psych exam 3 Flashcards
critisisms of DSM-5
DSM provides labels for too many
people/behaviors
The border between diagnosis and normal seems arbitrary
Is diagnosis inclusion/exclusion affected by public opinion rather than research? Diagnosis may shape how we view someone’s stigma
DSM-5
a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
biological development of disorders
The biological perspective views psychological disorders as linked to biological phenomena, such as genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities
diathesis-stress model
a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event
psychosocial development
pattern of change in emotions, personality, and social relationships
social anxiety disorder
intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such
Panic attack disorder
anxiety disorder in which the person experiences frequent and unexpected panic attacks
generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
obsessive-compulsive disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions).
phobia
abnormal fear of something,, can be crippling
PTSD -
- A disorder in which a person has lingering memories, nightmares, and other symptoms for weeks after a severely threatening, uncontrollable event
body dismorphia - distorted body image. picking at things only you can notice.
major depressive disorder - A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.
persistant depressive disorder - Those who suffer from dysthymia or a depressed mood that isn’t severe enough to meet the criteria of a major depressive episode, for at least two years.
bipolar disorder - A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.
Schizophrenia - a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression
dissociative identity disorder - A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.
ADHD - a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
Autism Spectrum Disorder - a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors
7 categories of psychological disorders - 1. Anxiety Disorders
2. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
3. Trauma-and-Stressor Related Disorders
4. Mood Disorders
5. Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
6. Dissociative Disorders
7. Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Anxiety disorders include - -generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
-panic disorders
social anxiety disorder
-phobic disorders
-agoraphobia
obsessive-complusive disorder includes - -OCD
-body dysmorphic disorder
Hoarding disorder
trauma and stressor related disorders include - -acute stress disorder
-adjustment disorder
-posttraumatic stress disorder
mood disorders include - -major depression
-dysthymic disorder
-bipolar disorder
-seasonal affective disorder
schizophrenia spectrum disorder includes - -hallucinations
-delusions
-disorganized thinking
-disorganized behavior
dissociative disorders include - -dissociative amnesia
-dissociative fugue
-depersonalization/derealization disorder
-dissociative identity disorder
neurodevelopmental disorders includes - -ADHD
-Autism Spectrum Disorder
Explain how anxiety disorders may develop and be maintained. - Life experiences such as traumatic events appear to trigger anxiety disorders in people who are already prone to anxiety. Inherited traits also can be a factor.
neurotransmitters involved in mood disorders - serotonin, norepinephrine or dopamine
neurotransmitters involved in schizophrenia - dopamine, serotonin, glutamate
genetic predisposition for depression and schizophrenia - individuals with hospital-treated depression have an increased genetic risk for other psychiatric conditions like bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and substance abuse.
hopelessness theory of depression - The view that whether a person becomes hopeless and depressed depends upon a person making a stable and global attribution for negative life events and the severity of those negative life events
dopamine hypothesis - the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity
differences exist in brain anatomy - Adjusted for total brain size (men’s are bigger), a woman’s hippocampus, critical to learning and memorization, is larger than a man’s and works differently. Conversely, a man’s amygdala, associated with the experiencing of emotions and the recollection of such experiences, is bigger than a woman’s.
pregnancy can affect depression how - antenatal depression
post partum depression
Symptoms of Schizophrenia - 1. catatonic behavior
2. avolition
3. alogia
4. asociality
5. anhedonia
6. delusions
7.hallucinations
8.disorganized thinking
catatonic behavior - a marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity
Avolition - a symptom of schizophrenia marked by apathy and an inability to start or complete a course of action
Alogia - A decrease in speech or speech content; a symptom of schizophrenia. Also known as poverty of speech.
Asociality - decreased desire for, or comfort during, social interaction
Anhedonia - a diminished ability to experience pleasure
Delusions - false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
Hallucinations - false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
disorganized thinking - Usually inferred from speech - person switches from topic to topic (derailment or loose associations) or provides answers that diverge from questions asked (tangentiality)
positive symptoms of schizophrenia - delusions and hallucinations
negative symptoms of schizophrenia - diminished emotional expression, avolition, alogia, asociality, anhedonia
harmful dysfunction - when deviant and distressful behaviors interfere with other activities
Comorbidity - the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual
saftey behaviors - mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes
peripartum onset - subtype of depression that applies to women who experience an episode of major depression either during pregnancy or in the four weeks following childbirth
Delusions - false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
types include:
a) paranoid
b) grandiose
c) Thought withdrawl
d) thought insertion
e) somatic
grandiose delusions - false, persistent beliefs that one has superior talents and traits
somatic delusions - believes that his body is changing in an unusual way, such as growing a third arm
Hallucinations - false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
a) auditory
b) visual
c) olfactory
obessions - persistent, upsetting, and unwanted thoughts that interfere with daily life and may lead to compulsions
compulsion - compelling; strong desire that is difficult to control; irresistible impulse
mania - a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
rumination - compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes
behavioral therapy - focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes
cognitive therapy - therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
cognitive behavioral therapy - a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
Psychoanalysis/psychodynamic Therapy - therapies based on identifying and resolving the underlying unconscious conflict that is causing the disorder
Humanistic/Client-Centered Therapy - Treatment for psychological disorders where a therapist works with clients to help them develop their full potential for personal growth through greater self-understanding.
biomedical therapy - prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient’s nervous system
token economy - an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats
exposure therapy - An approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response
aversive conditioning - a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
systematic desensitization - A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.
active listening - Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers’ client-centered therapy.
