

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41
Q

Context Effect

A

Being tested in one condition can also change how participants perceive stimuli or interpret their task in later conditions

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42
Q

Control

A

Method of holding extraneous variables at a constant

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43
Q

Control Condition

A

A condition in a study that the other condition is compared to. This group does not receive the treatment or intervention that the other conditions do

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44
Q

Converging Operations

A

Multiple operational definitions of the same construct

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45
Q

Correlation Matrix

A

A table showing the correlation between every possible pair of variables in the study

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46
Q

Correlational research

A

The researcher measures the two variables of interest with little or no attempt to control extraneous variables and then asses the relationship between them

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47
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Testing different participants in different orders

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48
Q

Criteria

A

In reference to criterion validity, variables that one would expect to be correlated with the measure

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49
Q

Criterion validity

A

The extent to which people’s scores on a measure are correlated with other variables that one would expect them to be correlated with

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50
Q

Critical values

A

Points on the test distribution that are compared to the test statistic to determine whether to reject the null hypothesis

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51
Q

Cronbach’s a

A

A statistic in which a is the mean of all possible split-half correlations for a set of items

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52
Q

Debriefing

A

The process of informing research participants as soon as possible of the purpose of the study, revealing deception, and correcting misconceptions they may have as a result of participating in the study

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53
Q

Deception

A

Includes misinforming participants of the purpose of the study, using confederates, using fake equipment, or presenting false performance feedback

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54
Q

Declaration of Helsinki

A

An ethics code created by the World Medical Council in 1964, adding that research with human participants should be based on a written protocol

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55
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Cues to how the researcher expects participants to behave

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56
Q

Dependent samples T test

A

Statistical test used to compare two means for the same sample tested at two different times or under two different conditions

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57
Q

Dependent Variable (Y)

A

The variable that is thought to be the effect of the independent variable

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58
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

A set of techniques for summarizing and displaying data

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59
Q

Difference score

A

Variable formed by subtracting one variable from another

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60
Q

Discriminant Validity

A

The extent to which scores on a measure are not correlated with measures of variables that are conceptually distinct

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61
Q

Distribution

A

The way the scores are dispersed across the levels of the variable

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62
Q

Double-blind study

A

An experiment in which both the participants and the experimenters are blind to which condtion the participants have been assigned to

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63
Q

Effect size

A

The strength of a statistical relationship

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64
Q

Empirical questions

A

The second fundamental feature of science; questions about the way the world actually is and can be answered through systematic empiricism

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65
Q

Error bars

A

Small bars at the top of each main bar in a bar graph that represent the variability in each group or condition

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66
Q

Ethics

A

A branch of philosophy that is concerned with morality, what it means to behave morally and how people can achieve this goal

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67
Q

Experimental analysis of behaviour

A

Laboratory methods that rely on single-subject research; based upon B. F. Skinner’s philosophy of behaviourism which posits that everything organisms do is behaviour

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68
Q

Experimenter Expectancy Effect

A

A source of variation in which the experimenter’s expectations about hwo participants “should” be have in the experiment

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69
Q

External Validity

A

When a study is conducted supports gerneralizing the results to people and situations beyond those actually studied

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70
Q

Extraneous variable

A

Anything that varies in the context of a study other than the independent and dependent variable

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71
Q

Face validity

A

The extent to which a measurement method appears to measure the construct of interest

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72
Q

Factor

A

In a factorial design, each level of one independent variable

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73
Q

Factor Analysis

A

A statistical technique that organizes the variables into a smaller number of clusters, such that they are strongly correlated within each cluster but weakly correlated between clusters

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74
Q

Factorial ANOVA

A

A null hypothesis test that is used when more than one independent variable is included in a factorial design

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75
Q

Factorial Design

A

An approach to including multiple independent variables in an experiment where each level of one independent variable is combined with each level of the others to produce all possible combinations

