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psych exam Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology

A

scientific study of mind and behavior

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2
Q

date information

A

collected through formal observation or measurement

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3
Q

scientific method

A

used to create knowledge about the causes of behavior

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4
Q

levels of explanation

A

perspectives used to understand behavior

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5
Q

individual differences

A

variations among people on physical or psychological dimensions

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6
Q

basic research

A

answers questions about behavior

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7
Q

applied research

A

finds solutions to everyday problems

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8
Q

empirical

A

when psychologists study topics that interest them, and collect and organize data and draw conclusions from it

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9
Q

objective

A

without personal attachment

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10
Q

theory

A

integrated set of principles that explains and predicts many, but not all relationships within a given domain of inquiry

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11
Q

research hypothesis

A

specific and falsifiable prediction about the relationship between or among two or more variables

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12
Q

variable

A

any attribute that can assume different values among different people or across different times or places

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13
Q

measured variables

A

variables consisting of numbers that represent conceptual values

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14
Q

operational definition

A

a precise statement of how a conceptual variable is turned into a measurable value

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15
Q

ethical research

A

when the costs and benefits are weighed against each other

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16
Q

deception

A

whenever a research participant is not completely and fully informed about the nature of the research project before participating in it

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17
Q

research design

A

specific method a researches uses to collect, analyze and interpret data

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18
Q

descriptive research

A

research designed to provide a snapshot of the current state of affairs

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19
Q

sample

A

people chosen to participate in research

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20
Q

population

A

all of the people the researcher wishes to know about

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21
Q

correlational research

A

designed to discover relationships among variables and allow the prediction of future events from present knowledge

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22
Q

common causal variable (third variable)

A

correlation does not imply causation (example of women taking hormone replacement therapy=less heart disease) not connected (women on HRT came from wealthier backgrounds and had better diets)

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23
Q

spurious correlation

A

relationship between variables in which a common causal variable produces and “explains away” the relationship

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24
Q

experimental research

A

research that provides more definitive conclusions about the causal relationships among variables in the research hypothesis than is available from correlational designs

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25
Q

independent variable

A

causing variable that is created (manipulated)

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26
Q

dependent variable

A

measured variable that is expected to be influenced by the experimental manipulation

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27
Q

intelligence

A

ability to think, learn, and solve problems, as well as adapt to new situations

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28
Q

fluid intelligence

A

capacity to learn new ways of solving problems and performing activities- able to solve never before seen problems

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29
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

accumulated knowledge of the world we have acquired through our life

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30
Q

Flynn effect

A

observation that scores on intelligence tests worldwide have increased substantially over the past decades

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31
Q

env. and intelligence

A

upper class households provide safety, nutrition, and support. these factors become more varied in low income homes

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32
Q

emotional intelligence

A

ability to accurately identify, assess and understand emotions (control)

33
Q

eugenics

A

proposal that one could improve the human species by encouraging or permitting reproduction of only those people with genetic characteristics judged as desirable

34
Q

stereotype threat

A

performance decrements caused by knowledge of cultural stereotypes

35
Q

growth spurters

A

told teachers kids were going to have a growth spurt- teacher focused more on them- IQ went up

36
Q

entity theory

A

intelligence is fixed

37
Q

incremental theory

A

intelligence can change- setbacks can result in change and from change comes learning

38
Q

growth spurters study

A

Rosenthal and Jacobson- explain

39
Q

stereotype threat study

A

steele and aronson
H-racial diff. on intelligence tests due to fear of confirming negative stereotype
IV-race of students (B&W)
IV2-description of difficult test
(control condition) test is measure of intelligence
(experimental condition) test is a series of puzzles
results- black students did poorly when they thought the test was measuring intelligence due to stereotype threat. when they thought the test was a series of puzzles their performance increased and the white students performance decreased

40
Q

stereotype threat study 2

A

steele, aronson, and quinn
H-gender diff. on math tests due to fear of confirming negative stereotype
IV1- gender (men&women)
IV2-description of math test
(control condition) gender differences
(experimental condition) NO gender differences
DV- performance on math test
women performed equal to men when they did not believe the test was confirming the stereotype of gender

41
Q

consciousness

A

our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

42
Q

circadian rhythm

A

guides daily waking and sleeping cycles in many animals

43
Q

REM

A

sleep stage characterized by the presence of quick fast eye movements and dreaming

44
Q

dreams

A

succession of images, thoughts, sounds and emotions that passes through our minds while sleeping

45
Q

consolidation

A

we dream about the things being moved to long term memory

46
Q

meditation

A

techniques where individual focuses on something specific, with the goal of ignoring external distractions, and achieves relaxation

47
Q

Kirkpatrick et al

A

women in meditation training showed- better ability to focus on important senses. better ability to tune out unimportant senses. greater self awareness.

