Psych Final Flashcards

Question

Locus of Control

Answer 1

- Locus of control: beliefs about the power we have in our lives - Internal locus of control: tend to believe that most of our outcomes are the direct result of our efforts - External locus of control: tend to believe that our outcomes are outside of our control - Believe lives are controlled by other people, luck, or chance

Answer 2

Each trait is scored on a continuum from high to low -The first letter of each trait spells the mnemonic OCEAN -Openness to experience: imagination, feelings, actions, ideas. Low score= prefers routine and more practical and conventional. -Conscientiousness: competence, self, disipline, thoughtfulness, goal-driven High+ hardworking, dependable, organized Low= impulsive, careless, disorganizes -Extroversion= sociability, assertiveness, emotional expression -Agreeableness= cooperative, worthy, good nature hgih= helpful and empathetic low= critical, uncooperative -Neuroticism= tendency toward unstable emotions high= anxious unhappy low= calm even tempered

Answer 3

A branch of psychology that studies how human behavior and psychology effect work and how they are affected by work. Industrial psychology: Studies job characteristics, applicant characteristics, and how to match them; also studies employee training and performance appraisal Organizational psychology: Studies interactions between people working in organizations and effects of those interactions on productivity - Interested in worker satisfaction, motivation, commitment, management and leadership styles, social norms and role expectations

Answer 4

Studies how workers interact with the tools of work and how to design those tools to optimize workers’ productivity, safety, and health

Answer 5

The increase in performance of individuals who are noticed, watched, and paid attention to by researchers or supervisors

Answer 6

Researched effects of leadership styles, team structure, and team dynamics - Studied group interactions, cooperation, competition, and communication - Coined the term “group dynamics

Answer 7

employees’ ability to set their own hours allowing them to work from home at different parts of the day - increased conflict between work and family because there is no seperation between home and work life

Answer 8

Judgement about the degree of potential harm/threat to well-being that a stressor may entail - Threat: stressor that could lead to harm, loss, or negative consequences - Challenge: stressor that carries the potential for gain or personal growth - EX: graduating college can be a threat or challenge

Answer 9

Judgement of the options available to cope with a stressor, and perceptions of how effective such options will be - A threat is less stressful if we believe something can be done about it

Answer 10

A set of physiological reactions that occur when an individual encounters a perceived threat - These reactions are produced by activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system - The arousal prepares the person to either fight or flee from a perceived threat - An adaptive response that helps species survival

Answer 11

The body’s nonspecific physiological response to stress. 1. Alarm reaction – the body’s immediate reaction upon facing a threatening situation or emergency - Physiological reactions that provide energy to manage the situation 2. Stage of resistance – the body has adapted (readjusted) to the stressor, but remains alert and prepared to respond (with less intensity) - Physiological reactions diminish 3. Stage of exhaustion – person can no longer adapt to the stressor (depletion of physical resources) because of the physical toll on the body’s tissues and organs

Answer 12

Individual attempts to manage or alter the problem that is causing them to experience stress

Answer 13

Efforts to change or reduce the negative emotions associated with stress

Answer 14

An acquired belief that one is powerless to do anything about a situation - Seligman's experiment, dogs were placed in a chamber where they received electric shocks they could not escape - Later, when they were given the opportunity to escape, most dogs gave up and didn’t try

Answer 15

A particular experience that is so engaging and engrossing that it becomes worth doing for its own sake - Feeling of losing oneself in an activity - State of effortless concentration and focus - Feels like time passes more quickly than usual - Usually related to creative or leisure activities - Experienced by people who like their job or students who love studying - Typically occurs when people engage in challenging activities that require skills and knowledge they know they possess - Thought to play a key role in happiness

Answer 16

DSM-5 is the classification system used by most mental health professionals -Diagnostic features: overview of the disorder -Diagnostic criteria: specific symptoms required for diagnosis -Prevalence: percent of population thought to be afflicted -Risk factors: Provides information about comorbidity (the co-occurrence of two disorders)

Answer 17

View psychological disorders as linked to biological phenomena: - Genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities - Supported by evidence that most psychological disorders have a genetic component - A person’s risk of developing schizophrenia increases if a relative has schizophrenia - The closer the genetic relationship, the higher the risk

Answer 18

integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder - People with an underlying predisposition for a disorder (diathesis) are more likely than others to develop a disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events - A diathesis can be a biological or psychological vulnerability

Answer 19

characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety and by related disturbances in behavior - treated with anti-anxiety agents like Xanax, Valium, Ativan (Benzodiazepines) Buspar (non-Benzodiazepine)