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76
Q

Factorial Design Table

A

A table showing each condition produced by the combinations of variables

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77
Q

Falsifiable

A

Scientific claims must be expressed in such a way that there are observations that would count as evidence against the claim

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78
Q

Fatigue Effect

A

Participants perform a task worse in later conditions because they become tired or bored

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79
Q

Feasibility

A

The state or ability of being easily or conveniently completed

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80
Q

Field Experiments

A

Experiments conducted entirely outside the laboratory

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81
Q

File Drawer Problem

A

When researchers obtain nonsignificant results, they tend not to submit them for publication or, if they are submitted, they are not accepted

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82
Q

Focus groups

A

Small groups of people who participate together in interviews focused on a particular topic or issue

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83
Q

Folk Psychology

A

Intuitive beliefs about people’s behaviour, thought, and feelings

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84
Q

Formality

A

The extent to which the components of the theory and the relationships among them are specified clearly and in detail

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85
Q

Frequency Table

A

A table in which one column lists the values of a variable (the possible scores) and the other column lists the frequency of each score (how many participants had that score)

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86
Q

Full REB Review

A

The default requirement for research involving humans

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87
Q

Functional Approach

A

Psychological phenomena are explained in terms of their function or purpose

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88
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

People tend to explain others’ behaviour in terms of their personal characteristics as opposed to the situation they are in

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89
Q

Grounded theory

A

Researchers start with the data and develop a theory or interpretation that is “grounded in” the data

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90
Q

Group Research

A

The study of large numbers of participants and examining their behaviour primarily in terms of group means, standard deviations, and so on

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91
Q

Histogram

A

A graphical display of a distribution

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92
Q

Hypothesis

A

A prediction about a new phenomenon based on a theory; can also be an explanation that relies on just a few key concepts

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93
Q

Hypothetico-deductive method

A

Primary way that scientific researchers use theories

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94
Q

Independent-samples T test

A

Statistical test used to compare the means of two separate samples

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95
Q

Independent Variable (X)

A

The variable of a statistical relationship that is thought to cause the other variable

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96
Q

Informed consent

A

Researchers obtain and document people’s agreement to participate in a study after having informed them of everything that might resonably be expected to affect their decision

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97
Q

Interaction

A

When the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of another

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98
Q

Internal consistency

A

Consistency of people’s responses across the items on a multiple-item measure

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99
Q

Internal Validity

A

When the way an experiment was conducted supports the conclusion that the independent variable caused observed differences in the dependent variable. These studies provide strong support for causal conclusions

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100
Q

Interrater Reliability

A

The extent to which different observers are consistent in their judgments

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101
Q

Interrupted Time-series Design

A

A set of measurements taken at intervals over a period of time that are interrupted by a treatment

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102
Q

Interval level

A

Level of measurement in which scores represent the precise magnitude of the difference between individuals, but a score of 0 does not represent an absence of the characteristic

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103
Q

Item-order Effect

A

The order in which the items are presented affects people’s responses

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104
Q

Justice

A

A guideline of the Tri-Council Policy that refers to the obligation to treat people fairly and equitably

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105
Q

Latency

A

The time it takes for the dependent variable to begin changing after a change in conditions

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106
Q

Level

A

Whether the data is higher or lower based on a visual inspection of the data; a change in the level implies the treatment introduced had an effect

107
Q

Levels of Measurement

A

Different levels of quantitative information that can be communicated by a set of scores

108
Q

Main Effect

A

In factorial design, the statistical relationship between one independent variable and a dependent variable-averaging across the levels of the other independent variable

109
Q

Manipulate

A

To change an independent variable’s level systematically so that different groups of participants are exposed to different levels of that variable, or the same group of participants is exposed to different levels at different times

110
Q

Manipulation Check

A

A separate measure of the construct the researcher is trying to manipulate

111
Q

Maturation

A

An alternative explanation that refers to how the participants might have changed between the pretest and posttest in ways that they were going to anyway because they are growing and learning

112
Q

Mean

A

Symbolized M, the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores

113
Q

Mean squares between groups (MSB)

