Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

school > psych final > Flashcards

psych final Flashcards

1
Q

encoding

A

first step in creating a memory - basic process that involves the formation of memory code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

storage

A

second step; the state of an item that it is retained in memory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

retrieval

A

third step; an act of getting info out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Structural Level of Processing

A

involves the basic sensory or physical characteristics of stimuli such as visual, sound, or other perceptual features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Phonemic Level of Processing

A

occurs when we pay attention to the sounds of the item we are processing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Semantic Level of Processing

A

encoding the meaning of the word with another word that is similar or has similar meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

self-referent encoding

A

a method of organizing information in one’s memory in which one interprets incoming information in relation to one’s self, using their self concept as a background.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

sensory memory

A

mental representation of how environmental events look, sound, smell, and taste.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

working memory

A

form of memory that allows a person to temporarily hold a limited amount of information at the ready for immediate mental use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

short-term memory

A

memory systems in the brain involved in remembering pieces of information for a short period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

rehearsal

A

cognitive process in which information is repeated over and over as a way of remembering and learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

chunking

A

small individual pieces of a set of information are bound together to create a meaningful whole later on in memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

recall

A

act of retrieving information or events from the past while lacking a specific cue to help in retrieving the information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

recognition

A

a form of remembering characterized by a feeling of familiarity when something previously experienced is again encountered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

relearning

A

a way of measuring retention by measuring how much faster one relearns material that has been previously learned and then forgotten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

long-term memory

A

unlimited storage information to be maintained for long periods, even for life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

flashbulb memories

A

a vivid memory about an emotionally significant event, usually a historic or other notable event (ex. Pearl harbor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cluster

A

the tendency for items to be consistently grouped together in the course of recall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

schema

A

a cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information. Simply put, a schema describes patterns of thinking and behavior that people use to interpret the world.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

conceptual hierarchy

A

a collection of objects, events, or other items with common properties arranged in a multilevel structure. Concepts on the higher levels have broad meanings, whereas those at lower levels are more specific.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

A

a state in which one cannot quite recall a familiar word but can recall words of similar form and meaning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

reality monitoring

A

processes involved in distinguishing internally generated information from information presented in the external world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

source monitoring

A

type of memory error where a specific remembered experience is incorrectly decided to be the source of memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Psychological Testing Intelligence Tests

A

IQ test, measures peoples’ cognitive functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

aptitude tests

A

an exam used to determine an individual’s skill or tendency to succeed in a given activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Achievement Tests Personality Tests

A

procedure used to measure a subject’s attainment of knowledge or skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

standardization

A

process of making something conform to a standard (standardized testing, everyone takes same test with same factors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

percentile score

A

the percent of scores in a distribution which are lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

reliability

A

consistency of the findings or results of a psych research study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

validity

A

a judgement or estimate of how well a test measures what it purports to measure in a particular context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

content validity

A

the degree to which an assessment instrument is relevant to, and representative of, the targeted construct it is designed to measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Criterion-Related Validity IQ

A

evaluates how accurately a test measures the outcome it was designed to measure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

binet-simon test

A

intelligence and school performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Stanford-Binet Test Wechsler Test

A

standard IQ test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

normal distribution standard

A

15 IQ points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

intellectual disability

A

neurodevelopmental disorders that begin in childhood and are characterized by intellectual difficulties as well as difficulties in conceptual, social, and practical areas of living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

reaction range

A

the theory that an individual’s responses as well as attitudes vary depending on both genetic factors and environmental factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Heritability of Intelligence

A

the amount of group variation in intelligence that can be attributed to genetics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

motivation

A

the desire to act in service of a goal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

homeostasis

A

a state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

drive theory

A

based on the principle that organisms are born with certain psychological needs and that a negative state of tension is created when these needs are not satisfied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

drive

A

an urgent basic need pressing for satisfaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

incentive theory

A

a behavioral theory that suggests people are motivated by a drive for incentives and reinforcement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

incentive

A

an external stimulus, such as a condition or an object, that enhances or serves as a motive for behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

external goals

A

your motivation to attain your goal comes from a source outside yourself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

hunger

A

a psychological state characterized by a desire to eat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

influences on consumption

A

Consumer behavior is shaped by psychological factors like perception and attitudes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Sensory-specific Satiety Obesity

A

the decline in pleasantness associated with a food as it is eaten relative to a food that has not been eaten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

set point

A

involves a set point of happiness, instead of a set point of weight. The set point theory of happiness stated that everyone has a standard level of happiness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

sexual motivation

A

the impulse to gratify sexual needs, either through direct sexual activity or through apparently unrelated activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Phases of Sexual Response Refractory

