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Psychology 100 > Psych Exam Prep > Flashcards

Psych Exam Prep Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Empiricism

A

The gaining of knowledge through observable facts and experiences.

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2
Q

What is Psychology?

A

Psychology is the study of behaviour and mental processes

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3
Q

What is Behaviour?

A

Behaviour is an action that can be observed, recorded and measured

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4
Q

What is Structuralism?

A

Structuralist psychologists break complex phenomena down to their smallest components and then study these components, assuming that if they understand all the parts, they will understand the whole.

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5
Q

What is Functionalism?

A

Functionalist psychologists examine behaviours, traits, and perspective by asking “What are they for?”

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6
Q

What are 5 ways to Collect Data?

A

Naturalistic Observation, case study, experiment, survey, correlational studies

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7
Q

Define Independent Variable

A

The variable the experimenter manipulates is referred to as the independent variable because it is independent of all other outside variables that might influence the outcome of the experiment.

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8
Q

Define Dependent Variable

A

The variable the experimenter measures, or the outcome of the experiment, is referred to as the dependent variable because changes in the variable (should) depend on the manipulations the experimenter makes on the independent variable.

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9
Q

What is Validity?

A

To the degree in which the operational definition of a variable accurately reflects the variable it is designed to measure or manipulate.

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10
Q

What is Reliability?

A

The repeatability of a measurement; the likely hood that if the measurement was made again, it would yield to the same value.
1/20=reliable, meaning that it didn’t happen by chance.

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11
Q

The examination of relations between two or more measurements or behaviour or other characteristics of people or other animals. Measure Relationships between two variables. (can’t confirm cause and effect)
What is this?

A

Correlational study

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12
Q

A study in which the researcher changes the value of an independent variable and observes whether this manipulation affects the value of a dependent variable. Can confirm the existence of cause-and-effect relations among variables. What is this?

A

Experiment

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13
Q

What are the five steps in creating and experiment?

A
  • Formulate a Hypothesis
  • identify variables
  • Design a study
  • Collect the Data
  • Analyze Data and Obtain Results
  • Draw Conclusions from the results; use them to develop a new hypothesis; share findings with others.
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14
Q

Define Placebo effect

A

When people who falsely believe they are receiving a treatment respond as if they had actually been treated.

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15
Q

What is a Confound?

A

A potential confound is present whenever a factor that is not controlled for might influence the subjects’ behaviour (the dependent variable) in systematic ways.

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16
Q

Common measure of life stressors is a scale called:

A 
Social
Readjustment
Rating
Scale
SRRS
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17
Q

What three stages do we go through when exposed to severe stressors?

A

Alarm(may experience shock), Resistance(or adaptation), Exhaustion(lose ability to adapt, susceptible to illness or death).

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18
Q

What is Self-efficacy?

A

Confidence that we can perform the necessary actions to reach a satisfying outcome. The more self-efficacy we have for a particular task, the more likely we are to try it, persist at it and then succeed. -Ability to cope with threat or control the stressor. -The more you feel control over certain environment stressors, the less stress you experience.

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19
Q

Primary Appraisal allow us to ____________…..

A

allows us to perceive a new changing environment as is beneficial, neutral or negative

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20
Q

Secondary Appraisal is a(n) _________

A

assessment of coping abilities, resources, and judgements as to whether they will be sufficient to meet the harm, threat or challenge of a new changing event.

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21
Q

Define Symptom:

A

A persons actions, thoughts, feelings that could be an indicator of a mental disorder.

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22
Q

Define Syndrome:

A

Collection of symptoms

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23
Q

What is the DSM-IV-TR?

A

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) outlines the various mental disorders and the specific criteria required for each disorder diagnosis. It is currently in its fourth edition.

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24
Q

Describe the Three-Prong-Test

A

According to the DSM a patient’s symptoms only qualify as a mental disorder if they:

  • Cause a clinically significant impairment in an individual’s ability to function.
  • Are NOT a predictable reaction to an external event.
  • Are NOT the result of an individual’s voluntary choice.
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25
Q

What is Anxiety?

A

A sense of apprehension, fear, or doom that is accompanied with physiological reactions such as increased heart rate, sweaty palms, and tightness in stomach.

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26
Q

What is a Phobic Disorder?

A

An unrealistic, excessive fear of a specific class of stimuli that interferes with normal activities.

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27
Q

What is a Panic Disorder?

A

Unpredictable attacks of acute anxiety that are accompanied with high levels of physiological arousal and that last from a few seconds to a few hours. Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, anticipatory anxiety, negative expectations and environment.

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28
Q

What disorder is this? : Recurrent, unwanted thoughts or ideas and compelling urges to engage in repetitive ritual-like behaviour.

A

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

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29
Q

What is a PsychoActive substance?

A

A chemical substance that acts upon the central nervous system where it affects brain function, resulting in changes a person’s emotions, perceptions, or thoughts

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30
Q

What is “substance Dependence”?