A

An estimate of population variance based on the differences among the scores within each group

114
Q

Measurement

A

The assignment of scores to individuals where the scores represent some characteristic of the individuals

115
Q

Mechanistic Theories

A

Focus on specific variables, structures, and processes as well as how these factors interact to produce a particular phenomena

116
Q

Median

A

The middle score in the sense that half the scores in the distribution are less than it and half are greater than it

117
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

The more often people have been exposed to a stimulus, the more they like it - even when the stimulus is presented subliminally

118
Q

Minimal Risk Research

A

When the likelihood and magnitude of possible harms faced b the participants is no greater than those encountered in in everyday life

119
Q

Mixed factorial design

A

When one indpendent variable is manipulated between subjects and another is manipulated within subjects

120
Q

Mixed-methods Research

A

The combination of quantitative and qualitative research

121
Q

Mode

A

The most frequent score in a distribution

122
Q

Model

A

A precise explanation or interpretation of a specific phenomenon; expressed in terms of equations, computer programs, or biological structures and processes

123
Q

Mundane realism

A

The participants and the situation studied are similar to those that the researchers want to generalize to and participants encounter everyday

124
Q

Multiple-baseline Design

A

A baseline is established for several participants and the treatment is then introduced to each participant at a different time

125
Q

Multiple dependent variables

A

When researchers examine the relationship between a single independent variable and more than one dependent variable

126
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

An approach to data collection that involves observing peoples behaviour in the environment in which it typically occurs

127
Q

Negative relationship

A

Higher scores on one variable tend to be associated wth lower scores on the other variable

128
Q

Nominal Level

A

Level of measurement used for categorical variables and involves assigning scores that act as category labels

129
Q

Nonequivalent groups design

A

A between-subjects design in which participants have not been randomly assigned to conditions

130
Q

Nonexperimental research

A

Research that lacks the manipulation of an independent variable, random assignment of participants to conditions or orders of conditions, or both

131
Q

Nonlinear relationships

A

The points of a data set are better fit by a curved line

132
Q

Nonmanipulated independent variable

A

In a factorial design, the researcher measures and independent variable but does not manipulate it

133
Q

Nonprobability sampling

A

When the researcher cannot specify the probability that each member of the population will be selected for the sample

134
Q

Nonresponse bias

A

A form of sampling bias in which survey nonresponders differ from responders in systematic ways

135
Q

No-treatment control condition

A

A type of control condition in which participants receive no treatment

136
Q

Null hypothesis

A

The idea that there is no relationship in the population and that the relationship in the sample reflects only sampling error

137
Q

Null hypothesis testing

A

A formal approach to deciding between two interpretations of a statistical relationship in a sample

138
Q

Nuremberg Code

A

A set of ten principles written in 1947 in conjunction with the trials of Nazi physicians that provided a standard by which to compare the behaviour of the men on trial

139
Q

Occam’s razor

A

Another term for parsimony

140
Q

One-sample T Test

A

Compares a sample mean with a hypothetical population mean that provides some interesting standard of comparison

141
Q

One-tailed test

A

Where the null hypothesis is rejected only if the t score for the sample is extreme in one direction that we specify before collecting the data

142
Q

One-way ANOVA

A

A null hypothesis test that is used for between-between subjects designs with a single independent variable

143
Q

Open-ended items

A

A questionnaire item that allows participants to answer in whatever way they choose

144
Q

Opening

A

An introduction to the research question and explanation for why this question is interesting

145
Q

Open Science Practices

A

Practices that increase the transparency and openness of the scientific enterprise. Examples include pre-registration of hypotheses and the sharing of raw data and research materials

146
Q

Operational definition

A

A definition of the variable in terms of precisely how it is to be measured

147
Q

Operationalization

A

Conversion from research question to experiment design

148
Q

Ordinal Level

A

Level of measurement in which scores represent the rank order of the individuals, showing how individuals are different from each other and whether they are higher or lower on the variable being measured