A

excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

parental investment

A

the investment in offspring by the parent that increases the offspring’s chances of surviving and hence reproductive success at the expense of the parent’s ability to invest in other offspring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

sexual orientation

A

an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Continuum of Orientation

A

the degree of sexual attraction to members of the opposite sex, both sexes, or the same sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

motive

A

a specific physiological or psychological state of arousal that directs an organism’s energies toward a goal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

emotion

A

a complex reaction pattern, involving experiential, behavioral and physiological elements

57
Q

Cognitive Component Physiological

A

how we interpret emotions and think about situations. The physiological component is how the body reacts to an emotion

58
Q

Component Autonomic Arousal

A

part of pain response, arousal of the autonomic nervous system, particularly its sympathetic nervous system functions, resulting in the physiological symptoms associated with anxiety and fear

59
Q

Galvanic Skin Response Polygraph

A

the most well-known use of galvanic skin response is the lie detector test, formally known as the polygraph machine. Along with measuring heart rate, respiration rate, and blood pressure, the polygraph measures galvanic skin response as questions are asked.

60
Q

theories of emotion

A

the theories of emotion suggest we have six basic emotions. They include sadness, happiness, fear, anger, surprise and disgust

61
Q

james-lange theory

A

physical changes in the body happen before the experience of the associated emotion.

62
Q

canon-bard theory

A

stimulating events trigger feelings and physical reactions that occur at the same time

63
Q

development

A

process of developing

64
Q

zygote

A

a fertilized egg, or ovum, with a diploid set of chromosomes, half contributed by the mother and half by the father

65
Q

prenatal period

A

the developmental period between conception and birth

66
Q

germinal stage

A

lasts from conception to implantation of the zygote (fertilized egg) in the lining of the uterus, first 2 weeks

67
Q

embryonic stage

A

the roughly 6-week period in which the three-layered embryo (gastrula) develops, 2 weeks - 2 months

68
Q

fetal stage

A

the final stage of human prenatal development, 2 months to birth

69
Q

Erik Erikson - Psychosocial Stages

A

8 stages of development from infancy to adulthood
0-1: trust vs mistrust
1-3: autonomy vs shame/doubt
3-6: initiative vs guilt
7-11: industry vs inferiority
12-18: identity vs confusion
19-29: intimacy vs isolation
30-64: generativity vs stagnation
65+: integrity vs despair

70
Q

Psychosocial Crisis

A

predictable tensions that arise as a result of conflicts between socialization and maturation throughout life

71
Q

Jean Piaget - Cognitive Development

A

(1) sensorimotor intelligence
(2) preoperational thinking
(3) concrete operational thinking
(4) formal operational thinking

72
Q

Object Permanence

A

you know an object or person still exists even when they are hidden and you can’t see or hear them

73
Q

conservation

A

prevention

74
Q

irreversibility

A

when children are unable to mentally reverse a sequence of events

75
Q

egocentrism

A

a state of being unable to see things from anyone’s perspective except your own.

76
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg Moral Development

A

a theory that focuses on how children develop morality and moral reasoning, 6 stages

77
Q

Preconventional Level

A

a period beginning in childhood where an individual has not yet adopted the moral principles of their society or culture.

78
Q

Conventional Level

A

the second stage of moral reasoning where individuals base their moral judgments on societal norms and expectations

79
Q

postconventional level

A

the individual moves beyond the perspective of his or her own society.

80
Q

separation anxiety

A

(SAD) is one of the most common childhood anxiety disorders

81
Q

attachment

A

the emotional bond between a human infant or a young nonhuman animal and its parent figure or caregiver

82
Q

personality

A

an individual’s unique constellation of consistent behavior

83
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating pathologies in the psyche through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.

84
Q

ego

A

operates according to the reality principle

84
Q

id

A

primitive, instinctive componnet of personality

85
Q

superego

A

acts as a self critical conscience, reflecting social standards learned from parents and teachers.

86
Q

repression (defense mechanism)

A

an unconscious mechanism employed by the ego to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious

87
Q

denial (defense mechanism)

A

involves blocking external events from awareness. If some situation is just too much to handle, the person just refuses to experience it

88
Q

projection (defense mechanism)

A

this involves individuals projecting their own unacceptable thoughts, feeling and motives to another person

89
Q

displacement (defense mechanism)

A

satisfying an impulse (e.g. aggression) with a substitute object

90
Q

regression (defense mechanism)

A

in which people seem to return to an earlier developmental stage.

91
Q

sublimation (defense mechanism)

A

satisfying an impulse (e.g. aggression) with a substitute object. In a socially acceptable way.

92
Q

psychosexual stages

A

oral : infancy-2 yrs
anal: 15 months-3 yrs
phallic: 3 yrs-6 yrs
latency: 6 yrs-puberty
genital: puberty-death

93
Q

Oedipal Complex

A

idea that male child desires his mother and fears his father

94
Q

Levels of Awareness (conscious, preconscious, unconscious)

A

our feelings, motives, and decision are actually powerfully influenced by our past experiences, and stored in the unconscious. Freud applied these three systems to his structure of the personality, or psyche - the id, ego, and superego.

