Psych- Exam 4 Flashcards
Stress
The internal processes that occur as people try to adjust to events and situations, especially those that perceive to be beyond thier coping capacity
Stressors
Events or situations to which people must adjust
Stress reactions
The physical, psychological, and behavioral responses that occur in the face of a stressor.
Stress mediators
Anything dealing with Cognitive appraisal, predictability, control, coping resources an methods, social support. Whether or not you have this depends on the type of response the person will have
Catastrophic thinking
Sudden, unexpected, potentially life-threatening experiences or traumas that replay in persons head even though it hasn’t happened to them yet.
Chronic problems
Those that continue over a long period of time. Like being under threat of terrorism etc.
Daily hassles
Irritations, pressures, and annoyances that may not be significant stressors by themselves but cumulative they can be.
Social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)
Created by Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe. A scale that determines the amount of stress in persons life that may lead to the person suffering physical or metal disorders.
Hans Selye
Suggested that physical responses to stress occur in a consistent pattern and are triggered by the effort to adapt to any stressor. Called it general adaptation syndrome.
General adaptation syndrome
A 3 stage pattern of responses triggered by the effort to adapt to any stressor. Stages: alarm reaction, resistance stage, exhaustion.
Resistance stage
Initial alarm reaction fades as the body settles in to resist the stressor in long term basis.
Exhaustion
When the body has used up all of the body’s reserves of adaptive energy.
Ruminative style
Repeated intrusion of thoughts about stressful events
BurnOut
A gradually intensifying pattern of physical, psychological, and behavioral dysfunction in response to a continuous flow of stressors.
Diathesis-stress hypothesis
Certain people are predisposed to these disorders(depression schizophrenia. Etc.) but whether or not individuals actual display them depends on frequency/intensity of stressors
Postraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
A Pattern of adverse and disruptive reactions following a traumatic event.
Coping strategies
Problem focused coping & emotion focused coping
Problem focused coping
Involves efforts to alter or eliminate a source of stress
Emotion coping
Aimed at regulating the negative emotional consequences of the stressor
Social support
Network of friends and social contact on whom one can depend for help in dealing with stressors
Optimism
The view that most things will work out for the better. A positive attitude towards stressful and bad situations
Pessimism
The view of the negative side of situations. A catastrophic form of thinking.
Personality
Unique of enduring thoughts, feeling and actions
Conscientiousness
Social dependability
Immune system and stress
Immune system is effected when the body is stressed out. Basically more stress=more likely to become infected with diseases.
Hostility
Trait; combination of irritability, impatience.
Behavioral response to stress
Changes in look, act, or talk. Strained facial expression, shaky voice, tremors or spasms, jumpiness, and posture.
Trait
Tendencies that direct how a person usually thinks and behaves
Trait theory
Relative strength of the many personality characteristics that are present in everyone.
Big 5 factor model
O- openness to experience C-conscientiousness E-extraversion A-agreeableness N-neuroticism (negative emotion)
Costa & Mccrae
Created the 5 factor model. This model demonstrates each o the 5 personality traits found in every person.
Humanistic perspective
Believes that everyone has an innate drive for growth. Their personality comes from their view of the world.
Rogers
Emphasized actualizing tendency, the innate inclination toward growth and fulfillment.
Conditions of worth
The person evaluates themselves instead of the behavior.
Self concept
The way one thinks of ones self.
Self actualization
Those who accurately experience the self with all preferences, abilities, fantasies, short comings and desires.
Self theory
The part of experience that a person identifies as “I” or “me”
Congruence
When the parents/teacher evaluation matches the child’s self evaluations and thus coordinates with the self-experience.
Incongruence
When the persons true feeling or experience is not regarded as good by the parents or community.
Deficiency motivation
According to Maslow, a preoccupation with perceived needs for things a person does not have.
Growth motivation
Focus on what we have
Personality test
Must be reliable & valid test that describe a persons traits.
Projective test
Ask to interpret things the way it usually is. Ex: my relationship with my father is _______.
Mood disorders.