A

Occurs when an individuals’ repeated use results in tolerance withdrawal and compulsive drug seeking behaviour.

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31
Q

What is “Substance Abuse”?

A

Is diagnosed when a persons’ repeated use of a substance results in serious adverse consequences.

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32
Q

What is “Substance Intoxication”?

A

occurs when a person suffers clinically significant negative or harmful behavioural changes or psychological effects because of the influence of a psychoactive substance.

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33
Q

What is a Positive Symptom?

A

Positive symptoms such as delusions or hallucinations usually reflect an excess or distortion of a normal brain function.

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34
Q

What is a Negative Symptom?

A

Negative symptoms such as slowed speech or movement normally reflect a diminution or loss of normal brain function.

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35
Q

Name three types of Delusions

A

-Control, Grandeur, perception

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36
Q

Name types of Hallucinations

A
  • Auditory or Visual
  • Contribute to delusions
  • Command Hallucinations
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37
Q

Name four types of Disorganized Speech

A

Disorganized Speech:

  • Over inclusion (Jumps from topic to topic)
  • Clang Speech: Rhyming
  • Neologisms: Making up words
  • Echolalia: Repetition of other people.
38
Q

Name types of Disorganized Behaviour:

A

Disorganized Behaviour:

  • Inappropriate behaviour for a situation
  • inappropriate affect os expressed
  • Catatonic Behaviour=unresponsive behaviour.
39
Q

Name some symptoms of a major depressive episode

A

Depressed Mood

  • Diminished Pleasure
  • loss of appetite and weight
  • significant change in sleep patterns
  • insomnia and/or hypersomnia
  • Psychomotor agitation or retardation
  • Fatigue or loss of energy
  • Feelings of worthlessness/ inappropriate guilt
  • diminished ability to think/concentrate, indecisiveness
  • recurrent thoughts of death/suicide
40
Q

What is Dysthymia?

A

Dysthymia: Dysthymia is a less severe form of depression. Symptoms are similar to those listed for major depressive disorder, but are significantly less severe in intensity and duration.

41
Q

What are some symptoms of Mania? (or a manic Episode)

A
  • Inflated self esteem
  • Decreased need for sleep
  • Extra talkative
  • Distractibility
  • Increase in goal directed activity
  • Excessive independent in please activities that are dangerous
42
Q

What is Bipolar I?

A

Bipolar I Disorder is characterized by episodes of mania that are accompanied by episodes of depression. The mania is the dominant feature. -One or more manic episodes OR mixed episodes
-Major Depressive Episode MAY have occurred in the past.

43
Q

What is Bipolar II?

A

Experience of at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode defined as a period of abnormally elevated mood that persists for at least four days and is accompanied by at least three additional manic symptoms.-One or more Major Depressive Episodes with at least one Hypomanic Episode.

44
Q

What is Dissociation?

A

Dissociation: A disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity and perception.

45
Q

What is Systematic Desensitization?

A

Systematic Desensitization: Pair increasingly feared stimuli with a relaxed response.

46
Q

What is Flooding?

A

A form of exposure therapy where the client is exposed to the object of fear directly and fully, but without actual harm, and kept there until his or her panic reactions go away.

47
Q

What is Aversion Therapy?

A

Aversion therapy involves pairing an undesirable behaviour (e.g., drinking alcohol in the case of a person with alcohol dependence) and an aversive stimulus (e.g., a drug that makes individuals nauseous when they consume alcohol) so that the individual will develop a less favourable emotional association with the undesirable behaviour (e.g., drinking alcohol) and its reward value will decrease.

48
Q

What is Imaginal-Exposure?

A

A form of exposure therapy where the client imagines the feared stimulus rather than actually experiencing exposure.

49
Q

What is CBT?

A

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: a treatment method that focusses on altering client’s thoughts, beliefs, and perceptions.

50
Q

What is Gestalt therapy?

A

a from of therapy emphasizing the unity of mind and body by getting in touch with unconscious bodily sensations and emotional feelings.

51
Q

What is Humanistic Therapy?

A

A form of therapy in which the client is allowed to decide what to talk about without strong direction and judgement from the therapist.

52
Q

What is Electroconvulsive therapy?

A

Treatment for severe depression that involves passing small amounts of electrical current through the brain to produce seizure activity.

53
Q

What is the CNS and what does it include?

A

The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord. The spinal cord communicates with all the sensory organs and muscles, except those of the head.

54
Q

What is the PNS and what does it include?

A 
The PNS includes cranial nerves and spinal nerves, which transmit sensory information from the body to the CNS and transmit motor and other commands in the other direction, from the CNS to muscles, glands, and internal organs.
Skeletal Nervous system
Sensory or afferent 
 Motor or efferent
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic 
 Parasympathetic
55
Q

What is the brain made up of?

A
  • Meninges (protective layers, separate from skull)
  • Blood Vessels (Lots! feed the brain and get rid of waste)
  • Cerebral spinal fluid (supports and cushions the brain)
  • Neurons
  • Glia (supporting cells, Protective, help neurons do their work)
  • Grey and White matter
56
Q

What does Cerebral Spinal Fluid do?

