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Psych- Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Stress

A

The internal processes that occur as people try to adjust to events and situations, especially those that perceive to be beyond thier coping capacity

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2
Q

Stressors

A

Events or situations to which people must adjust

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3
Q

Stress reactions

A

The physical, psychological, and behavioral responses that occur in the face of a stressor.

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4
Q

Stress mediators

A

Anything dealing with Cognitive appraisal, predictability, control, coping resources an methods, social support. Whether or not you have this depends on the type of response the person will have

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5
Q

Catastrophic thinking

A

Sudden, unexpected, potentially life-threatening experiences or traumas that replay in persons head even though it hasn’t happened to them yet.

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6
Q

Chronic problems

A

Those that continue over a long period of time. Like being under threat of terrorism etc.

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7
Q

Daily hassles

A

Irritations, pressures, and annoyances that may not be significant stressors by themselves but cumulative they can be.

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8
Q

Social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)

A

Created by Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe. A scale that determines the amount of stress in persons life that may lead to the person suffering physical or metal disorders.

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9
Q

Hans Selye

A

Suggested that physical responses to stress occur in a consistent pattern and are triggered by the effort to adapt to any stressor. Called it general adaptation syndrome.

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10
Q

General adaptation syndrome

A

A 3 stage pattern of responses triggered by the effort to adapt to any stressor. Stages: alarm reaction, resistance stage, exhaustion.

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11
Q

Resistance stage

A

Initial alarm reaction fades as the body settles in to resist the stressor in long term basis.

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12
Q

Exhaustion

A

When the body has used up all of the body’s reserves of adaptive energy.

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13
Q

Ruminative style

A

Repeated intrusion of thoughts about stressful events

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14
Q

BurnOut

A

A gradually intensifying pattern of physical, psychological, and behavioral dysfunction in response to a continuous flow of stressors.

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15
Q

Diathesis-stress hypothesis

A

Certain people are predisposed to these disorders(depression schizophrenia. Etc.) but whether or not individuals actual display them depends on frequency/intensity of stressors

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16
Q

Postraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

A Pattern of adverse and disruptive reactions following a traumatic event.

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17
Q

Coping strategies

A

Problem focused coping & emotion focused coping

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18
Q

Problem focused coping

A

Involves efforts to alter or eliminate a source of stress

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19
Q

Emotion coping

A

Aimed at regulating the negative emotional consequences of the stressor

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20
Q

Social support

A

Network of friends and social contact on whom one can depend for help in dealing with stressors

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21
Q

Optimism

A

The view that most things will work out for the better. A positive attitude towards stressful and bad situations

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22
Q

Pessimism

A

The view of the negative side of situations. A catastrophic form of thinking.

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23
Q

Personality

A

Unique of enduring thoughts, feeling and actions

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24
Q

Conscientiousness

A

Social dependability

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25
Q

Immune system and stress

A

Immune system is effected when the body is stressed out. Basically more stress=more likely to become infected with diseases.

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26
Q

Hostility

A

Trait; combination of irritability, impatience.

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27
Q

Behavioral response to stress

A

Changes in look, act, or talk. Strained facial expression, shaky voice, tremors or spasms, jumpiness, and posture.

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28
Q

Trait

A

Tendencies that direct how a person usually thinks and behaves

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29
Q

Trait theory

A

Relative strength of the many personality characteristics that are present in everyone.

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30
Q

Big 5 factor model

A

O- openness to experience C-conscientiousness E-extraversion A-agreeableness N-neuroticism (negative emotion)

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31
Q

Costa & Mccrae

A

Created the 5 factor model. This model demonstrates each o the 5 personality traits found in every person.

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32
Q

Humanistic perspective

A

Believes that everyone has an innate drive for growth. Their personality comes from their view of the world.

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33
Q

Rogers

A

Emphasized actualizing tendency, the innate inclination toward growth and fulfillment.

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34
Q

Conditions of worth

A

The person evaluates themselves instead of the behavior.

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35
Q

Self concept

A

The way one thinks of ones self.

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36
Q

Self actualization

A

Those who accurately experience the self with all preferences, abilities, fantasies, short comings and desires.

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37
Q

Self theory

A

The part of experience that a person identifies as “I” or “me”

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38
Q

Congruence

A

When the parents/teacher evaluation matches the child’s self evaluations and thus coordinates with the self-experience.

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39
Q

Incongruence

A

When the persons true feeling or experience is not regarded as good by the parents or community.

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40
Q

Deficiency motivation

A

According to Maslow, a preoccupation with perceived needs for things a person does not have.

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41
Q

Growth motivation

A

Focus on what we have

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42
Q

Personality test

A

Must be reliable & valid test that describe a persons traits.

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43
Q

Projective test

A

Ask to interpret things the way it usually is. Ex: my relationship with my father is _______.

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44
Q

Mood disorders.