Emotional instability Ex: bi polar disorder, depression, anxiety disorder. Etc
Bi-polar disorder
The experience of alternating two emotional extremes. Symptoms of mania and depression.
Mania
Extremely agitated and usually elated emotional state.
Psychopathology
Patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that are maladaptive, disruptive, or uncomfortable for those who they come in contact with.
Comorbidity
Being diagnosed with 2-3 mental disorders
Abnormal behavior
Criteria: deviance, distress, and dysfunction. Someone who acts out of the normal behavior.
Deviance
Statistical infrequency. Something thing that is unusual and rare
Distress
Personal suffering
Dysfunction
Impaired functioning. Having difficulty in fulfilling appropriate and expected roles in family, social, and work related situations.
Neuroticism
Negative emotion
Biological approach
Biological factors thought to be involved with mental illnesses include physical illness, disruptions or imbalances in bodily processes and genetic influences.
Psychological model
A view in which mental disorder is seen as arising from psychological processes
Psychodynamic approach
Believed that the disorders are the result of unresolved, mostly unconscious conflicts that began in childhood.
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
Patterns of mania and depression that usually happen around the same time of year. Ex. Depression mostly happens during winter etc.
Beck
Believed that negative reactions to experience, people develop irrational or false beliefs, tend to catastrophic think and have unrealistic expectations
Seligman
Developed the idea of Learned helplessness, pessimist or optimist, believed that depression results in way you view the set backs.
Schizophrenia
Means split mind; type of psychosis in which the person is separated from reality. Suffer from delusions, hallucinations, attentional disorder, emotional disorder.
Hallucinations
Imagined perceptions such as people talking to you or seeing things that aren’t there.
Delusion
False belief held contrary to evidence. Ex: delusion of reference, delusion of persecution, delusion of grandeur.
Psychotherapy
Talk therapy. Most commonly used in psychodynamic model
Behavior therapy
Based on conditioning. Used in bio feedback
Biomedical therapy
Uses drugs, brain surgery, and sometimes ECT(electro convulsive shock therapy) as a form of therapy
Biomedical model (treatment)
Believe that the cause is organic or genetic, treatment is usually drugs.
Behavioral model (treatment)
Cause is maladaptive learning, treated with counter conditioning
Psychotherapy (treatment)
Create a interpersonal relationship with the patient, support and trust, goal is to create a positive change in way of thinking through understanding.
Cognitive models (treatment)
It is caused by irrational beliefs, they work with patients to reject the false belief and give themselves a fair evaluation
Irrational belief
When a person believes something false about themselves or the world.
Electroconvulsive shock therapy (EST)
Used in biomedical therapy. Was believed to help “cure” patients I their disorders.
Depressive disorder (major depression)
Stage of just depression. Usually feeling hopeless, no interest in things, suicidal etc. usually found in women.
Affect in schizophrenia
There is a lot of rapid shifts in emotion.
Social phobia
Considered an anxiety disorder that involves anxiety about being criticized by others, or acting in a way that is embarrassing or humiliating.
Sociocultural factors
Characteristics or conditions that can influence the appearance an form of maladaptive behavior. Anxiety and depression tend to be lower in china and Japan than the US.
DSM-IV-TR
Diagnostic and statistical Manuel of mental disorders. Contains more than 300 specific diagnostics labels.
Thomas Szasz
Argues that labeling people instead of describing them is dehumanizing because it ignores features that make each person unique.
Anxiety disorder
A condition in which intense feelings of apprehension are longstanding and disruptive.
Phobia
An anxiety disorder involving strong, irrational fear of an object or situation that does not objectively justify the reaction.
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
A condition that involves relatively mild but long lasting anxiety that is not focused on any particular object or situation.
Agoraphobia
An anxiety disorder that involves a strong fear of being alone or away from the security of home
Panic disorder
Anxiety disorder involving sudden panic attacks
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
An anxiety disorder involving repetitive thoughts and urges to perform certain rituals
Dissociative disorders (DID)
Also known as multiple personality disorder; rare conditions that involve sudden and usually temporary disruptions in a persons memory, consciousness or identity.
Social cognitive perspective
Believes that everyone is capable of behaving in different ways depending on circumstances.