149
Q

Organization

A

Referring to an article, the sections that are included and what order they appear in

150
Q

Other-race effect

A

People recognize faces of people of their own race more accurately than faces of people of other races

151
Q

Outlier

A

An extreme score that is much higher or lower than the rest of the scores in the distribution

152
Q

P Hacking

A

A data malppractice in which a researcher might perform inferential statistical calculations to see if a result was significant before deciding whether to recruit additional participants and collect more data

153
Q

P value

A

The probability that, if the null hypothesis were true, the result found in the sample would occur

154
Q

Parameters

A

Values in a population that correspond to variables measured in a study

155
Q

Parsimony

A

A principle which holds that a theory should include only as many concepts as are necessary to explain or interpret the phenomena of interest

156
Q

Participant Observation

A

Researchers become active participants in the group or situation they are studying

157
Q

Pearson’s r

A

A statistic measuring the strength of a correlation between quantitative variables ranging from -1.00 (strongest negative relationship) to +1.00 (strongest positive relationship), with 0 showing no relationship between variables

158
Q

Percentage of Nonoverlapping Data (PND)

A

The percentage of responses in the treatment condition that are more extreme than the most extreme response in a relevant control condition

159
Q

Percentile Rank

A

The percentage of scores in the distribution that are lower than a particular score

160
Q

Phenomenon

A

A general result that has been observed reliably in systematic empirical research

161
Q

Pilot test

A

A small-scale study conducted to make sure that a new procedure works as planned

162
Q

Placebo

A

A stimulated treatment that lacks any active ingredient or element that should make it effective

163
Q

Placebo control condition

A

Paricipants receive a placebo that looks like the treatment but lacks the active ingredient or element thought to be responsible for the treatment’s effectiveness

164
Q

Placebo Effect

A

A positive effect of a treatment that lacks any active ingredient or element to make it effective

165
Q

Population

A

A very large group of people

166
Q

Positive relationship

A

Higher scores on one variable tend to be associated with higher scores on the other variable

167
Q

Practical Significance

A

The importance or usefulness of the result in some real-world context

168
Q

Practice effect

A

Participants perform a task better in later conditions because they have had a chance to practice it

169
Q

Prescreening

A

A procedure used to identify and eliminate participants who are at high risk

170
Q

Pretest-posttest Design

A

The dependent variable is measured once before the treatment is implemented and once after it is implemented

171
Q

Privacy

A

A person’s right to decide what information about them is shared with others

172
Q

Probability Sampling

A

The researcher can specify the probability that each meber of the population will be selevted for the sample

173
Q

Prospect theory

A

A formal theory of decision making under uncertainty

174
Q

Protocol

A

A detailed description of the research that is reviewed by an independent committee

175
Q

Pseudoscience

A

Activities and beliefs that are claimed to be scientific by their proponents, and may appear scientific, but are not

176
Q

Psychological realism

A

The same mental process is used in both the laboratory and in the real world

177
Q

Psychometrics

A

Measurement used in the field of psychology

178
Q

Public knowledge

A

The third fundamental feature of science; scientists publish their work after asking empirical questions, making systematic observations, and drawing conclusions

179
Q

Qualitative research

A

Research where the data are usually non-numerical and are analysed using non-statistical techniques

180
Q

Quantitative research

A

Research in which data is gathered from a large number of individuals and described using a statistical technique

181
Q

Quantitative variable

A

A quantity that is typically measured by assigning a number to each individual

182
Q

Quasi-experimental research

A

The researcher manipulates an independent variable but does not randomly assign participants to conditions or orders of conditions

183
Q

Ratio level

A

Level of measurement in which there is a true zero point that represents the complete absence of the characteristic

184
Q

Random assignment

A

A method of controlling extraneous variables across conditions by using a random process to decide which participants will be tested in the different conditions

185
Q

Randomized Clinical trial

A

A type of experiment to research the effectiveness of psychotherapies and medical treatments