A

Emotional instability Ex: bi polar disorder, depression, anxiety disorder. Etc

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45
Q

Bi-polar disorder

A

The experience of alternating two emotional extremes. Symptoms of mania and depression.

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46
Q

Mania

A

Extremely agitated and usually elated emotional state.

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47
Q

Psychopathology

A

Patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that are maladaptive, disruptive, or uncomfortable for those who they come in contact with.

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48
Q

Comorbidity

A

Being diagnosed with 2-3 mental disorders

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49
Q

Abnormal behavior

A

Criteria: deviance, distress, and dysfunction. Someone who acts out of the normal behavior.

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50
Q

Deviance

A

Statistical infrequency. Something thing that is unusual and rare

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51
Q

Distress

A

Personal suffering

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52
Q

Dysfunction

A

Impaired functioning. Having difficulty in fulfilling appropriate and expected roles in family, social, and work related situations.

53
Q

Neuroticism

A

Negative emotion

54
Q

Biological approach

A

Biological factors thought to be involved with mental illnesses include physical illness, disruptions or imbalances in bodily processes and genetic influences.

55
Q

Psychological model

A

A view in which mental disorder is seen as arising from psychological processes

56
Q

Psychodynamic approach

A

Believed that the disorders are the result of unresolved, mostly unconscious conflicts that began in childhood.

57
Q

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A

Patterns of mania and depression that usually happen around the same time of year. Ex. Depression mostly happens during winter etc.

58
Q

Beck

A

Believed that negative reactions to experience, people develop irrational or false beliefs, tend to catastrophic think and have unrealistic expectations

59
Q

Seligman

A

Developed the idea of Learned helplessness, pessimist or optimist, believed that depression results in way you view the set backs.

60
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Means split mind; type of psychosis in which the person is separated from reality. Suffer from delusions, hallucinations, attentional disorder, emotional disorder.

61
Q

Hallucinations

A

Imagined perceptions such as people talking to you or seeing things that aren’t there.

62
Q

Delusion

A

False belief held contrary to evidence. Ex: delusion of reference, delusion of persecution, delusion of grandeur.

63
Q

Psychotherapy

A

Talk therapy. Most commonly used in psychodynamic model

64
Q

Behavior therapy

A

Based on conditioning. Used in bio feedback

65
Q

Biomedical therapy

A

Uses drugs, brain surgery, and sometimes ECT(electro convulsive shock therapy) as a form of therapy

66
Q

Biomedical model (treatment)

A

Believe that the cause is organic or genetic, treatment is usually drugs.

67
Q

Behavioral model (treatment)

A

Cause is maladaptive learning, treated with counter conditioning

68
Q

Psychotherapy (treatment)

A

Create a interpersonal relationship with the patient, support and trust, goal is to create a positive change in way of thinking through understanding.

69
Q

Cognitive models (treatment)

A

It is caused by irrational beliefs, they work with patients to reject the false belief and give themselves a fair evaluation

70
Q

Irrational belief

A

When a person believes something false about themselves or the world.

71
Q

Electroconvulsive shock therapy (EST)

A

Used in biomedical therapy. Was believed to help “cure” patients I their disorders.

72
Q

Depressive disorder (major depression)

A

Stage of just depression. Usually feeling hopeless, no interest in things, suicidal etc. usually found in women.

73
Q

Affect in schizophrenia

A

There is a lot of rapid shifts in emotion.

74
Q

Social phobia

A

Considered an anxiety disorder that involves anxiety about being criticized by others, or acting in a way that is embarrassing or humiliating.

75
Q

Sociocultural factors

A

Characteristics or conditions that can influence the appearance an form of maladaptive behavior. Anxiety and depression tend to be lower in china and Japan than the US.

76
Q

DSM-IV-TR

A

Diagnostic and statistical Manuel of mental disorders. Contains more than 300 specific diagnostics labels.

77
Q

Thomas Szasz

A

Argues that labeling people instead of describing them is dehumanizing because it ignores features that make each person unique.

78
Q

Anxiety disorder

A

A condition in which intense feelings of apprehension are longstanding and disruptive.

79
Q

Phobia

A

An anxiety disorder involving strong, irrational fear of an object or situation that does not objectively justify the reaction.

80
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

A condition that involves relatively mild but long lasting anxiety that is not focused on any particular object or situation.

81
Q

Agoraphobia

A

An anxiety disorder that involves a strong fear of being alone or away from the security of home

82
Q

Panic disorder

A

Anxiety disorder involving sudden panic attacks

83
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

An anxiety disorder involving repetitive thoughts and urges to perform certain rituals

84
Q

Dissociative disorders (DID)

A

Also known as multiple personality disorder; rare conditions that involve sudden and usually temporary disruptions in a persons memory, consciousness or identity.