Suicide
The form of killing ones self. Suicide most commonly associated with depression. 40-70 % of sucrose victims were diagnosed with depression. About 30,000 each year; 90 per day In the US. AND 10-20 times that many people attempt suicide.
Learned helplessness
Result of feeling incapable of controlling certain aspects of life especially stressors.
Openness to experience
To have wide interest, unusual thought processes, intellectual interest
Maslow
Developed the growth and deficit motivation theory
Conscientiousness
Efficient, organized, palmful, ethical, productive
Extra version
Assertive, energetic, talkative, gesturally expressive
Agreeableness
Appreciative, forgiving, generous, kind,trusting, considerate, straightforward
Introversion
Tend to be quiet, thoughtful, reserved, enjoy solitary pursuits and avoid excitement and social involvement
Flight or freeze
(Fight or Flight response)
similar to a deer in the headlights, the sudden arousal causes either a response that creates a sort of motivation of avoiding "punishment" or it causes the person to freeze in time
Bandura
Sees personality as shaped by the ways in which thoughts, behavior and the environment influence one another.
Self efficacy
The learned expectation of success
Reciprocal determinism
When changes affects how people think, which then affects their behavior and so on in a constant web of mutual influence.
Mitchell
Argues that learned beliefs, feelings, and expectancies characterize each individual and make that individual different from other people.
Expectancies
What can be expected following various actions
Behavioral signatures
Refers to the “if then” theory. If people encounter a particular situation then they will engage in the characteristic behaviors.
Insight
To recognize unconscious thoughts and emotions
Client centered therapy
Relies on the creation of relationship that reflects 3 intertwined attitudes of the therapist
Unconditional positive regard
Also known as acceptance, expressed by treating the client as a valued person no matter what
Empathy
An emotional understanding of what the client might be thinking and feeling
Active listening
A paraphrased summary of the clients words that emphasizes the feelings and meanings that seem to acocompany them
Congruence (genuineness)
By acting consistent with their feelings during therapy
Behavior modification
Treatments that use operant conditioning methods to change behavior
Cognitive behavior therapy
Learning based treatment methods that help clients change the way they think, as well as the way they behave
Systematic desensitization therapy
A behavioral treatment for anxiety in which clients visualize a graduates series of anxiety provoking stimuli while remaining relaxed
Modeling
Demonstrating desirable behaviors as a way of teaching them to clients
Social skills training
A method for teaching clients the behaviors they need in order to interact with others more comfortably and effectively
Flooding
An exposure technique for reducing anxiety that involves keeping a person in a feared but harmless situation
Exposure therapy
Behavior therapy methods in which clients remain in the presence of strong anxiety provoking stimuli until the intensity of their emotional reactions decrease
Aversion therapy
Methods for reducing the appeal of certain stimuli
Ellis
Developed the rational emotive behavior therapy. The therapy aims first at identifying self defeating beliefs.
Rational emotive behavior therapy
A treatment designed to identify and change self defeating thoughts that lead to anxiety and other symptoms of disorder
Cognitive therapy
A treatment in which the therapist helps clients notice and change negative thoughts associated with anxiety and depression
Family therapy
Treatment of two or more individuals from the same family
Community psychology
An approach to minimizing or preventing psychological disorders through changes in social systems an through community mental health problems
Deinstitutionalization
The movement of patients with psychological disorder being let into the community instead of being in a mental facility
Cognitive person variables
The characteristics that make up individuals learned beliefs, feelings and expectancies.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
projective test used to measure need for achievement
NEO-PI-R
(big 5 factor model)
Neuroticism- Extraversion-Openness- Personality Inventory- Revised
this is used to measure strength of traits
defense mechanisms
preventing unconscious conflicts among these components from becoming consciousand causing anxiety or guilt
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inverntory
(MMPI)
draws a characteristic pattern of responses only from people who display particular psychological disorders or personality characteristics
individualist cultures
have a independent self system, people have a sense of independence, uniqueness and self esteem as fundamental to mental health.
collectivist cultures
have an interdependent self system, people perceve themselves as a small fraction of the whole.
