psych final Flashcards
encoding
first step in creating a memory - basic process that involves the formation of memory code
storage
second step; the state of an item that it is retained in memory.
retrieval
third step; an act of getting info out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness
Structural Level of Processing
involves the basic sensory or physical characteristics of stimuli such as visual, sound, or other perceptual features
Phonemic Level of Processing
occurs when we pay attention to the sounds of the item we are processing.
Semantic Level of Processing
encoding the meaning of the word with another word that is similar or has similar meaning
self-referent encoding
a method of organizing information in one’s memory in which one interprets incoming information in relation to one’s self, using their self concept as a background.
sensory memory
mental representation of how environmental events look, sound, smell, and taste.
working memory
form of memory that allows a person to temporarily hold a limited amount of information at the ready for immediate mental use
short-term memory
memory systems in the brain involved in remembering pieces of information for a short period of time
rehearsal
cognitive process in which information is repeated over and over as a way of remembering and learning
chunking
small individual pieces of a set of information are bound together to create a meaningful whole later on in memory
recall
act of retrieving information or events from the past while lacking a specific cue to help in retrieving the information.
recognition
a form of remembering characterized by a feeling of familiarity when something previously experienced is again encountered
relearning
a way of measuring retention by measuring how much faster one relearns material that has been previously learned and then forgotten
long-term memory
unlimited storage information to be maintained for long periods, even for life
flashbulb memories
a vivid memory about an emotionally significant event, usually a historic or other notable event (ex. Pearl harbor)
cluster
the tendency for items to be consistently grouped together in the course of recall
schema
a cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information. Simply put, a schema describes patterns of thinking and behavior that people use to interpret the world.
conceptual hierarchy
a collection of objects, events, or other items with common properties arranged in a multilevel structure. Concepts on the higher levels have broad meanings, whereas those at lower levels are more specific.
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon
a state in which one cannot quite recall a familiar word but can recall words of similar form and meaning.
reality monitoring
processes involved in distinguishing internally generated information from information presented in the external world
source monitoring
type of memory error where a specific remembered experience is incorrectly decided to be the source of memory
Psychological Testing Intelligence Tests
IQ test, measures peoples’ cognitive functioning