186
Q

Range

A

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in the distribution

187
Q

Rating scale

A

An ordered set of responses that participants must choose from

188
Q

Raw data

A

Unanalyzed data collected for a research study

189
Q

Reactivity

A

A phenomenon which occurs when subjects alter their performance due to their awareness of being observed

190
Q

Regression to the mean

A

The statistical fact that an individual who scores extremely on a variable on one occasion will tend to score less extremely on the next occasion

191
Q

Reject the null hypothesis

A

When the relationship found in the sample would be extremely unlikely; the idea that the relaitonship occurred “by chance” is rejected

192
Q

Reliability

A

The consistency of a measure

193
Q

Repeated-measures ANOVA

A

The dependent variabl is measured multiple times for each participant, allowing a more refined measure of MSW

194
Q

Replicability Crisis

A

The inability of researchers to replicate earlier research findings

195
Q

Replication

A

Conducting a study again, either exactly as was originally conducted or with modifications, to ensure that it will produce the same results

196
Q

Rescorla-Wagner model

A

A theory of classical conditioning that features an equation describing how the strength of the association between unconditioned and conditioned stimuli changes when the two are paired

197
Q

Research Ethics Board (REB)

A

A committee that is responsible for reviewing research protocols for potential ethical problems

198
Q

Research Literature

A

All the published research in a particular field

199
Q

Respect for persons

A

A guideline for the Tri-Council Policy that refers to respecting the autonomy of research participants through free, informed, and ongoing consent and protection of those incapable of exercising autonomy

200
Q

Respondents

A

Participants of a survey

201
Q

Restriction of Range

A

One or both of the variables have a limited range in the sample relative to the population

202
Q

Retain the Null Hypothesis

A

When the relationship found in the sample is likely to have occurred by chance, the null hypothesis is not rejected

203
Q

Reversal design (ABA design)

A

A study method in which the researcher gathers data on a baseline state, introduces the treatment and continues observation until a steady state is reached, and finally removes the treatment and observes the participant until they return to a steady state

204
Q

Sample

A

A small subset of a population

205
Q

Sampling bias

A

When a sample is selected in such a way that it is not representative of the entire population and therefore produces inaccurate results

206
Q

Sampling error

A

The random variability in a statistic from sample to sample

207
Q

Sampling frame

A

A list of all the members of the population from which to select the respondents

208
Q

Scatterplots

A

A graph which shows correlations between quantitative variables; each point represents one person’s score on both variables

209
Q

Science

A

A general approach to understanding the natural world

210
Q

Scope

A

The number and diversity of the phenomena a theory explains or interprets

211
Q

Self-report measures

A

Measures in which participants report on their own thoughts, feelings, and actions

212
Q

Serial position effect

A

Stimuli presented near the beginning and end of a list are remembered better than stimuli presented in the middle

213
Q

Simple random sampling

A

A probability sampling method in which each individual in the population has an equal probability of being selected for the sample

214
Q

Single-subject research

A

A type of quantitative research that involves studying the behaviour of each small number of participants in detail

215
Q

Single-variabl research

A

Research that focuses on a single variable rather than a statistical relationship between two variables

216
Q

Skepticism

A

An attitude in which one considers alternatives and searches for evidence

217
Q

Skewed

A

The peak of a distribution is shifted towards either the upper or lower end of its range

218
Q

Social validity

A

The study of strong and consistent effects that can be implemented reliably in the real-world contexts in which they occur

219
Q

Socially desirable responding

A

A phenomenon where participants respond in the way they believe to be socially appropriate or in a way desired by the researcher

220
Q

Split-half Correlation

A

Method of assessing internal consistency through splitting the items into two sets and examining the relationship between them

221
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

A conditioned response that has been extinguished often returns with no further training after the passage of time

222
Q

Spontaneous remission

A

The tendency for many medical and psychological problems to improve over time without any form of treatment