85
Q

Social cognitive perspective

A

Believes that everyone is capable of behaving in different ways depending on circumstances.

86
Q

Suicide

A

The form of killing ones self. Suicide most commonly associated with depression. 40-70 % of sucrose victims were diagnosed with depression. About 30,000 each year; 90 per day In the US. AND 10-20 times that many people attempt suicide.

87
Q

Learned helplessness

A

Result of feeling incapable of controlling certain aspects of life especially stressors.

88
Q

Openness to experience

A

To have wide interest, unusual thought processes, intellectual interest

88
Q

Maslow

A

Developed the growth and deficit motivation theory

89
Q

Conscientiousness

A

Efficient, organized, palmful, ethical, productive

90
Q

Extra version

A

Assertive, energetic, talkative, gesturally expressive

91
Q

Agreeableness

A

Appreciative, forgiving, generous, kind,trusting, considerate, straightforward

92
Q

Introversion

A

Tend to be quiet, thoughtful, reserved, enjoy solitary pursuits and avoid excitement and social involvement

93
Q

Flight or freeze

(Fight or Flight response)

A

similar to a deer in the headlights, the sudden arousal causes either a response that creates a sort of motivation of avoiding "punishment" or it causes the person to freeze in time

94
Q

Bandura

A

Sees personality as shaped by the ways in which thoughts, behavior and the environment influence one another.

95
Q

Self efficacy

A

The learned expectation of success

96
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

When changes affects how people think, which then affects their behavior and so on in a constant web of mutual influence.

97
Q

Mitchell

A

Argues that learned beliefs, feelings, and expectancies characterize each individual and make that individual different from other people.

98
Q

Expectancies

A

What can be expected following various actions

99
Q

Behavioral signatures

A

Refers to the “if then” theory. If people encounter a particular situation then they will engage in the characteristic behaviors.

100
Q

Insight

A

To recognize unconscious thoughts and emotions

101
Q

Client centered therapy

A

Relies on the creation of relationship that reflects 3 intertwined attitudes of the therapist

102
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

Also known as acceptance, expressed by treating the client as a valued person no matter what

103
Q

Empathy

A

An emotional understanding of what the client might be thinking and feeling

104
Q

Active listening

A

A paraphrased summary of the clients words that emphasizes the feelings and meanings that seem to acocompany them

105
Q

Congruence (genuineness)

A

By acting consistent with their feelings during therapy

106
Q

Behavior modification

A

Treatments that use operant conditioning methods to change behavior

107
Q

Cognitive behavior therapy

A

Learning based treatment methods that help clients change the way they think, as well as the way they behave

108
Q

Systematic desensitization therapy

A

A behavioral treatment for anxiety in which clients visualize a graduates series of anxiety provoking stimuli while remaining relaxed

109
Q

Modeling

A

Demonstrating desirable behaviors as a way of teaching them to clients

110
Q

Social skills training

A

A method for teaching clients the behaviors they need in order to interact with others more comfortably and effectively

111
Q

Flooding

A

An exposure technique for reducing anxiety that involves keeping a person in a feared but harmless situation

112
Q

Exposure therapy

A

Behavior therapy methods in which clients remain in the presence of strong anxiety provoking stimuli until the intensity of their emotional reactions decrease

113
Q

Aversion therapy

A

Methods for reducing the appeal of certain stimuli

114
Q

Ellis

A

Developed the rational emotive behavior therapy. The therapy aims first at identifying self defeating beliefs.

115
Q

Rational emotive behavior therapy

A

A treatment designed to identify and change self defeating thoughts that lead to anxiety and other symptoms of disorder

116
Q

Cognitive therapy

A

A treatment in which the therapist helps clients notice and change negative thoughts associated with anxiety and depression

117
Q

Family therapy

A

Treatment of two or more individuals from the same family

118
Q

Community psychology

A

An approach to minimizing or preventing psychological disorders through changes in social systems an through community mental health problems

119
Q

Deinstitutionalization

A

The movement of patients with psychological disorder being let into the community instead of being in a mental facility

120
Q

Cognitive person variables

A

The characteristics that make up individuals learned beliefs, feelings and expectancies.

121
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

projective test used to measure need for achievement

122
Q

NEO-PI-R

(big 5 factor model)

A

Neuroticism- Extraversion-Openness- Personality Inventory- Revised

this is used to measure strength of traits

123
Q

defense mechanisms

A

preventing unconscious conflicts among these components from becoming consciousand causing anxiety or guilt

124
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inverntory

(MMPI)

A

draws a characteristic pattern of responses only from people who display particular psychological disorders or personality characteristics

125
Q

individualist cultures

A

have a independent self system, people have a sense of independence, uniqueness and self esteem as fundamental to mental health.

126
Q

collectivist cultures

A

have an interdependent self system, people perceve themselves as a small fraction of the whole.

127
Q
A

Psychology (1 decks)

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