psych final Flashcards
what 2 groups are in an experiment?
experimental and control groups
what are the 2 variables in an experiment?
dependent and independent
what is naturalistic observation?
when a researcher studies a group’s behavior to discover patterns
what is a random sample?
a population has an equal chance of being chosen for an experimental study
what is a survey?
a representative question asked to a group of people about behavior and/or opinions
what is a dependent variable?
the result of an experiment
what are the 2 major division of the nervous system?
central and peripheral
what is a synapse?
the space between neurons
what is the brain stem and what does it do?
it’s a region of basic brain function such as breathing, coughing, and alertness
what is the occipital lobe for?
seeing
what are the temporal lobes for?
hearing
what is the peripheral nervous system divided into?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
how does sympathetic act?
excited with activity
how does parasympathetic act?
calms down after activity
what is shaping?
rewarding an animal little by little until it performs at desired level of action
what is operant conditioning?
learning that ensures repeated performance
what is observational learning?
learning by watching and imitating another person’s actions
what is retrieval?
recalling something from long term memory
what is chunking?
an encoding process of finding small units that you can easily remember
what is semantic memory?
explicit memory, like names of places
what is recognition?
a retrieval method of memory most often used in multiple-choice questions
what is the symmetrical bell-shaped curve used to represent the distribution of scores as in intelligence scores?
normal curve
what influences intelligence?
nurture and nature
how is a test reliable?
it has consistent scores
how is a test valid?
it measures what is supposed to be measured
when does object permanence occur in children?
starts at 8 months
what is a longitudinal study?
a study that studies a group of people over a long period of time
what is a cross-sectional study?
a study that test different groups at the same time
authoritarian parenting?
strict rules
authoritative parenting?
boundaries with “wiggle room” within limits
permissive parenting?
whatever you feel is okay, push over parent
neglectful parenting?
i could care less
trust vs. mistrust = ?
stage 1, hope
autonomy vs. shame = ?
stage 2, will
initiative vs. guilt = ?
stage 3, purpose
industry vs. inferiority = ?
stage 4, competence
identity vs. role-confusion = ?
stage 5, fidelity
intimacy vs. isolation = ?
stage 6, love
generativity vs. stagnation = ?
stage 7, care
ego integrity vs. despair = ?
stage 8. wisdom & faith
what did Freud teach about the unconscious?
it is the basis of human personality
what does humanism teach?
personality must be capable of healthy growth and self-actualization
what does “id” want? what is it based on?
whatever it sees. it is based on pleasure principle
The Big Five Theory of personality; OCEAN mnemonic
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
what is at the bottom of Maslow’s hierarchy needs?
physiological needs
what is at the top of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
self-actualization
what does psychoanalytic therapy use?
free association, dream analysis, and transference
what is aversive conditioning?
use of negative methods to stop unwanted behavior
ex: giving an alcoholic antabuse, it makes them puke if they drink alcohol
what disorder is the same as multiple personalities?
dissociative personality disorder
what does PTSD come from?
horrible death-threatening assault
ex: warfare, muggings, rape, etc.
people with antisocial personality disorder don’t care about what?
another person’s feelings, well-being, or possessions when committing a crime against that person
what is an obsession in OCD?
unwanted repeated thoughts that drive ritualistic repeated behavior to rid oneself of those repeated thoughts
what is schizophrenia characterized by?
delusion, hallucinations, disordered thoughts, and inconsistent behavior
what is cognitive dissonance?
the disconnect between professed beliefs and actual behavior
what is fundamental attribution error?
generalizing a person based on one situation with them
what is prejudice?
a stereotype or negative attitude towards a group or individuals in that group
what did Milgram’s experiment show
hint: electrocution and Nazi trials
most people obey authority to the point of hurting others
who created multiple intelligence tests?
Weschler and Stanford-Binet
Who says there are multiple intelligences?
Howard Gardner