Answer 20

a relatively continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension. Symptoms: restlessness, difficulty concentrating, being easily fatigued, muscle tension, irritability, and sleep difficulties

Answer 21

-depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day -Loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities -At least 5 symptoms for at least a 2-week period - Symptoms cause significant distress or impair normal functioning and are not caused by substances or a medical condition - Major depressive disorder is episodic (symptoms are usually present at their full magnitude for a certain period of time and then gradually diminish) Symptoms: - Weight loss or weight gain/increased or decreased appetite - Difficulty falling asleep or too much sleep - Psychomotor agitation or psychomotor retardation - Fatigue/loss of energy - Feelings of worthlessness or guilt - Difficulty concentrating, indecisiveness - Suicidal ideation – thoughts of death, thinking about/planning suicide, suicide attempt

Answer 22

intense and persistent sadness. Subtypes: -Seasonal pattern: applies to situations in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year - Peripartum onset (postpartum depression): major depression during pregnancy or in the four weeks following the birth - Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia): depressed moods most of the day nearly every day or at least two years, as well as at least two of the other symptoms of major depression - treated with anti depressants like paxil prozac Zoloft (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, [SSRIs]); Tofranil and Elavil (tricyclics)

Answer 23

- involves mood states that fluctuate between depression and mania - Symptoms of mania: extreme talkativeness, excessive irritability, exhibit flight of ideas, easily distracted, exhibit grandiosity, show little need for sleep, take on several tasks at once, engage in reckless behaviors - treated with lithium and other mood stablizaers like depakote, lamictal, and tegretol

Answer 24

a psychotic disorder, or one in which the person’s thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are impaired to the point where they are not able to function normally in life. Symptoms: Hallucinations: perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation Delusions: beliefs that are contrary to reality - Paranoid delusions: belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm them - Grandiose delusions: belief that one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important - Somatic delusions: belief that something highly abnormal is happening to one’s body -Disorganized thinking: disjointed and incoherent thought processes -Disorganized or abnormal motor behavior : unusual behaviors/movements - Catatonic behaviors: decreased reactivity to the environment - Negative Symptoms: decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, drives - antipsychotics are used to treat it Haldol, Mellaril, Prolixin, Thorazine, Abilify, Risperdal, Clozaril

Answer 25

characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood, as well as marked impulsivity Symptoms: - Cannot tolerate the thought of being alone – will make frantic efforts to avoid abandonment or separation - Relationships are intense and unstable - Unstable view of self – might suddenly display a shift in personal attitudes, interests, career plans, and choice of friends - May be highly impulsive and may engage in reckless and self-destructive behaviors - May sometimes show intense and inappropriate anger - Can be moody, sarcastic, bitter and verbally abusive

Answer 26

Treat positive psychotic symptoms such as auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia by blocking the neurotransmitter dopamine. Long-term use can lead to tardive dyskinesia, involuntary movements of the arms, legs, tongue and facial muscles, resulting in Parkinson’s-like tremors

Answer 27

Alter levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine. Headache, nausea, weight gain, drowsiness, reduced sex drive, Tricyclics: dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, drowsiness, reduced sex drive, increased risk of suicide

Answer 28

Depress central nervous system activity. Drowsiness, dizziness, headache, fatigue, lightheadedness.

Answer 29

Bipolar, treat episodes of mania as well as depression, excessive thirst, irregular heartbeat, itching/rash, swelling (face, mouth, and extremities), nausea, loss of appetite

Answer 30

ADHD, improve ability to focus on a task and maintain attention, decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, stomachache, headache

Answer 31

therapist does not judge clients and simply accepts them for who they are. This is part of humanistic therapy and was created by Carl Rogers.IN client- centered therapy, therapists use unconditional positive regard.

Answer 32

type of exposure therapy wherein a calm and pleasant state is gradually associated with increasing levels of anxiety-inducing stimuli

Answer 33

Personality traits are developed through learning and cognition (behavioral perspective is another one) - Observational learning plays a role in development of personality and self efficacy as well. Which is our level of confidence in our own abilities developed through social experiences.

Answer 34

Perspective that emphasizes the potential for good innate within all humans . How healthy people develop, share similar characteristics like being creative, open, loving, compassionate, and accepting - Carl Rogers proposed ideas regarding self concept (thought and feelings about our ideal and real self), congruence between these two gives us happiness.

Answer 35

our personalities and individual differences have evolved, in part, to provide us with some form of adaptive advantage in the context of survival and reproduction.

Answer 36

looks at how cultural factors influence human behavior. While many aspects of human thought and behavior are universal, cultural differences can lead to often surprising differences in how people think, feel, and act