A

Supports and cushions the brain

57
Q

What are the Meninges?

A

the three membranes (the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater) that line the skull and vertebral canal and enclose the brain and spinal cord.

58
Q

What do Blood Vessels do for the Brain?

A

feed the brain and get rid of waste. Arteries carry blood to brain, veins carry used blood away from brain.

59
Q

What are ‘Glia’ and what do they do?

A

The glia, neuroglia, or glial cells are supporting cells. There are different kinds of glia (beyond the scope of this course) and they serve supportive and protective functions – helping the neurons to do their work.

60
Q

What are Sensory Neurons and what do they do?

A

Detect information from the physical world and pass that information to the brain (e.g., light receptor neurons in the eye or touch receptor neurons in the skin). Sensory neurons are often called afferent neurons because they send signals FROM the body TO the brain.

61
Q

What do Motor Neurons do?

A

Direct muscles to relax or contract, producing movement. They are efferent neurons, sending information FROM the brain TO the body.

62
Q

What does the Brain Stem do?

A

The lower part of the brain that connects it with the spinal cord; important for consciousness, sleep, and life-maintaining functions like breathing and heartbeat.

63
Q

What does the Cerebellum do?

A

Pair of hemispheres resembling the cerebral hemispheres that are involved in motor control – the cerebellum ensures that movements are coordinated, well timed, and precise.

64
Q

What does the Hypothalamus do?

A

Area of the brain that controls the hormonal system, drives (like hunger and thirst), and body temperature, where the behaviours are responses to these drives.

65
Q

What does the Thalamus do?

A

nformation from the sensory organs and motor signals from subcortical structures like the basal ganglia are received by thalamic regions and relayed separately to cortex. The thalamus is also involved in regulating wakefulness and sleep.

66
Q

What does the Limbic System do?

A

Number of interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem and are important for motivation, emotion, and some types of memory.

67
Q

What does the Amygdala do?

A

Part of the limbic system of the brain, very important for emotional learning.

68
Q

What does the Hippocampus do?

A

Part of the limbic system of the brain, essential for encoding certain types of memory, including learning one’s way around a place (spatial memory) and memories of facts and knowledge that can be consciously retrieved (declarative memory).

69
Q

Describe the roles of the Prefrontal Cortex

A

The prefrontal cortex occupies about 30% of the cortex in humans and is essential for rational, goal-directed activity, for directing and maintaining attention, for keeping ideas in mind, and for developing plans and acting on them.

70
Q

What do receptor Cells do?

A

Specialized neurons that transduce (convert) physical energy (light, chemical, mechanical, or sound) into electrical signals

71
Q

What type of receptor cells are sensitive to light?

A

Photoreceptors

72
Q

What type of photo receptors are sensitive to touch, vibration and pressure?

A

Mechanoreceptors

73
Q

What type of receptors are sensitive to temperature?

A

Thermoreceptors

74
Q

What type of receptors are sensitive to chemicals?

A

Chemoreceptors

75
Q

What type of receptors are sensitive to pain?

A

Nociceptors

76
Q

What is Sensory Adaptation?

A

A change, usually a decrease, in sensitivity that occurs when a sensory system is repeatedly stimulated in exactly the same way.

77
Q

What is Habituation?

A

A decrease, in perception or behaviour in response to a stimulus when an organism has learned that that stimulus is irrelevant (neither good nor bad)

78
Q

Who’s/ What Law is this? :

The size of the just-noticeable difference of a stimulus divided by its initial intensity is a constant.

A

Weber’s Law

79
Q

What is Signal Detection Theory? (SDT)

A

Mathematical theory of the detection of stimulation in which every stimulus event requires discrimination between signal (stimulus) and noise (consisting of both background stimuli and random activity of the nervous system)

80
Q

What is Dualism?

A

The philosophical belief that reality consists of two distinct entities: mind and matter (body)

81
Q

What is Materialism?

A

Philosophical belief that reality can be known only through an understanding of the physical world of which the mind is a part

82
Q

What is Physicalism?

A

The view that everything that exists is no more extensive than its physical properties

83
Q

What is Monoism?

A

The view that only one kind of substance exists

84
Q

What is REM?

A

Rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep

Period of sleep during which dreaming, rapid eye movements, and muscular paralysis occur and the EEG shows beta activity

85
Q

Define Reinforcement

A

Reinforcement: A consequence that increases the likelihood of the operant response occurring again.

86
Q

Define Punishment

A

A consequence that decreases the likelihood of the operant response occurring again.

87
Q

Describe Positive Reinforcement

A

Delivery of something good

88
Q

Describe Negative Reinforcement

A

Removal of something bad

89
Q

Describe positive punishment

A

Delivery of something bad

90
Q

Describe Negative punishment

A

Removal of something good.

Psychology 100 (2 decks)

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