Psych exam 4

Question 1

Mental categories our brain uses to quickly make a judgment about our surroundings in order to save processing power At their most basic level they help us assess our approach to stimuli, and more complex ones can infer personality characteristics of people around us and suggest how we should act

Answer 1

Schema

Question 2

taking credit for our successes and externalizing our failures on situational factors in order to maintain a positive view of ourselves

Answer 2

Self serving bias

Question 3

the notion that people can only process so much information at once, given their capabilities and the amount/intensity of the stimuli around them

Answer 3

Cognitive load

Question 4

connecting with others you identify with in some way(ie ethnicity religiosity political beliefs or hobbies)

Answer 4

affliction

Question 5

feeling interested or drawn to another person as a result of the individual’s characteristics ( i.e. Physical, intellectual, or emotional) or social standing ( i.e. Popularity, power,or affiliation )

Answer 5

Attraction

Question 6

self-evaluation by comparison with others ( i.e. “I’m smarter than they are” or “I’m more attractive than her him”

Answer 6

Social comparison

Question 7

The assumption that members of a particular out-group are “homogenous,” or very similar to each other on particular characteristics

Answer 7

Homogeneity effect

Question 8

assumptions that members of a particular out-group share certain characteristics or behaviors

Answer 8

Stereotypes

Question 9

The tendency to make assumptions about a person based on a single positive characteristic This is best understood not in a religious sense ( e.g. “ good “ or angelic ) but in terms of light- a “halo” radiating from a single source of light, like the sun

Answer 9

Halo effect

Question 10

Negative attitudes resulting from stereotypes

Answer 10

Prejudice

Question 11

a theory that states prejudice is based on a lack of information and more contact between groups will lead to greater understanding and less prejudice

Answer 11

Intergroup contact theory

Question 12

Negative action stemming from a stereotype

Answer 12

Discrimination

Question 13

One of two paths to changing an attitude; changes attempts to intervene on beliefs that are not very strong

Answer 13

Peripheral route

Question 14

One of two paths to changing an attitude; changes attempts to intervene on core beliefs (e.g. Personal values or other strongly held ideas)

Answer 14

Central route

Question 15

A feeling of obligation arising from the notion that we are in debt to someone when they do us a favor

Answer 15

Reciprocity

Question 16

A conscious effort to get others to like us

Answer 16

Ingratiation

Question 17

Actively managing the way you believe others perceive you ( e.g. Buying clothes you cannot afford to convey an appearance of wealth)

Answer 17

Impression management

Question 18

actively monitoring others’ reactions and adjusting our actions to change the way we believe they perceive us

Answer 18

Self-monitoring

Question 19

The pressure we feel to behave in ways that are in concert with as attitudes and beliefs or to behave in ways we know others expect us to behave

Answer 19

Consistency

Question 20

Tension or discomfort when an individual’s attitudes and beliefs are not aligned or consistent

Answer 20

Cognitive dissonance

Question 21

basing our attitudes or values from observing what behavior we choose to perform

Answer 21

Self-perception theory

Question 22

obtaining a small commitment in order to achieve a larger request later

Answer 22

Foot in the door

Question 23

making a large, often irrational, request in order to make the smaller request that follows seem much more reasonable

Answer 23

Door in the face

Question 24

A reaction to fight outside influences we believe are attempting to undermine the authority we have over our own thoughts and behaviors ( “ you can’t tell me what to do or think!”

Answer 24

Psychological reactance

Question 25

An attempt to influence people by conveying the notion that something is rare, valuable, or will not always be available

Answer 25

Scarcity

Question 26

A performance boost as the result of the presence of other people- driven by feeling the need to perform well in front of others

Answer 26

Social Facilitation

Question 27

a decrease in performance as the result of the presence of others, often because of perceived social pressure

Answer 27

Social inhibition

Question 28

When individual responsibilities for a task within a group are unclear, and the success or failure of that group cannot be connected to the performance of any particular person

Answer 28

Diffusion of responsibility

Question 29

the tendency of group members to agree, resulting in conformityfrom individuals within that group who may hold a different view

Answer 29

Groupthink

Question 30

the tendency for group members to become more rigid in their views when faced with a countering view from other group members

Answer 30

Polarization

Question 31

when groups make riskier decisions than any individual group member may make on their own, often resulting from diffusion of responsibility

Answer 31

Risky shift

Question 32

A loss of individual identity within a group of people, which can lead to a disconnection with personal values and uncharacteristic behavior

Answer 32

Deindividuation

Question 33

Helping others without expecting a tangible, social, or psychological reward

Answer 33

Altruism

Question 34

a specific type of schema that tells us how to behave in situations we've encountered before

Answer 34

Scripts

Question 35

when a group of people are called to action a diffusion of responsibility occurs and no one acts due to the belief that others will

Answer 35

bystander effect

Question 36

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

Answer 36

industrial-organizational psychology

Question 37

Helps with job seeking, and with employee recruitment, selection, placements, training, appraisal, and development

Answer 37

Personnel psychology

Question 38

examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

Answer 38

organizational psychology

Question 39

Explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

Answer 39

human factors psychology

Question 40

Process that asks the same job relevant questions of all applicants each of whom is rated on established scales

Answer 40

Structured interview

Question 41

goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals

Answer 41

Task leadership

Question 42

Goal-oriental leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

Answer 42

Social leadership