48
Q

cognition

A

acquiring and using knowledge

49
Q

flashbulb memory

A

vivid and emotional memory of an unusual event that people believe they remember very well

50
Q

propositions

A

squirrels eat burritos- a statement that may or may not be true based on personal reference

51
Q

node

A

meeting place for various connections associated with a topic

52
Q

associative link

A

connections between nodes in the netword

53
Q

spreading activation

A

activity in one node flows to other nodes through links (“turns on”) another thought. strength of link depends on experience

54
Q

heuristics

A

info processing strategies that are useful in many cases but may lead to errors when misapplied

55
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

when we base our judgments on information that seems to represent, or match, what we expect will happen. while ignoring other potentially more relevant statistical information(flipping a coin(

56
Q

availability heruistic

A

tendency to make judgments of the frequency or likelihood that an event occurs on the basis of the ease whith which it can be retrieved from memory (words that start with R vs. words that have “R” as the third letter)

57
Q

controlled cognitive process

A

requires attention

58
Q

automatic process

A

does not require attention

59
Q

stroop effect

A

is a demonstration of interference in the reaction time of a task. When the name of a color (e.g., “blue”, “green”, or “red”) is printed in a color which is not denoted by the name (i.e., the word “red” printed in blue ink instead of red ink), naming the color of the word takes longer and is more prone to errors than when the color of the ink matches the name of the color. This demonstrates controlled cognitive processes vs automatic.

60
Q

creativity

A

tendency to generate or recognize ideas, alternatives or possibilities that may be useful in solving problems

61
Q

9/11 study

A

explain

62
Q

do people see what confirms their stereotypes?

A 
Darley and Gross
H- people will see a students behavior consistent with stereotypes
-wealthy vs poor
Experiment: manipulate 2 variables
IV1- description of hannah
IV2-seeing her performance on test
DV- evaluation of hannahs ability

those who saw hannah represented as wealthy noticed her correct scores. the opposite for those who were told she was poor

63
Q

memory

A

the ability to store and retrieve information over time

64
Q

explicit memory

A

knowledge or experience that can be consciously remembered

65
Q

recall memory test

A

a measure of explicit memory that involves bringing back info that has previously been remembered

66
Q

recognition memory test

A

measure of explicit memory that involves determining whether info has been seen or learned before

67
Q

relearning

A

assess how much more quickly info is processed or learned when it is studied again after it has already been learned but then forgotten

68
Q

implicit memory

A

influence of experience on behavior, even if individual is not aware of the influences

69
Q

priming

A

changes in behavior as a result of experiences that have happened frequently or recently

70
Q

sensory memory

A

brief storage of sensory info

71
Q

short term memory

A

the place where small amounts of info can be temporarily kept for more than a few seconds but usually for less than one minute (basket)

72
Q

working memory

A

processes that we use to make sense of, modify, interpret, and store info in short term memory (secretary filing)

73
Q

long term memory

A

memory storage that can hold information for days, months, and years

74
Q

encoding

A

process by which we place the things that we experience into memory

75
Q

elaborative encoding

A

processing new information in ways that make it more relevant or meaningful

76
Q

retrieval

A

reactivating information that has been stored in memory

77
Q

Hirst et al

A

9/11 study
IV- content of the memory

experimental condition: where were you when you heard about the attacks on 9/11?

control condition: what did you do yesterday?

DV- how accurate is the memory?

results: details of memories decreased with time and the amt of inacurrate facts increased

78
Q

loftus and palmer

A

post event info

video clip=2 cars in accident

asked viewers to recall info but the questions were framed using “leading” terms. how fast were the cars going when they SMASHED, HIT, CONTACTED…

people remembered accident differently based on this

79
Q

false memories (kassin)

A

IV1- slow paced or fast paced typing
IV2-witness or no witness
DV- what % sign “confession”
what % believe they committed the crime? What % created details to support their false memory that never happened?

psych 101 (1 decks)

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