free association - in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
interpretation - the action of explaining the meaning of something
what commonalities do most therapies share - help change problematic behaviors
problems or limitations of treating mental illness with medications - For immediate, short-term cases, it may be beneficial. However, it usually needs to be paired with another form of therapy to help people long-term.
conditional positive regard - positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish
unconditional positive regard - a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
Trephening is what: - a stone instrument used to cut away a circular section of the skull. release spirits
Transference - in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)
Resistance - in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
placebo effect - the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior
evidence-based practice - clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences
tardive dyskinesia - involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors
lobotomy - A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) - a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
what are potential barriers to seeking treatment - lack of insurance, transportation, and time, language barriers, possible prejudice and racism
Psychoanalytic - study of the unconscious, includes childhood and aggression issues
Psychodynamic - how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
social cognitive theory - referring to the use of cognitive processes in relation to understanding the social world
humanistic psychology - historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth
Five Factor Model - openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
openness - High: Imaginative, liberal (not political), curious, interested in new experiences, nonconformist
Low: Traditional, conservative (not political), conformist
Extraversion - High (Extravert): Seeks stimulation and group activities, often impulsive, easily bored, assertive
Low (Introvert): Avoids stimulation, seeks solitude and quiet, low-key, anxious in groups
Contienciousness - high- organized, careful, disciplined
low-careless and impulsive
Agreeableness - High: soft-hearted, trusting, helpful
Low: ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative
Neuroticism - high: worried, insecure, self-pitying
low: calm, secure, self-satisfied
ego defense mechanisms - largely unconscious distortions of thoughts or perceptions that act to reduce anxiety
Marshmallow Test - tested children’s self control when told not to eat the marshmallow after supervisor leaves room.
According to Carl Rogers, the three core conditions that create a growth-promoting climate are: - 1. congruence
2. unconditional positive regard
3. empathic understanding.
Congruence - Agreement, harmony, or correspondence
unconditional positive regard - according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
empathic understanding - the ability of the therapist to understand the subjective experience of the client
real self - one’s perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities
ideal self - one’s perception of whom one should be or would like to be
HEXACO model - The HEXACO model is an alternative to the Five-Factor Model. The HEXACO model includes six traits, five of which are variants of the traits included in the Big Five (Emotionality [E], Extraversion [X], Agreeableness [A], Conscientiousness [C], and Openness [O]). The sixth factor, Honesty-Humility [H], is unique to this model.
Id - a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
ego - the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
Oedipus complex - according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Electra complex - Conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals
self-actualization - according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential
reciprocal determinism - the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
self-efficacy - An individual’s belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.
locus of control - a person’s tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment
self-serving bias - the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors
selective migration - concept that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs
attribution theory - suggests how we explain someone’s behavior—by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.
Three components of attitude - affective, behavioral, cognitive
cognitive dissonance theory - the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent
elaboration likelihood model - model of persuasion stating that people will either elaborate on the persuasive message or fail to elaborate on it and that the future actions of those who do elaborate are more predictable than those who do not
Sternberg’s Theory of Love - Love consists of three basic components; intimacy, passion, and commitment.
Asch’s line study - An experiment where participants had to pick which line in a group of lines were of the same length. Sometimes the confederates gave the wrong answer and often the participant conformed. They reasoned that they did not want the others to think that they were weird.
Milgram’s study of obedience - Shock study. Research participants (teachers) believed that they were giving electric shocks to another participant (learners). 26 out of 40 participants continued to highest possible shock intensity (450 volts). All 40 participants went up to at least 350 volts. (Influence of authoritative figures).
Festinger and Carlsmith - These two psychologists conducted a study where after completing a boring task some participants were paid $1 and others were paid $20 to convince others waiting to do the same task that it was fun and interesting. Those paid $1 rated it as interesting while the group that was paid $20 rated the task no differently than a control group.
Sherif’s Robbers Cave Study - - 2 groups of 11-year-old boys against each other at summer camp (Eagles vs. Rattlers)
- after competitions / be relations emerged, task-oriented cooperation was used to improve relations
Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment - Done at Stanford; assigned a group of students to play either the role of prison guard or prisoner; prisoners were locked up in the basement of the psychology building, and the guards were put in charge of their treatment - students took their assigned roles perhaps too well, and the experiment had to be ended early because of the cruel treatment the guards were inflicting o the prisoners
individualistic culture - A culture in which people believe that their primary responsibility is to themselves.
collective culture - a culture that emphasizes people’s social roles and obligations
Foot-in-theDoor phenomenon - the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
halo effect - tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client’s behavior and statements. based on attraction
sufficient justification - Strong external reason for action, no dissonance
justification of effort - the tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain
Groupthink - the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
ingroup bias - the tendency to favor our own group
outgroup homogeneity - the tendency to view members of outgroups as more similar to each other than we see members of ingroups
Implicit Association Test - A computer-driven assessment of implicit attitudes. The test uses reaction times to measure people’s automatic associations between attitude objects and evaluative words. Easier pairings (and faster responses) are taken to indicate stronger unconscious associations.
Conformity - Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
imformational social influence - influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality
normative social influence - influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Deindividuation - the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
social facilitation - stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
social loafing - the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
group polarization - the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
just-world hypothesis - the belief that people get what they deserve in life and deserve what they get
self-fulfilling prophecy - a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
Scapegoating - Blaming an innocent person or a group for one’s own troubles
bystander effect - the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
diffusion of responsibility - the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way
distorted body image. picking at things only you notice