95
Q

carl jung

A

believed that the human psyche had three parts: the ego, personal unconscious and collective unconscious (archetypes)

96
Q

Alfred Adler

A

central aspect of personality is to strive to adapt and master life’s challenges.

97
Q

Striving of Superiority

A

the use of effects to obtain superiority over others. This drive motivates a person to do everything perfect and complete so he may get superiority over the other person.

98
Q

overcompensation

A

excessive reaction to a feeling of inferiority, guilt, or inadequacy leading to an exaggerated attempt to overcome the feeling.

99
Q

Albert Bandura

A

social cognitive theory

100
Q

Observational Learning

A

method of learning that consists of observing and modeling another individual’s behavior, attitudes, or emotional expressions.

101
Q

Humanistic Personality Theory

A

focuses on individual’s freedom and potential for growth

102
Q

Carl Rogers

A

person-centered theory

103
Q

self-concept

A

how we perceive our behaviors, abilities, and unique characteristics. example: beliefs such as ‘‘i am a good friend’’

104
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

developed a hierarchy of needs to explain human motivation

105
Q

self-actualization

A

a concept regarding the process by which an individual reaches his or her full potential.

106
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

theory of natural, genetically based personality differences

107
Q

biological perspective

A

a way of looking at psychological issues by studying the physical basis for animal and human behavior

108
Q

Social Psychology

A

the branch of psychology that deals with social interactions, including their origins and their effects on the individual.

109
Q

implicit attitudes

A

evaluations that occur without conscious awareness towards an attitude object or the self

110
Q

Explicit Attitudes

A

attitudes that are at the conscious level, are deliberately formed and are easy to self-report

111
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

the discomfort a person feels when their behavior does not align with their values or beliefs.

112
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

the tendency people have to overemphasize personal characteristics and ignore situational factors in judging others’ behavior. Because of the fundamental attribution error, we tend to believe that others do bad things because they are bad people.

113
Q

conformity

A

the tendency for an individual to align their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors with those of the people around them.

114
Q

Asch’s Line Study

A

Asch found that people were willing to ignore reality and give an incorrect answer in order to conform to the rest of the group.

115
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

The Milgram experiment proved that people will likely follow orders, even harmful ones, when instructed by an accepted authority figure. (electrical shock, lab coat experiment)

116
Q

obedience

A

a form of social influence elicited in response to direct orders from an authority figure.

117
Q

Philip Zimbardo

A

Zimbardo is probably best known for his 1971 Stanford prison experiment,
which demonstrated the power of social situations to influence people’s behavior.

118
Q

Stanford Prison Experiment

A

While the prisoners and guards were allowed to interact in any way they wanted, the interactions were hostile or even dehumanizing

119
Q

Bystander Effect

A

onlookers will become less likely to help a person in need if other people are present

120
Q

Diffusion of Responsibility

A

occurs when people who need to make a decision wait for someone else to act instead

121
Q

stress

A

a biological and psychological response experienced upon encountering a threat that we feel we do not have the resources to deal with.

122
Q

Health Psychology

A

focuses on how biological, social and psychological factors influence health and illness

123
Q

frustration

A

a common emotional response to opposition, related to anger, annoyance and disappointment

124
Q

pressure

A

the psychological stress or external demands that individuals experience in a situation where they feel the need to perform well or meet certain expectations

125
Q

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A

a psychological conflict that arises when a goal is perceived as both desirable and undesirable (good and bad)

126
Q

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

A

times when an individual wants to avoid making a decision between two options that are both objectionable (bad and bad)

127
Q

Approach-Approach Conflict

A

when there’s conflict within a person where he or she needs to decide between two goals that are both appealing (good and good)

128
Q

Holmes & Rahe Study

A

measures your stress level and how likely you are to get sick

129
Q

Optimal level of arousal

A

where they feel alert and engaged but not stressed

130
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

describes the process your body goes through when you are exposed to any kind of stress, positive or negative

131
Q

Catharsis

A

a process of releasing negative emotions such as grief and anger, thereby relieving the adverse psychological impact of these emotions

132
Q

Constructive Coping

A

any instrumental approach to stress management that is generally considered to be adaptive or otherwise positive.

133
Q

Optimism

A

a tendency to expect good things in the future

134
Q

Catastrophic Thinking

A

when your brain engages your imagination and creates worst-case scenarios

135
Q

Type A Personality

A

traits like ambition, drive, and competitiveness

136
Q

Type B Personality

A

easygoing, relaxed and highly flexible

137
Q

burnout

A

a psychological syndrome emerging as a prolonged response to chronic interpersonal stressors on the job

school (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions