psych final

Question 1

Abrams et al (1990)

Answer 1

A study on the effect that social identity has on an individual’s rate of conformity. In each trial the confederates and one actual participant, always at the end, sat in a row.

Question 2

Asch (1956)

Answer 2

Found that the group size influences whether subjects conformed. The bigger the majority group (# of confederates), the more people conformed, but only up to a certain point.

Question 3

Bagby and Rector (1992)

Answer 3

They believed the minimal group paradigm was too artificial and wanted to investigate an in-group bias in groups that already existed - in a court room. The researchers carried out a true experiment to see if one’s social identity would influence their objectivity in determining the guilt of a defendant accused of rape.

Question 4

Bandura (1961)

Answer 4

They used vicarious reinforcement which says that when we observe others receive a reward, then we may imitate that behavior. They exposed the children to aggressive models to see if they too would act aggressively.

Question 5

Berry (1967)

Answer 5

adapted Asch’s famous line-length experimental design. Conformity is the act of behaving in a way that is consistent with the group, or more precisely, it’s adjusting one’s behavior so as to be consistent with social norms. In other words, it’s when you do what everyone else is doing.

Question 6

Charlton et al (2002)

Answer 6

To investigate whether the children of St.Helena would exhibit aggressive behavior when exposed to television in 1995. Procedure: - Natural experiment, Children aged 3-8 years observed, before / after introduction to tv.

Question 7

Chen et al (2005)

Answer 7

Investigate the role of confucian work dynamism (long-term orientation) on an individual’s buying habits

Question 8

Drury et al (2009)

Answer 8

To discover whether people would band together in the case of an emergency evacuation due to being told specific instructions that were inclusive of others around them. Those that shared a common identity were more likely to help one another, even risking their own safety.

Question 9

Festinger (1956)

Answer 9

Doomsday cult

Question 10

Hamilton & Gifford (1976)

Answer 10

Investigating illusory correlation, the participants were asked to read descriptions about two made-up groups.Descriptions were based on a number of positive and negative behaviors.
Group A - performed 18 positive and 8 negative behaviors.
Group B - performed 9 positive and 4 negative behaviors.
-Asked to attribute behaviors the other group.

Question 11

Harris & Fiske (2006)

Answer 11

Investigate the biological correlates of a contemptuous stereotype by observing the role of the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala in reacting to what they called extreme out-groups.

Question 12

Kearins (1981)

Answer 12

To see if native Australians will perform better than white Australians on tests that took advantage of their ability to encode with visual cues. Basically to see if culture affects memory.

Question 13

Kimball (1986)

Answer 13

-Study the impact of television on children’s aggressive behavior by carrying out a longitudinal natural experiment. Done in 3 small towns in British Columbia and Canada, first when they didn’t have tv in 1973 and again in 1975 when they did have one channel.

Question 14

Kulkofsky et al (2011)

Answer 14

The role of culture on flashbulb memory. They studied five countries - China, Germany, Turkey, the UK and the USA.

Question 15

Rogers & Frantz (1961)

Answer 15

Immigrants to Zimbabwe became more prejudiced the longer they had been in the country. They gradually conformed more to the prevailing cultural norm of prejudice against the black population.

Question 16

Sherif et al (1954)

Answer 16

It is an intergroup study, looking at what causes groups to change their behaviors when they come into contact with each other. The study explores Sherif’s theory of Realistic Conflict, looking at what happens when groups are forced to compete or cooperate.

Question 17

Steele & Aronson (1995)

Answer 17

seeing how stereotype threat affects test performance in African Americans

Question 18

Tajfel (1971)

Answer 18

To test whether the simple act of grouping was enough to produce prejudice between groups of very similar people even when there is no history or competition between the groups. (klee and kandinsky)

Question 19

Milgram (1963)

Answer 19

Participants were told by an experimenter to administer increasingly powerful electric shocks to another individual. Unbeknownst to the participants, shocks were fake and the individual being shocked was an actor. The majority of participants obeyed, even when the individual being shocked screamed in pain

Question 20

S.I.T.

Answer 20

Social identity theory is a psychological theory that explains how individuals form and maintain their identities. The theory proposes that individuals have a natural tendency to categorize themselves and others into social groups based on shared characteristics, such as gender, race, nationality, religion, and occupation. These social groups, or “social categories,” provide individuals with a sense of belonging and a distinct social identity.
According to the theory, individuals tend to view their own group favorably, and to view other groups less favorably. This “in-group bias” is a result of the need to maintain a positive social identity and to differentiate oneself from other groups.
Social identity theory also proposes that individuals engage in various forms of behavior in order to maintain and enhance their social identity. These behaviors can include conformity to group norms, social comparison, and collective action.
Overall, social identity theory offers a framework for understanding how individuals form and maintain their identities within the context of social groups.

Question 21

S.C.T.

Question 22

Methods @ sociocultural approach

Question 23

Stereotyping

Question 24

Acculturation

Question 25

Enculturation

Question 26

Assimilation