223
Q

Stage theories

A

Specify a series of stages that people pass through as they develop or adapt to their environment

224
Q

Standard deviation

A

The average distance between the scores and the mean

225
Q

Standard error

A

The standard deviation of the group divided by the square root of the sample size of the group

226
Q

Statistical control

A

The researcher measures potential third variables and includes them in the statistical analysis

227
Q

Statistical power

A

The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis given the sample size and expected relationship strength

228
Q

Statistical relationship

A

Occurs when the average score on one variable differs systematically across the levels of the other variable

229
Q

Statistical validity

A

Whether the statistics conducted in the study support the conclusions that are made

230
Q

Statistically significant

A

When there is less than a 5% chance of a result as extreme as the sample result occurring and the null hypothesis is rejected

231
Q

Steady state strategy

A

The researcher waits until the participant’s behaviour in one condition becomes fairly consistent from observation to observation before changing conditions. This way, any change across conditions will be easy to detect

232
Q

Stratified Random Sampling

A

A method of probability sampling in which the population is divided into different subgroups or “strata” and then a random sample is taken from each “stratum”

233
Q

Subject pool

A

An established gorup of people who have agreed to be contacted about participating in research studies

234
Q

Survey research

A

A quantitative approach in which variables are measured using self-reports from a sample of the population

235
Q

Symmetrical

A

A distribution whose left and right halves are mirror images of each other

236
Q

Systematic empiricism

A

The first fundamental feature of science; careful planning, making, recording, and analyzing observations of the natural world for the purposes of learning

237
Q

T Test

A

A common null hypothesis test examining the difference between two means

238
Q

Test-retest Correlation

A

The consistency of a measure on the same group of people at different times

239
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

The consistency of a measure over time

240
Q

Test statistic

A

A statistic that is computed only to help find the p value

241
Q

Theoretical approach

A

Theories in psychology are constructed from a variety of theoretical ideas

242
Q

Theoretical article

A

A type of review article primarily devoted to presenting a new theory

243
Q

Theoretical framework

A

The established context applied to understanding a phenomenon

244
Q

Theoretical narrative

A

An interpretation of the data in terms of the themes identified through qualitative research

245
Q

Theory

A

A coherent explanation or interpretation of one or more phenomena

246
Q

Third-variable problem

A

Two variables may be statistically related, but both may be caused by a third and unknown variable

247
Q

Tolerance for uncertainty

A

The acceptance of the unknown

248
Q

Treatment

A

Any intervention meant to change people’s behaviour for the better

249
Q

Treatment condition

A

A condition in a stuyd where participants receive treatment

250
Q

Trend

A

The gradual increases or decreases in the dependent variale across observations

251
Q

Triangulation

A

Using both quantitative and qualitative methods simultaneously to study the same general questions and to compare the results

252
Q

Tri-council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans

A

Canadian code of ethics that must be followed by researchers and research institutions

253
Q

Two-tailed Test

A

The null hypothesis is rejected if the t score for the sample is extreme in either direction

254
Q

Type I Error

A

When the null hypothesis is rejected when it is true; when the research concludes there is a relationship in the population when in fact there is not

255
Q

Type II Error

A

When the null hypothesis is retained when it is false; When the research concludes there is no relationship in the population when in fact there is one

256
Q

Typologies

A

Groups organized by the distinct type of person or behaviour being categorized

257
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which the scores from a measure represent the variable they are intended to

258
Q

Variability

A

The extent to which the scores vary around their central tendency

259
Q

Variale

A

A quantity or quality that varies across people or situations

260
Q

Variance

A

The mean of the squared differences; a measure of variability

261
Q

Visual Inspection

A

The plotting of individual participants’ data, examining the data, and making judgements about whether and to what extent the independent variable had an effect on the dependent variable

262
Q

Within-subjects experiment

A

Each participant is tested under all conditions

263
Q

Z score

A

The difference between an individual’s score and the mean of the distribution, divided by the standard deviation of the distribution

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